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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
361

Dentalne erozije i karijesne promene kod pacijenata na dugogodišnjoj inhalatornoj terapiji / Dental erosions and caries lesions in patients on long-term inhalation therapy

Velicki-Bozejac Branislava 25 November 2016 (has links)
<p>Uvod: Astma i hronična opstruktivna bolest pluća (HOBP) najče&scaron;će su hronične respiratorne bolesti u čijoj terapiji prednost imaju inhalatorni lekovi. Pacijenti na inhalatornoj terapiji imaju povećan rizik od nastanka dentalnih erozija i karijesnih lezija, usled promena u količini lučenja pljuvačke i njene pH vrednosti. Cilj: Cilj ovog istraživanja je verifikacija dentalnih erozija i karijesnih lezija kod pacijenata s astmom i hroničnom opstruktivnom bolesti pluća, koji koriste inhalatornu terapiju. Materijal i metode rada: Istraživanjem je obuhvaćeno 80 ispitanika, životne dobi od 18 do 65 godina. Eksperimentalnu grupu sačinjavalo je 40 ispitanika, s dijagnostikovanom astmom ili hroničnom opstruktivnom bolesti pluća, koji uzimaju inhalatornu terapiju duže od 5 godina. Kontrolnu grupu činilo je 40 zdravih ispitanika istog godi&scaron;ta i pola kao u eksperimentalnoj grupi. Upitnik se koristio za prikupljanje podataka o osnovnom oboljenju, simptomima koji se mogu javiti kao nuspojave inhalatornih lekova, navikama, ishrani i održavanju oralne higijene. Kliničkim stomatolo&scaron;kim pregledom određeni su erozivni indeks, KEP indeks, indeks krvarenja iz interdentalne gingive i indeks mekih naslaga na zubima. Laboratorijskim ispitivanjem određeni su količina izlučene nestimulisane pljuvačke, te pH vrednost i koncentracije kalcijuma i fosfata u pljuvački. Rezultati: Kod pacijenata na inhalatornoj terapiji ustanovljena je vi&scaron;a prevalencija dentalnih erozija i karijesnih lezija, te vi&scaron;e vrednosti indeksa krvarenja iz interdentalne gingive i indeksa mekih naslaga na zubima, u odnosu na ispitanike kontrolne grupe. U eksperimentalnoj grupi ispitanika količina i pH vrednosti nestimulisane pljuvačke su statistički značajno niže u odnosu na ista obeležja kontrolne grupe. Vrednosti koncentracije kalcijuma u pljuvački između ispitivanih grupa se ne razlikuju statistički značajno. Vrednosti koncentracije fosfata u eksperimentalnoj grupi ispitanika su statistički značajno vi&scaron;e nego u kontrolnoj grupi ispitanika. Zaključak: Pacijenti na inhalatornoj terapiji spadaju u grupu osoba s visokim rizikom od nastanka dentalnih erozija i karijesnih lezija. Uvođenje lokalne strategije preventivnih mera, te uspostavljanje međusobne saradnje stomatologa i lekara &ndash; pulmologa, dovelo bi do očuvanja i unapređenja zdravlja zuba kod pacijenata na inhalatornoj terapiji.</p> / <p>Introduction: Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are predominant chronic respiratory diseases in whose treatment a priority is given to inhalation drugs. The patients receiving inhalation therapy are at an increased risk of dental erosion and caries lesions due to changes in the amount of salivary flow rate and its pH value. Objective: The study objective was to investigate the prevalence of dental erosion and caries lesions in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who use inhalation therapy. Materials and methods: The study included 80 participants between the age of 18 and 65. The experimental group comprised of 40 participants previously diagnosed with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease undergoing inhalation therapy for more than 5 years. The control group involved 40 healthy participants of the same age and gender status as those in the experimental group. The questionnaire was designed to collect informations on underlying disease, symptoms that can occur as side effects of inhaled drugs, habits, dietary and oral hygiene habits. The clinical dental examination established the basic erosive wear examination (BEWE index), DMFT index, papilla bleeding index (PBI) and dental plaque index. The laboratory investigation comprised measurements of the salivary flow rates of non-stimulated saliva, pH value and calcium and phosphate concentrations in the saliva. Results: The subjects receiving inhalation therapy were found to have a higher prevalence of dental erosion and caries lesion as well as higher mean papilla bleeding index scores and mean plaque index scores in comparison to the control group. In the experimental group, the mean value of the salivary flow rate and pH value were lower as compared to the control group. Calcium concentrations in the saliva were similar in both groups, but the results were not statistically significant. However, phosphate concentration was statistically significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group. Conclusion: The patients undergoing inhalation therapy have a high risk of dental erosion and caries lesion. The introduction of local strategy of preventive dental care and establishing mutual cooperation between dentists and pulmonary specialists would contribute to the promotion and preservation of the dental health in the patients on inhalation therapy.</p>
362

