Orientador: Ana Clara Bortoleto Nery / Banca: Célia Maria Benedicto Giglio / Banca: Iraíde Marques de Freitas Barreiro / Resumo: Esta dissertação intitulada A produção e circulação de saberes sobre o financiamento da educação no Brasil (1991-2005), com base nas idéias desenvolvidas por Roger Chartier no campo da História Cultural, buscou compreender e analisar a produção e circulação de saberes sobre o financiamento da educação, principalmente dos docentes de cursos de formação de professores. Assim, estudaram-se as conjunturas do campo educacional e do mercado editorial brasileiro e os próprios livros que contribuíram para o delineamento desses saberes nos períodos de 1991-1996 e 1997-2005. As análises dessas conjunturas realizaram-se por meio da investigação das políticas e da legislação da educação e através do estudo do mercado editorial, e a análise dos livros executou-se mediante o estudo de aspectos de suas materialidades. No primeiro período (1991-1996), o campo educacional e o mercado editorial não favoreceram a produção e circulação dos saberes sobre o financiamento da educação elaborados pelos docentes dos cursos de formação de professores e, conseqüentemente, esses saberes foram identificados em apenas 9 livros de primeira edição. Paradoxalmente, no período seguinte (1997-2005), tendo encontrado condições propícias no campo educacional e no mercado editorial os saberes referentes ao financiamento da educação tiveram a produção e a circulação expandidas, alcançando um número de 32 livros. A partir do estudo das formas materiais desses volumes, concluiu-se que é na materialidade dos livros que se pode compreender seus significados, pois nela estão inseridas as identificações explícitas da designação e classificação dos textos, de modo a criar em relação a eles expectativas de leitura e antecipações de compreensão. / Abstract: This dissertation entitled, The Production and Circulation of Knowledge about the Financing of Education in Brazil (1991-2005), based on the ideas developed by Roger Chartier in the field of Cultural History, aimed to understand and analyze the production and circulation of knowledge about the financing of education, mainly from the teachers of teacher training courses. Thus, the study the conjunctures of the education field and the Brazilian publishing market and the books themselves on the theme that contributed to the delineation of this knowledge in the periods of 1991-1996 and 1997-2005. The analyses of these conjunctures were done through the investigation of the policies and legislation of education and through the study of the publishing market, and the analysis of the books was executed by the study of the aspects of their material. In the first period (1991-1996), the education field and the publishing market didn't favor the production and circulation of knowledge about the financing of education elaborated by the teachers of teacher training courses and, consequently, this knowledge was identified in only 9 books of the first edition. Paradoxically, in the following period (1997-2005), having found favorable conditions in the education field and in the publishing market, the production and circulation of the knowledge concerning the financing of education had been expanded to reach 32 books. From the study of the material forms of these volumes, it was concluded that it is in the material of the books one can understand their meaning, since the explicit identification of the designation and classification of the texts is inserted within, in a way to create in relation to them reading expectations and anticipation of understanding. / Doutor

Esta pesquisa, de caráter exploratório e descritivo, teve como objetivo propor um conjunto de diretrizes editoriais avaliadas e hierarquizadas para projeto de livro didático digital interativo para tablets com ênfase em livros com volume de texto. Para tanto, a revisão de literatura abordou as áreas principais de Design envolvidas no objeto em questão, tais como Interface, Interação, e Editorial (impresso e digital), sendo esta última, o foco da pesquisa. Para a obtenção e sistematização das diretrizes, empregou-se o método Mapas de Conceitos (TROCHIM, 1989) composto por cinco etapas: i. Preparação das referências – seleção de 34 referências da literatura acadêmica, sites/blogs de editoras, designers, sistemas operacionais que apresentassem diretrizes de design editorial tanto impresso quanto digital. ii. Compilação das diretrizes – listagem inicial de 1052 diretrizes pesquisadas que após oito iterações de análise de redução, aglutinação e agrupamentos, foi reduzida para 78 diretrizes redigidas e sistematizadas em cinco grupos temáticos. iii. Estruturação das diretrizes – foram levantadas informações sobre similaridade conceitual entre as diretrizes compiladas bem como avaliação da utilidade das mesmas para este tipo de publicação. Esta etapa ocorreu mediante técnica de card sorting aplicada a 15 especialistas da área editorial. iv. Representação das diretrizes – os dados coletados no card sorting passaram por análises de escala multidimensional (MDS) e hierárquica de grupo (HCA), as quais possibilitaram representar as relações conceituais entre diretrizes e grupos mediante mapas de conceito e dendogramas. E v. Interpretação dos mapas e dendogramas resultantes. Esse processo resultou, posteriormente à realização de todas as etapas e onze iterações, em um conjunto de 60 diretrizes, avaliadas pelos especialistas, sistematizadas em quatro grupos temáticos. Esperase que o conjunto de diretrizes possa auxiliar designers e profissionais de editoras, e demais interessados, no projeto editorial de livros didáticos digitais interativos. / This exploratory and descriptive research aimed to propose a set of editorial design guidelines evaluated and hierarchized to project of interactive digital textbook for tablets with emphasis on textbooks with text volume. Therefore, the literature review addressed the main areas of Design involved in the subject matter, such as Interface, Interaction, and Editorial (printed and digital). The latter area is the focus of the research. To obtain and