Hodnocení energetického metabolismu u pacientů s chronickou obstrukční plicní nemocí / Assessment of energy metabolism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Poláková, Terezie January 2015 (has links)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Student: Terezie Poláková Supervisor of master thesis: PharmDr. Miroslav Kovařík, Ph.D. Title of master thesis: Assessment of energy metabolism in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the name for lung disease with systemic consequences. Besides the respiratory symptoms there are also described changes in body metabolism, which could lead to the development of serious metabolic syndrome called cachexia. The main aim of this study was to compare the resting energy expenditure (REE) and nutrition substrate utilization in 12 patients with advanced form of COPD from the Czech Multicentre Research Database of COPD (5 females and 7 males, mean age 68 ± 6 years) and in 9 patients of control group without respiratory impairment (5 females and 4 males, 62 ± 4 years). Assessment of body metabolism was determined by method of indirect calorimetry. Measured REE was then compared with prediction based on Harris-Benedict equation. The utilization of main nutrition substrates was determined from the respiratory quotient and urea nitrogen loss in urine. We found that measured REE in COPD patients was about 20 % higher than in control group....
363

Parametry složení těla v závislosti na stupni metabolismu u pacientů s CHOPN / Body composition parameters in dependence on the metabolism degree in patients with COPD

Doleželová, Magdaléna January 2016 (has links)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Student: Magdaléna Doleželová Supervisor of master thesis: PharmDr. Miroslav Kovařík, Ph.D. Title of master thesis: Body composition parameters in dependence on the metabolism degrese in patiens with COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a very serious illness characterized by incompletely reversible airflow obstruction and lung emphysema. Contributes to its overall severity are extrapulmonary manifestations, especially cachexia and loss of lean tissue mass. Chronic inflammation of the respiratory airways and increased respiratory effort cause the hypermetabolic state to some patients with COPD. This thesis investigates the impact of increased metabolism on body composition in patients with COPD. Our study included 50 COPD patients (38 men, 12 women) who were examined by bioelectrical impedance. In this study, we compared the parameters of body composition of men with resting energy expenditure REE > 130% (hereinafter Men over 130%) (n = 9) and the group of men with REE < 130 % (hereinafter Men below 130 %) (n = 29). In the group of Men over 130 % we found a lower average value of body weight by 18 % compared to Men below 130 %. Total body and intracellular water were 12 %...
364

Efeito do inibidor de proteinase de origem vegetal CrataBL, sobre a lesão pulmonar induzida pela elastase em camundongos C57/BI6 / Effect of vegetable proteinase inhibitor, CrataBL, on lung injury induced by elastase in mice C57/Bl6

Oliva, Leandro Vilela 28 April 2014 (has links)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se a proteína bifuncional de planta, CrataBL, que tem lectina e as propriedades inibidoras de enzima, modula alterações de mecânica pulmonar, inflamatórias e remodelamento induzidas por elastase intratraqueal em camundongos. Métodos: 36 camundongos C57BL6 receberam elastase (0,025 mg) por instilação intratraqueal (grupo ELA e ELA-CrataBL). Os grupos controles receberam salina (grupo SAL e SAL-CrataBL). Os camundongos foram tratados com instilação intraperitoneal de CrataBL (2mg/kg) nos dias 1, 14 e 21 após a instilação intratraqueal de elastase (grupo SAL-CrataBL e ELA-CrataBL) os animais controle receberam salina no mesmo volume. No dia 28, os camundongos foram anestesiados, ventilados mecanicamente e foram analisados a resistência e elastância do sistema respiratório (Ers e Rrs), elastância e resistência tecidual (Htis e Gtis), resistência das vias aéreas (Raw) e óxido nítrico exalado (NOex). Após, o lavado broncoalveolar (LBA) foi realizado, os pulmões foram retirados e por morfometria, e foram quantificados o intercepto linear médio (Lm), a quantidade de neutrófilos, células positivas para TNF-alfa, fibras colágenas, elásticas, células positivas para MMP-9, MMP-12, TIMP-1, eNOS e iNOS e isoprostano no parênquima pulmonar e vias aéreas. No parênquima foram avaliados os macrófagos nos septos alveolares e nas vias aéreas, foram também avaliadas as células para MUC-5. Resultados: No grupo ELA houve um aumento na Ers, Raw, Gtis, Htis, Lm, NOex, nas células totais, macrófagos, neutrófilos, eosinófilos e linfócitos no LBA em relação aos controles (p < 0,05), sendo que Raw, diminuiu também nos grupos SAL-CrataBL e ELA-CrataBL. Nos grupos tratados com CrataBL houve uma diminuição de Ers (37,0±2,2 cmH2O/L), Htis (37,9±3,5 cmH2O/ml/s), ENO (14,7±0,7 ppb), comparativamente ao grupo ELA (p < 0,05). No LBA houve atenuação de neutrófilos (0,003±0,001 104células/ml), linfócitos (0,003±0,001 104células/ml) e de Lm (54,6±6,0 mm). Complementando a avaliação, no grupo que recebeu elastase houve um aumento no número de macrófagos (22,88 +- 2,24 células/104um2), neutrófilos (1,18 +- 0,15 células/10 4um2), células positivas para TNF-ala (12,52 +- 0,42 células/104um2) no parênquima pulmonar. Nas alterações de remodelamento no parênquima pulmonar, houve um aumento da proporção de volume de fibras colágenas (11,5 +- 0,11%), elásticas (0,5 +- 0,03%), na quantidade de células positivas para MMP-9 (18,59 +- 1,87 células/104?m2), MMP-12 (20,17 +- 1,92 células/104?m2), TIMP-1 (14,42 +- 2,05 células/104um2) em comparação com os controlos (p < 0,001). No estresse oxidativo, houve um aumento de eNOS (13,15 +- 0,40 células/104um2), iNOS (10,49 +- 0,65 células/104um2) e isoprostano (18,11 =- 5,38%). O tratamento CrataBL (grupo ELA-CrataBL) reduziu no parênquima pulmonar a quantidade de macrófagos (9,58 +- 1,36 células/104um2), neutrófilos (0,75 +- 0,1 células/104um2), células positivas para TNF-alfa (10.4±0,49 células/104?m2), fibras colágenas (10,8 +- 0,13%), elásticas (0,3 +- 0,02%), a quantidade de células positivas para a MMP-9 (10,35±0,65 células/104um2), MMP-12 (14,15±0,59 células/104um2), TIMP-1 (9,89 +- 2,79 células/104um2), MUC-5 (3,56 +- 0,54 células/104um2), eNOS (6.98 +- 0.32 células/104um2) e iNOS (6,21 +- 0,42 células/104um2) e isoprostano (8,96 +- 3,08 %) em relação ao grupo ELA (p < 0,001). Nas vias aéreas também ocorreu um aumento significativo de neutrófilos (5,97 +- 1,03 células/104um2), células positivas para TNF-alfa (15,82 +- 1,03 células/104um2). Nas alterações de remodelamento pulmonar nas vias aéreas também ocorreu um aumento da proporção de volume de fibras colágenas (8,73 +- 2,59%), elásticas (2,56 +- 0,18%), na quantidade de células positivas para MMP-9 (14,86 +- 1,77 células/104um2), MMP-12 (18,56 +- 1,79 células/104um2), TIMP-1 (1,31 +- 0,12 células/104um2) e MUC-5 (7,09 +- 1,71 células/104um2) em comparação com os controlos (p < 0,001). No estresse oxidativo, houve um aumento de células positivas para eNOS (3,09 +- 0,08 células/104um2), iNOS (5,4 +- 0,3 células/104um2) e isoprostano (18,11 +- 5,38%) em comparação com os controlos (p < 0,001). O tratamento CrataBL (grupo ELA-CrataBL) reduziu nas vias aéreas a quantidade de neutrófilos (4,62 +- 0,61 células/104um2), TNF- alfa (14,30 +- 1,28 células/104um2), fibras colágenas (7,80 +- 1,37%), elásticas (1,4 +- 0,13%), a quantidade de células positivas para a MMP-9 (9,93 +- 1,39 células/104um2), MMP-12 (12,06 +- 1,15 células/104um2), TIMP-1 (0,73 +- 0,05 células/104?m2), MUC-5 (3,56 +- 0,54 células/104um2), eNOS (1,89 +- 0,16 células/104um2) e iNOS (4,3 +- 0,31 células/104um2), isoprostano (7,34 +- 2,31%) em relação ao grupo ELA (p < 0,001). Conclusão: CrataBL atenua as alterações