systematize the guidelines, we used as a methodological procedure the method of Concept Maps (TROCHIM, 1989) wich consists of five steps: i. Preparation of references - selection of 34 references of academic literature, websites/blogs publishers, designers, operating systems to submit editorial design guidelines both printed and digital. ii. Compilation of guidelines - initial listing of 1052 guidelines researched that after eight iterations of reduction, assemblage and groupings analyses, it was reduced to 78 written guidelines and systematized in five thematic groups. iii. Structuring guidelines – we raised information on conceptual similarity between the compiled guidelines and assess the utility of the same for this type of publication. This step occurred through card sorting technique applied to 15 experts of the editorial area. iv. Representation of the guidelines - the data collected in card sorting underwent analyses of multidimensional scaling (MDS) and hierarchical clusters (HCA), which made it possible to represent the conceptual relations between guidelines and groups by concept maps and dendograms. And v. Interpretation of maps and dendograms. This process finalized, following the completion of all stages and eleven iterations in a set of 60 guidelines evaluated by experts, systematized in four thematic groups. We expected that the set of guidelines will help designers and publishers professionals, and other interested parties on editorial design of interactive digital textbooks.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Music Johannesburg, 2016 / In this part-written, part-composed creative research project I consider the music of ‘indie’ video games, specifically exploring some of the myriad dynamic compositional approaches in this particular category of game development. In my written work I analyse three indie video games – Braid (2008), Fez (2012) and Journey (2012) – each of which use unique methods to apply music dynamically. I use interviews with the games’ creators, as well as close analysis and transcription of significant sections of each video game, in order to reveal how music is used to provide the player with a more immersive, satisfying, and involving gaming experience. I also consider the use of ambient music in indie video games, a common feature of a large number of contemporary games, weighing up its merits and limitations. Musical concepts and compositional approaches raised in my written work have informed the portfolio of compositions submitted for this degree, and, similarly, my creative work has informed my analytical research. My creative work explores, amongst other aspects, indeterminate form, ambient music, and ways of ‘looping’ material in the creation of unrepeatable structures. This thesis also considers music which functions narratively in games – a function that might necessitate a greater degree of musical linearity — and how this musical role might be incompatible with the demands of interactivity. After briefly introducing the concepts dealt with across this thesis in Chapter 1, Chapters 2 to 4 take the form of case studies of the indie games mentioned above, with each chapter tackling unique challenges that game composers face when writing music for non-linear games, by which I mean games structured so that not all players will experience the content in the same order due to player agency. More specifically, Chapter 2 deals with the game Braid and its use of pre-composed, licensed music and how the game’s developer applies this music dynamically to the game. Chapter 3 deals with Fez and its mainly adaptive musical approach, its built-in software music engine, ‘Fezzer’, which allows for a composer to input and manipulate musical loops in the game, and nostalgia in indie video game aesthetics. Chapter 4 centres on the video game Journey and on how autonomous, ‘narrative’ music in video games might be seen to exist in opposition to music’s ability to be truly dynamic. Finally, Chapter 5 reflects on my own creative work for this thesis; how concepts from the case studies have informed my creative work and vice versa. / MT2017

Despite educational reforms, the annual results from the National Assessment of Educational Progress continue to indicate that the majority of American fourth-graders struggle to master the crucial skill of reading. In the last decade, the percentage of students who read at or above a proficient level hovers around 30 percent, which draws attention to the fact that the academic institutions may not be fully to blame for the decline of reading competency (NAEP, 2011). The real reason for the incompetency could be attributed to the amount of time that children spend reading as average fourth-graders spend less than two hours a week reading (Juster, Ono, & Stafford, 2004, p. 11). This Digital Generation lives in a world full of distractions in which reading cannot compete. Although the American educational system is stressing reading instruction, children are not putting what they are learning into practice outside of school. Instead of reading, children immerse themselves into the world of interactive digital media and electronic devices. If children do not increase the time they spend reading, their proficiency will not improve. To revive reading within the Digital Generation, authors of children’s literature may need to reevaluate their role in the literacy problem because their traditional print-form content appears to be unsuccessful in reaching their young audience. To create reading material that children are eager to read, authors need to produce content in a format that will entice a response from the newest generation. One way children’s authors can accomplish this is by publishing transmedia storytelling ecosystems. By combining storytelling with digital media to meet the modern literary needs of today's children reading proficiency should begin to improve, along with a renewed interest in literature. This research provides insight into today’s “digital children” and suggests a methodology for creating transmedia literature using the Adobe® Digital Publishing Suite.