de mecânica pulmonar, lavado bronco alveolar, responsividade inflamatória, controle do remodelamento e estresse oxidativo induzidas pela elastase. Embora mais estudos devam ser realizados, esta proteína bifuncional pode contribuir como potencial ferramenta terapêutica para o tratamento da DPOC / The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the bifunctional protein plant, CrataBL, which has lectin and enzyme inhibitory properties, modulates changes in lung mechanics, inflammatory and remodeling induced by intratracheal elastase in mice.Methods : 36 C57/Bl6 mice received elastase (0.025 mg) by intratracheal (group ELA and ELA-CrataBL). Control groups received saline (group SAL and SAL-CrataBL).The mice were treated with intraperitoneal instillation of CrataBL (2mg/kg) on days 1, 14 and 21 after intratracheal instillation of elastase (group SAL-CrataBL and ELA-CrataBL), control animals received saline in the same volume. On day 28, the mice were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated were analyzed resistance and respiratory system elastance (Ers and Rrs), elastance and tissue resistance (Htis and Gtis), airway resistance (Raw) and exhaled nitric oxide (ENO). After the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed, the lungs were removed and morphometry were quantified and the linear intercept mean (Lm), the number of neutrophils, positive cells for TNF-alfa, collagen fibers, positive cells for MMP-9, MMP-12, TIMP-1, eNOS, iNOS and isoprostane in lung parenchyma and airways. Parenchyma was also evaluated macrophages in the alveolar septa. Airway was also evaluated MUC-5 cells. Results: In group ELA was an increase in Ers, Raw, Gtis, Htis, Lm, ENO, in total cells, macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes in BAL compared to controls (p < 0.05), and Raw, decreased in both groups SAL-CrataBL and ELA-CrataBL. In the groups treated with CrataBL there was a decrease in Ers (37.0±2.2 cmH2O/L) Htis (37 9±3.5 cmH2O/ml/s) and ENO (14.7±0.7 ppb) compared to the ELA group (p < 0.05). In BAL there was attenuation of neutrophils (0.003±0.001 104cells/ml), lymphocytes (0.003±0.001 104cells/ml) and Lm (54.6±6.0 mm). Complementing the assessment, the group that received elastase was an increase in the number of macrophages (22.88±2.24 cells/104um2), neutrophils (1.18±0.15 cells/104um2), positive TNF-alfa cells (12.52±0.42 cells/104um2) in the lung parenchyma. In remodeling changes in lung parenchyma, there was an increase in the volume ratio of collagen fibers (11.5 ± 0.11%), elastic (0.5±0.03%), the number of positive MMP-9 cells (18.59±1.87 cells/104um2), MMP-12 (20.17 ± 1.92 cells/104um2) TIMP-1 (14.42±2.05 cells/104um2) compared to controls (p < 0.001). Oxidative stress, was an increased of eNOS (13.15±0.40 cells/104um2), iNOS (10.49 ± 0.65 cells/104um2) and isoprostane (18.11±5.38%). Treatment CrataBL (ELA-CrataBL group) reduced the amount of parenchymal lung macrophages (9.58±1.36 cells/104um2), neutrophils (0.75±0.1 cells/104um2), positive TNF-alfa cells (10.4±0.49 cells/104um2), collagen (10.8±0.13%), elastic (0.3±0.02%), the number of positive MMP-9 cells (10.35±0.65 cells/104?m2), MMP-12 (14.15±0.59 cells/104um2), TIMP-1 (9.89±2.79 cells/104um2) MUC-5 (3.56±0.54 cells/104um2), eNOS (6.98±0:32 cells/104um2) and iNOS (6.21±0.42 cells/104um2) and isoprostane (8.96 ± 3.08%) compared to group ELA (p < 0.001). Airway was also a significant increase in neutrophils (5.97±1.03 cells/104um2), positive TNF-alfa cells (15.82±1.03 cells/104um2). Changes in lung airway remodeling also occurred an increase in the volume ratio of collagen fibers (8.73±2.59%), elastic (2.56±0.18%), the number of positive MMP-9 cells (14.86±1.77 cells/104um2), MMP-12 (18.56±1.79 cells/104um2) TIMP-1 (1.31±0.12 cells/104um2) and MUC-5 (7.09±1.71 cells/104um2) compared to controls (p < 0.001). Oxidative stress, an increase of eNOS (3.09 ± 0.08 cells/104um2), iNOS (5.4±0.3 cells/104um2) and isoprostane (18.11±5.38%) compared to controls (p < 0.001). Treatment CrataBL (ELA-CrataBL group) reduced the amount airway neutrophils (4.62±0.61 cells/104um2), TNF-alfa (14.30 ± 1.28 cells/104um2), collagen fibers (7 80±1.37%), elastic (1.4±0.13%), the number of positive MMP-9 cells (9.93±1.39 cells/104um2), MMP-12 (12.06±1.15), TIMP-1 (0.73±0.05 cells/104um2), MUC-5 (3.56±0.54 cells/104um2), eNOS (1.89±0,16 cells/104um2) and iNOS (4.3±0.31 cells/104um2), isoprostane (7.34±2.31%) compared to group ELA (p < 0.001). Conclusion: CrataBL attenuates changes in lung mechanics, broncho alveolar inflammatory responsiveness, control remodeling and oxidative stress induced by elastase. Although more studies should be conducted, this bifunctional protein may contribute as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of COPD
365

Avaliação da musculatura inspiratória e expiratória na doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica leve e grave comparada aos indivíduos saudáveis / Evaluation of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles in mild and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stages compared to healthy individuals

Macchione, Marcelo Ceneviva 29 April 2016 (has links)
Introdução: A DPOC é uma doença respiratória prevenível e tratável, caracterizada por limitação persistente ao fluxo aéreo, hiperinsuflação e aprisionamento aéreo. A dispneia e a intolerância aos esforços, decorrentes destas alterações fisiopatológicas sofre influência de vários fatores. Dentre estes, o recrutamento e a sobrecarga imposta aos músculos inspiratórios e expiratórios são de fundamental importância, porém a participação destes ainda não foi completamente elucidada em diferentes gravidades da doença. Objetivos: O objetivo principal deste estudo foi avaliar a mecânica ventilatória, e o grau de recrutamento da musculatura inspiratória e expiratória na DPOC leve e grave, na condição de repouso e durante um teste máximo de exercício, comparado a um grupo de indivíduos saudáveis. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal envolvendo 36 indivíduos, sendo 24 pacientes portadores de DPOC e 12 voluntários sadios. As avaliações foram divididas em 2 visitas. No D1, foram realizadas uma avaliação clínica, avaliação de dispneia (mMRC) e de qualidade de vida (SGRQ), além da prova de função pulmonar completa. Na 2ª visita, realizada com intervalo de 1 semana, foram avaliadas: as pressões respiratórias máximas estáticas por meio de métodos volitivos (PImax, PEmax, SNIP, Pes sniff, Pga sniff e Pdi sniff) e não volitivos (Twitch cervical bilateral e T10); avaliação da sincronia toracoabdominal por pletismografia de indutância; avaliação do recrutamento dos músculos inspiratórios e expiratórios ao repouso pela eletromiografia de superfície; e, posteriormente, um teste de exercício cardiopulmonar incremental para estudo de todas essas variáveis no esforço. Resultados: Foram avaliados 24 pacientes (12 leves e 12 graves) e 12 indivíduos saudáveis da mesma faixa etária. A maioria dos pacientes apresentava comprometimento significativo da qualidade de vida e os pacientes do grupo grave eram mais sintomáticos. A função pulmonar encontrava-se alterada na maioria dos pacientes. Destes, 79,2% apresentavam aprisionamento aéreo e 70,8% tinham redução da DLCO. Tais alterações foram semelhantes nos 2 grupos de pacientes. A força muscular estática medida por métodos volitivos e não volitivos estava reduzida nos 2 grupos e mostrou relação com o VEF1. No exercício, a dispneia foi o principal motivo para interrupção do teste em 70% dos pacientes. A HD esteve presente em 87,5% dos pacientes. O comportamento das pressões respiratórias foi significativamente diferente entre os 3 grupos. Os pacientes com DPOC apresentaram maior atividade diafragmática (Pdi) comparado aos controles e a participação da musculatura expiratória também foi maior neste grupo, principalmente nos graves. Apesar disso, os pacientes com DPOC apresentaram uma eficiência mecânica reduzida, ou seja, esse incremento da força muscular foi insuficiente para manter uma ventilação adequada para uma determinada carga. Com o aumento da demanda ventilatória, houve recrutamento precoce e progressivo dos músculos inspiratórios e expiratórios durante o exercício. O trabalho resistivo e o expiratório foram significativamente diferentes entre os controles e os pacientes com DPOC desde o início do exercício. Como consequência destas alterações, a intensidade da dispneia durante o TECP foi maior nos pacientes com DPOC (leve e grave) para a mesma carga e mesma ventilação-minuto (VE), quando comparada aos indivíduos do grupo-controle. Conclusões: O conjunto destes achados demonstra que o comprometimento dos músculos inspiratórios e expiratórios contribuiu significativamente para a dispneia e a intolerância ao exercício tanto no DPOC leve quanto no DPOC grave. E que este comprometimento pode não ser detectado com os testes máximos de força ao repouso / Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a preventable and treatable respiratory disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation, lung hyperinflation and air trapping. Dyspnea and effort intolerance resulting from these pathophysiological changes are influenced by several factors. Among these, the recruitment and burden to the aspiratory and expiratory muscles are of fundamental importance but their participation has not been fully elucidated in different severities of disease. Objectives: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanics of ventilation and the grade of recruitment of inspiratory and expiratory muscles in patients with mild and severe COPD, at rest and during maximum exercise, compared to a group of healthy individuals. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 36 subjects, 24 patients with COPD and 12 healthy volunteers. The evaluations were performed in two visits. In the first visit, participants underwent a clinical evaluation, dyspnea (modified Medical Research Council) and quality of life (Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire) assessments, and complete pulmonary function test. In the second visit, which was one week later, the following evaluations were performed: maximum static respiratory pressures through volitional (MIP, MEP, SNIP, sniff Pes, sniff Pga and sniff Pdi) and non-volitional methods (cervical twitch and T10); evaluation of thoraco-abdominal synchrony by inductance plethysmography; evaluation of recruitment of the inspiratory and expiratory muscles at rest by surface electromyography; and then an incremental cardiopulmonary exercise testing to assess all of these variables under exercise conditions. Results: We evaluated 24 patients (12 with mild and 12 with severe COPD) and 12 healthy individuals of the same age group. Most patients had significant impairment of quality of life and those with severe COPD were more symptomatic. The lung function was abnormal in the majority of patients. Among them, 79.2% had air trapping and 70.8% had reduced diffusing lung capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO). These changes were similar in the 2 patients\' groups. Static muscle strength measured by volitional and non-volitional methods was reduced in both patients\' groups and showed a relationship with forced expiratory volume 1 (FEV1). During exercise, dyspnea was the main reason for interrupting the test in 70% of patients. Dynamic hyperinflation (DH) was present in 87.5% of patients. The behavior of the respiratory pressure was significantly different between the three groups. Patients with COPD had higher diaphragmatic activity (Pdi) compared to controls and the participation of expiratory muscles was also higher in this group, especially in patients with severe COPD. Nevertheless, patients with COPD had reduced mechanical efficiency, i.e., the increase of muscle strength was insufficient to maintain adequate ventilation for a given load. With the increase in ventilatory demand, there was an early and progressive recruitment of inspiratory and expiratory muscles during exercise. The resistive and expiratory work were significantly different between controls and patients with COPD since the beginning of the exercise. As a result, the intensity of dyspnea during the cardiopulmonary exercise test CPET was higher in patients with COPD (mild and severe) for the same charge and minute ventilation (VE), when compared to controls. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings demonstrated that inspiratory and expiratory muscles are compromised in patients with mild and severe COPD and this compromise contributed significantly to dyspnea and exercise intolerance. Furthermore, these alterations could not be properly detected with the simple maximal tests commonly used
366

Efeito do inibidor de proteinase de origem vegetal BbKl, sobre a lesão pulmonar induzida pela elastase em camundongos C57/Bl6 / Plant-derived proteinase inhibitor Bauhinia Bauhinioides Kallikrein Inhibitor (BbKI) attenuates elastase-induced emphysema in mice