Since the foundation of the University of Vermont’s (UVM) first official extracurricular organization in 1803—the literary and debating society, Phi Sigma Nu—undergraduates have continuously produced extracurricular publications for differing purposes, made possible by the changing varieties of undergraduate organizations that developed concomitantly with the university over time. Several historical monographs have been written that utilize these various types of materials to describe undergraduate student life, yet none have focused their efforts upon these printed sources in and of themselves, nor has the subject of undergraduate publications merited a full historical monograph to this day. This thesis seeks to address this historiographical deficiency. In the first half of the nineteenth century, UVM’s early extracurricular organizations acted as a supplement to the official classical curriculum, facilitating much of these early students’ interactions with the English language in a period prior to the professionalization and departmentalization of English literature within the formal university. Undergraduates of the early national and antebellum eras employed the literary and debating society as an organization to connect ideas located in their classical course work with the vernacular, English-speaking world that surrounded them, and their publications exist as one of the mechanisms that these students utilized to marry their early neohumanistic curriculum with the changing necessities of life in Burlington, the state of Vermont, and the nation on a whole. These undergraduates—immersed in the oratorical culture of the classical college—published transcripts from important speeches, discourses, and poems that they had heard spoken at events such as commencement or the anniversary celebrations of the societies and later desired to preserve for future reading or sharing with others. Such publications represent the earliest form of undergraduate publishing at UVM and can provide historians with not only the means to describe undergraduates’ earliest relationships with the rising medium of print in the new national and antebellum periods, but also an important clue into the boundaries and interests of their own intellects.

This dissertation addresses a specific aspect of the broad area of communication systems used among researchers. This research has undertaken to establish a broader view of the communication practices of scholars to understand the motivations behind their publication choices. Open access offers a solution to issues with the scholarly publication system such as delays in publication and restricted visibility of research due to high subscription costs. The principle of open access is to enable maximum access to findings from publicly funded research to maximise social returns on public investments. Despite the apparent benefits of open access, the uptake has been limited. ¶ This thesis research takes a holistic view of the researcher as a communicator to uncover the reasons why researchers are making the publishing decisions they are. In-depth interviews were conducted with 43 researchers in three disciplines at two institutions, the Australian National University and the University of New South Wales. The disciplines, Chemistry, Sociology and Computer Science, were known to have different publication practices, The questions asked about all aspects of researcher communication including researching, authoring, informal communication, article submission, refereeing, mentoring and data storage. ¶ The findings show that traditional arguments for open access are ineffective. The Reward function of scholarly publishing is central to managing academic careers and supports traditional publishing systems. While having work openly accessible increases an academic’s exposure and possibly therefore their citation counts, unless alternative internet-based forms of metrics are adopted, the open access option will not directly appeal to researchers. ¶ Information-seeking behaviour demonstrates how disciplinary differences affect researcher’s interaction with technology. The disciplines showed marked differences in almost all the areas explored, and the behavioural norms expressed in each discipline have direct bearing on the likelihood of members of that discipline embracing open access. The ‘institutional/disciplinary divide’ means that researchers must publish in ways that run counter to their disciplinary norms in order to satisfy institutional and grant funding requirements. ¶ Until governments, and particularly university administrations, recognise the need to consider the discipline and the need to consider the individual and respond to these needs, and until there is a realisation that different disciplines may require radically different approaches, there will not be a large-scale adoption by individual researchers of the current open access tools. Either institutional repositories need to adapt dramatically to offer work practice benefits or the broader academic population will only use institutional repositories under duress, which is not the situation envisaged by open access advocates. The alternative is for communities to develop their own subject-based repositories, a development that again is likely to be highly dependent on communication norms in different disciplines.