Oliveira, Bruno Tadeu Martins de 07 December 2015 (has links)
Introdução: O desequilibrio protease-antiprotease é fundamental para a fisiopatologia da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crónica (DPOC). No entanto, poucos estudos para a inibição da elastase têm sido investigados. Objetivo: O nosso estudo avaliou a capacidade do inibidor proteinase derivada da planta Bauhinia bauhinioides (BbKI) na modulação da inflamação pulmonar induzida pela elastase. Métodos: Camundongos C57BL receberam instilação intratraqueal de elastase (0,025 mg, ELA n=6) ou solução salina (SAL n=6) e foram tratados por via intraperitoneal com BbKI (2 mg/kg, de ELA-BbKI n=6, SAL-BbKI n=6) nos dias 1, 14 e 21. No dia 28 foram realizadas as seguintes análises: (I) avaliação da mecânica pulmonar (II) medida do óxido nítrico exalado (ENO), (III) a determinação do número de céluas no lavado broncoalveolar (FLBA), e ( IV) coloração imunohistoquímica do fluído pulmonar, (V) intercepto linear médio (Lm), Resultados: Além de diminuir alterações mecânicas e a lesão do septo alveolar (Lm), BbKI reduziu o número de células no fluido de FLBA e diminuiu a expressão celular de TNF-alfa, MMP-9, MMP-12, TIMP-1, eNOS e iNOS em vias aéreas e nas paredes alveolares em comparação com o grupo de ELA (p < 0,05). BbKI diminuiu a proporção de volume de 8-iso-PGF2, as fibras colagenas e as elásticas nas vias aéreas e paredes alveolares em comparação com o grupo de ELA (p < 0,05). Houve redução do número de células para positivas MUC-5 nas paredes das vias aéreas (p < 0,05). Houve redução do número de neutrófilos em vias aereas e parenquima e de macrófagosnas paredes alveolares. Conclusão: BbKI foi eficaz na redução da inflamação pulmonar, mecânica pulmonar e do remodelamento da matriz extracelular induzida por elastase. BbKI pode ser uma ferramenta farmacológica potencial para o tratamento da DPOC; no entanto, são necessárias análises adicionais / Introduction: The protease-antiprotease imbalance is essential to the pathophysiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, few studies for inhibition of elastase have been investigated. Objective: Our study evaluated the ability of proteinase inhibitor derived Bauhinia bauhinioides plant (BbKI) in modulating lung inflammation induced by elastase. Methods: Mice C57BL received intratracheal elastase instillation (0.025 mg, ELA n = 6) or saline (SAL n = 6) and were treated intraperitoneally with BbKI (2 mg/kg of ELA-BbKI n = 6, SAL-BbKI n = 6) on days 1, 14 and 21. On the 28th the following analyzes were performed: (i) assessment of pulmonary mechanics (II) measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (ENO), (III) determining the number of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and (IV) immunohistochemical staining of lung fluid, (V) mean linear intercept (Lm) Results: In addition to reducing mechanical changes and Lm, BbKI reduced the number of cells in BALF fluid and decreased cellular expression of TNF-alfa, MMP-9, MMP-12, TIMP-1, eNOS and iNOS in the airway and alveolar walls compared with ELA group (p < 0.05). BbKI decreased volume proportion of 8-iso-PGF2, collagen fibers and elastic airway and alveolar walls compared with ELA group (p < 0.05). There was a reduction from MUC-5 positive cells in the airway walls (p < 0.05). There was a reduction in the number of neutrophils in airway and alveolar walls (p < 0.005) and a reduction in macrophages in alveolar walls (p < 0.005). Conclusion: BbKI was effective in reducing inflammation, pulmonary mechanics and remodeling of the extracellular matrix induced by elastase. BbKI may be a potential pharmacological agent for the treatment of COPD; however, additional tests are required
367

Efeitos pulmonares da fumaça de cigarro associada ao particulado de diesel exaurido (DEP) em camundongos / Pulmonary effects of cigarette smoke associated to diesel exhaustedparticle (DEP) in mice

Arantes, Petra de Mello Motta 30 September 2015 (has links)
A Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) é caracterizada por limitação de troca gasosa e considerada uma doença progressiva, não reversível e associada a uma resposta inflamatória anormal dos pulmões a partículas e gases nocivos, e com implicações extrapulmonares. A fumaça de cigarro (FC) é a principal causa, uma vez que 80% dos casos de DPOC estão associados ao tabagismo. A poluição atmosférica também é considerada um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento, aceleração, exacerbação e mortalidade na DPOC. Além disso, o material particulado resultante da queima do diesel (do inglês,Diesel Exhaust Particle - DEP) é a principal fonte de poluição atmosférica relacionado ao tráfego de veículos. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado efeitos nocivos da fumaça de cigarro e da poluição atmosférica para saúde humana, no entanto, poucos se referem à associação desses dois fatores. Considerando que um fumante em área urbana submete-se cotidianamente aos dois fatores exógenos simultaneamente, avaliamos os efeitos da associação da FC e do DEP proveniente de motores movidos a diesel na cidade de São Paulo, no desenvolvimento do enfisema pulmonar, durante 1, 3 e 6 meses de exposição. Os camundongos foram divididos em quinze grupos: controle (C); veículo (V) (NaCl 0,9%); DEP (30?g DEP em 10?L NaCl 0,9%/dia, 5 dias/semana); FC (expostos à FC 30 min/dia, 5 dias/semana); e FC+DEP. Avaliamos a mecânica respiratória; células inflamatórias no lavado broncoalveolar (LBA); intercepto linear médio (Lm) e morfometria e remodelamento: edema peribroncovascular, MMP-12, Mac-2, elastina e colágeno III. Houve um aumento significativo na resistência das vias aéreas em FC e FC+DEP, comparado ao V e DEP em 6 meses. Observamos aumento do Lm após 6 meses nos grupos FC, DEP e FC+DEP, comparado ao V. O número total de células no LBA e os macrófagos aumentaram após 3 meses de exposição à FC, e após 6 meses à FC ou DEP. No entanto, houve diminuição de células totais em FC+DEP, após 6 meses de exposição, comparado ao V. As células polimorfonucleares nas vias aéreas aumentaram após 3 e 6 meses, principalmente em DEP e FC+DEP. O edema peribroncovascular aumentou no grupo FC+DEP após 1 mês de exposição, em FC e DEP após 3 meses e em FC e FC+DEP após 6 meses. As proporções de elastina aumentaram nos grupos FC, DEP e FC+DEP; de colágeno III somente em FC+DEP; e a densidade de células MMP-12 positivas em FC, DEP e FC+DEP, e Mac-2 em DEP, todos após 6 meses de exposição. Portanto, a instalação da DPOC, com alargamento dos espaços alveolares, ocorreu após 6 meses de exposição independentemente das partículas exógenas inaladas. No entanto, não detectamos piora do enfisema quando os animais receberam inalação de ambos: FC+DEP. A análise do perfil celular mostrou aumento nas células inflamatórias após a exposição de FC ou DEP, por diferentes vias, enquanto a interação de FC+DEP mostrou um efeito aditivo, atenuando o processo inflamatório após os 6 meses de exposição, apesar de sua intensa atuação no remodelamento tecidual. Nosso trabalho corrobora para esclarecimentos dos efeitos aditivos da interação entre FC e DEP, mimetizando um fumante exposto à poluição atmosférica urbana. O esclarecimento sobre essa complexa interação ainda se faz necessário e é um vasto campo de pesquisa em doenças pulmonares / Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by limitation of gas exchange and is considered a non-reversible, progressive disease and associated with an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to particles and harmful gases, with extrapulmonary symptoms. Cigarette smoke (CS) is the major cause, since 80% of COPD cases are associated with smoke. Also, the air pollution is considered a risk factor in the development, acceleration, exacerbation and mortality of COPD. Moreover, diesel exhaust particles (DEP) are a major source of traffic-related air pollution. Many studies have demonstrated the damaging effects of CS and air pollution on human health; however, few have related the association between the two factors. Considering a smoker in an urban area undergoes daily to this two exogenous agents simultaneously, we evaluated the effects of CS associated to DEP, from diesel-powered engines in the São Paulo city, on emphysema development at 1, 3 and 6 months. Mice were divided into fifteen groups: control (C); vehicle (V) (NaCl 0.9%); DEP (30?g DEP in 10ul NaCl 0.9%/day, 5 days/wk); CS (exposed to CS, 30 minutes/day, 5 days/wk); and CS+DEP. We evaluated respiratory mechanics; inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF); mean linear intercept (Lm) and morphometry and remodeling: peribronchovascular edema, MMP-12, Mac-2, elastin and collagen-III. There was a significant increase in airway resistance in CS and CS+DEP compared to group V and DEP at 6 mo. We observed an increase in Lm after 6 mo in the CS, DEP and CS+DEP groups compared to group V. The total number of cells in BALF and macrophage showed an increase at 3 mo of CS exposure and at 6 mo of CS or DEP exposure. However, there was a decrease of the number of total cells at 6 mo in CS+DEP compared to V. Polimorphonuclear cells in airways were increased after 3 and 6 months mainly in the DEP and CS+DEP groups. Peribronchovascular edema was increased in the CS+DEP group after 1 mo, CS and DEP groups after 3 mo and CS and CS+DEP groups after 6 mo. Elastin, increased for the CS, DEP and CS+DEP groups and collagen III only for the CS+DEP group; and the density of MMP-12 positive cells in CS, DEP and CS+DEP, and Mac-2 in DEP, all after 6 months of exposure.Therefore, the onset of COPD, with enlargement of alveolar spaces, occurs after 6 mo of exposure independent of which exogenous particles were inhaled. However, we did not show an impairment in emphysema when animals received both CS+DEP inhalation. Analysis of cell profiles showed an increase in inflammatory cells after CS or DEP exposure, but on different pathways, while interaction of CS+DEP showed an additive effect that attenuated the inflammatory process after 6 mo and that intensively acted on remodeling mechanisms. Our study supports the additives effects of the interaction between CS and DEP, mimicking a smoker exposed to urban air pollution. And reaffirms that this complex interaction still demand more clarification and it is a great field of research in lung disease
368

Die Bedeutung von CEACAM3 für die Moraxella catarrhalis induzierte Aktivierung von humanen Granulozyten