網際網路的興起，不但加快了人們資訊查詢的速度與廣度，也可能改變大家的閱讀形態。在這股內容數位化的趨勢潮流中，位於實體出版產業價值鏈中游位置的經銷商，面對實體與虛擬兩種不同的通路管道，必須思考運用現有資源的競爭力擬定轉型策略，透過虛實整合以創造新的營運模式，才有機會在這股數位化的洪流中逆勢成長，開創新局。 本研究首先對實體圖書雜誌產業之現況，以及實體圖書雜誌經銷商的產業定位與機能進行瞭解；接著再對數位出版產業價值鏈進行探討，瞭解將內容出版數位化並傳送到消費者端，這些變動促進了哪些新中間商的興起以及發展現況；並對於數位出版產業，從業人員需具備哪些專業能力進行瞭解，以作為個案公司轉型參考。 研究發現，位於實體圖書雜誌產業中游的經銷商，在面對銷售內容數位化的發展趨勢下，因為沒有內容、技術、與平台，在轉型的過程中相對屬於弱勢。要在數位出版經銷產業中發展，說服內容擁有者授權以及拓展數位通路能力則是發展的必要條件。 建議實體出版產業相關業者，可採取先了解數位出版產業如何運作，並且參與其中的策略；意即先了解數位出版產業價值鏈，並分析自己所擁有的內外部資源與核心競爭力，以發掘競爭優勢，才能在有利的戰略位置中發展。 關鍵字：數位出版產業、價值鏈、企業轉型 / The growing up of the internet not only extends and speeds up our searching of information, but also change our reading style. During the trends of content digitalization, the publication distributors industry faces completely different marketing of virtual and physical channel. They must use the competitiveness of existing resources to develop transition strategy，then they can get a chance to grow up and step toward the new age. At first，we need to understand is their present situation and their detail function of the physical publication distributors industry. Then discusses the value chain of digital publishers and how do the contents digitalized and transferred to the consumers. What kind of new business rising and developing during the transformation and their present situation are also studied. Afterwards, what kind of professional abilities should be required is also studied to be a reference for the company of the case study. In our studies, lacking of contents, techniques and platforms makes distributors of the publishing industry relative weak in transformation during the process of digitalization. The ability of granting authorization and expending digital salability is a requisite to develop in the business of digital publishing. The distributors of the publishing industry are suggested to understand the operation of digital publishers and participate in the operations. That is to say, in order to get advantageous position for the competition, the first thing is to find out the value chain of the digital publisher and analyze central competitive ability of oneself. Keywords: Digital Publishing, Value Chain, Corporate Transformation

2007年美國亞馬遜正式推出電子書閱讀器Kindle，第一年就提供30萬本電子書目供讀者付費下載閱讀，到了2010年增加到將近100萬本，在銷售量上，暢銷書的電子書版本銷量已經超過紙本精裝書，開啟了E(電子)P(紙本)同步的出版銷售模式。此外還有蘋果公司推出的平板電腦iPad，廣大的使用者族群吸引軟體開發者與內容提供者的注目。 　　臺灣的出版產業界成立台灣數位出版聯盟，行政院通過數位出版產業發展策略與行動計畫，試圖朝著數位出版的方向轉型，其中遠流與城邦兩間大型出版社積極投入數位出版的開發，然而為數眾多的小型出版社卻抱持保留或拒斥數位出版發展的態度，使得臺灣目前形成空有電子書硬體，而電子書目缺乏的現況。 　　本研究的目的在於解釋出版社投入數位出版的原因與發展的模式，面對內容缺乏的現況，多數的出版社尚未投入，率先投入的出版社是如何建立起數位出版的發展模式。 　　以遠流與城邦兩間出版社為主要研究對象，投入數位出版的目標是與電信業者、資訊業者競爭，競爭數位出版產業鏈當中作者與讀者之間的中介位置，然而出版社投入數位出版之後，必須與電信業者、資訊業者有所區隔，差異在於出版社的定位是以「內容」的經營為主，而且收益也是直接來自於內容的銷售，因此必須思考內容在數位時代的銷售機制如何建立，如何突顯內容在數位時代的價值。本研究以新制度學派的組織理論探討組織面臨的環境變遷，組織如何發展應對策略，並進一步影響其他組織的態度，塑造有利的環境。目前數位出版這項議題無論是從市場層面或技術層面都無法合理解釋出版社的動態，對於數位出版的未來眾說紛紜，本研究從觀察台灣出版產業的現況開始，試圖為數位出版找到在地的意義與推動出版社投入開發的原因。 / In 2007, the U.S. Amazon officially launched the e-book reader, Kindle. In the first year, Amazon provided 300,000 volumes of electronic books for readers to pay for download. Until 2010, Amazon had provided nearly 1 million volumes of electronic books for readers, and the sales volume of best-selling books in electronic versions outnumbered their counterparts in hardcover versions, creating a selling model of simultaneous E (electronic) P (paper) publication. In addition, there is Apple's Tablet PC iPad. The majority of user groups have drawn the attentions of software developers and content providers. Taiwan's publishing industry established Taiwan Digital-Publishing Forum, and the Executive Yuan implemented the development of strategies and action plans for the digital-publishing industry, trying to make a transition toward the direction of digital-publishing. Two of the major publishers, Yuan-Liou Publisher and the Cite Publishers, were actively involved in the development of digital-publishing. However many small publishers held back or rejected in terms of developing the digital- publishing, resulting in a situation that Taiwan has had plenty of e-book hardwares with little electronic book content. This study is to explain the reasons why the publishers engaged in digital- publishing and adopted certain development patterns. This study also investigates how the first-involved publishers built the development patterns of digital-publishing in face of the lack of content and few publishers engaged in the field. The two publishing houses, Yuan-Liou Publisher and the Cite Publishers, serve as the main subjects of the research. The objective of investing in the digital publishing is to compete with the IT industry and to occupy an intermediary position between authors and readers in the value chain of communication industry . However the publishers investing in digital-publishing must make distinction from IT industry and communication industry; the difference is in publisher’s content-based business model; the benefits are directly from content sales. So have to think about how to establish the marketing mechanisms of content in the digital age. Following the concerns of the neo-institutional school, this study explores environmental changes confronted by the organizations, how the organizations developed strategies, and the further effects on the attitude of other organizations in order to create an advantageous environment by. Presently, this issue are unable to reasonably explain the publishers’ movement. This study starts from the observations of the status quo of Taiwan’s publishing industry, trying to find local significances of digital-publishers and to give the reasons of investment in the development .

<p>During the 17th century the production and distribution of printed works increased in Stockholm and Uppsala. However, all works that the publisher wanted to print, did not reach the reader. This thesis aimed to show when, where and how printed books and dissertations did not reach the reader. To achieve this aim, aspects of several well known models showing systems of book production and distribution were combined and adapted to suit Swedish conditions in the 17th century. This combined model focused on processes of selection and was presented and used as a theoretical approach. Processes of selection in this paper are processes in which often a conscious choice was made of which books people produced and distributed. By using literature that had already been written about the chosen subject the paper examines what this material tells us about processes of selection during the selected period. Six processes of selection have been identified and discussed, three belonging to the production of works and three belonging to the distribution of works. During the production publishers’ motives and conditions for publishing and how this affected what they chose and did not choose to publish were discussed. Publishers with economical motives might publish fewer books which contained new ideas as reprinting popular books probably resulted in a higher profit. If a publisher wanted to use the publishing of a book as a way to further his career that probably could lead to fewer books containing offensive material being published. The state of the printing material and the economy of the printer and publisher were things that could affect which books that were printed. Books that came to Stockholm and Uppsala from other countries could be lost while being transported. The increase and decrease of the book collection at the university library in Uppsala affected the reader’s range of books to choose from. This is a two years master’s thesis in library and information science.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2006 Available in PDF format via the World Wide Web.