Heinrich, Annina 26 February 2018 (has links)
Die COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) ist eine weltweit vorkommende, chronisch obstruktive Erkrankung der Lunge. Sie gilt als vierthäufigste Todesursache weltweit, wobei ein Viertel der akuten bakteriellen Exazerbationen auf eine Infektion mit Moraxella catharralis zurückzuführen sind. Sowohl das akute, als auch das chronische Entzündungsbild der COPD wird überwiegend durch neutrophile Granulozyten in den Atemwegen bestimmt, die neben antimikrobiellen Effektorfunktionen durch Freisetzung von Zytokinen auch die Entzündungsreaktion bzw. Immunantwort regulieren können. In dieser Arbeit wurde untersucht inwiefern die Interaktion von M.catarrhalis mit dem humanen Granuloyzten-spezifischen Rezeptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM)3 zu einer Aktivierung der neutrophilen Granuloyzten sowie zu einer NF-kappaB-abhängigen Chemokinproduktion führt. Primäre Granulozyten gesunder Spender sowie NB4 Zellen wurden mit M.catarrhalis in Anwesenheit verschiedener Inhibitoren, siRNA oder CEACAM-blockender Antikörper infiziert und anschließend die Chemokinsekretion mittels ELISA bestimmt. Mit Hilfe eines Luziferase Reportergenassays und Chromatinimmunpräzipitation wurde die Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-kappaB untersucht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass die spezifische Interaktion von CEACAM3 mit M. catarrhalis UspA1 in einer Aktivierung neutrophiler Granulozyten resultiert. Desweiteren kommt es zu einer CEACAM3-UspA1 abhängigen Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors NF-kappaB und verstärkter Sekretion proinflammatorischer Chemokine. Die NF-kappaB-Aktivierung ist abhängig von der Phosphorylierung des CEACAM3 ITAM-like Motivs und erfolgt über den Syk und Card9 Signalweg. Die Ergebnisse lassen den Schluss zu, dass neutrophile Granulozyten in der Lage sind, die durch M. catarrhalis induzierte Atemwegsentzündung in der COPD über den Oberflächenrezeptor CEACAM3 spezifisch zu modulieren. / The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth most common cause of death worldwide. 25 % of the acute bacterial exacerbations are caused by infection with the human restricted pathogen Moraxella catharralis. Both the acute and the chronic inflammatory stage of COPD are predominantly determined by neutrophil granulocytes in the respiratory tract, which in addition to antimicrobial effector functions can also regulate the inflammation or immune response by releasing cytokines. This work investigated if the interaction of M. catarrhalis with the human granulocyte-specific receptor carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) 3 leads to an activation of the neutrophil granulocytes and to a NF-kappaB-dependent chemokine production. Primary granulocytes from healthy donors as well as NB4 cells were infected with M. catarrhalis in the presence of various inhibitors, siRNA or CEACAM-blocking antibodies, and then chemokine secretion was determined by ELISA. Using a luciferase reporter gene assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation, activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB was investigated. In this work it could be shown that the specific interaction of CEACAM3 with M. catarrhalis UspA1 results in the activation of neutrophil granulocytes. Furthermore, there is a CEACAM3-UspA1-dependent activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB and increased secretion of proinflammatory chemokines. NF-kappaB activation is dependent on the phosphorylation of the CEACAM3 ITAM-like motif and occurs via the Syk and Card9 signaling pathways. The results suggest that neutrophil granulocytes are able to specifically modulate M. catarrhalis induced airway inflammation in COPD via the surface receptor CEACAM3.
369

Estudo de um modelo experimental para o desenvolvimento de enfisema pulmonar induzido por elastase e fumo em camundongos / An experimental model of elastase and cigarette smoke-induced emphysema in mice

Rodrigues, Rubia 26 June 2015 (has links)
Os modelos experimentais têm sido utilizados para o estudo dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos envolvidos no desenvolvimento da Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC). O modelo que melhor mimetiza a doença em humanos é o que utiliza a exposição à fumaça de cigarro. No entanto, a utilização deste modelo experimental requer um longo tempo de exposição (6 meses) e a lesão do parênquima obtida é considerada leve. O desequilíbrio protease/anti-protease é considerado um importante mecanismo fisiopatológico envolvido no desenvolvimento da DPOC. Desta forma, neste estudo propomos o desenvolvimento de um modelo experimental no qual associamos a instilação de elastase previamente ao início da exposição ao fumo na tentativa de obter um maior grau de lesão tecidual em um menor espaço de tempo. Para tanto, camundongos C57Bl/6 foram divididos em quatro grupos: Controle, Elastase, Fumo, Fumo/Elastase 1 dose e Fumo/Elastase 2 doses e analisados após dois meses de exposição. Os animais do grupo Fumo/Elastase 1 dose e 2 doses foram submetidos à instilação intranasal de elastase pancreática de porco (0,33UI) e expostos a fumaça de cigarro por dois meses. O grupo controle recebeu o mesmo tratamento com solução fisiológica (NaCl 0.9%). A exposição ao fumo foi feita por 30min, 2 vezes/dia, 5 dias da semana. Após dois meses, os animais foram sacrificados e observamos aumento de LM no grupo Fumo/Elastase 1 dose e 2 doses comparado aos grupos Controle e Fumo; aumento de células positivas para MAC-2 no parênquima (Fumo/Elastase 2 doses) e vias aéreas (Fumo/Elastase 1 dose e 2 doses), MMP-12 no parênquima pulmonar (Fumo/Elastase 2 doses), GP91 no parênquima (Fumo/Elastase 1 dose e 2 doses) e vias aéreas (Fumo e Fumo/Elastase 1 dose) e aumento de proporção de fibras elásticas no parênquima pulmonar do grupo Fumo/Elastase 1 dose e do grupo Fumo, caracterizando presença de enfisema pulmonar. A instilação de elastase pancreática de porco juntamente com a exposição à fumaça de cigarro aumentou a susceptibilidade ao desenvolvimento do enfisema / Experimental models have been used to study the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the development of COPD. Cigarette Smoke exposure (CS) is considered the best model to mimetize the disease in humans. However, the CS requires a long exposure time (6 months) and the parenchymal destruction obtained is considered mild. The protease / anti - protease imbalance is considered an important pathophysiological mechanism involved in the development of COPD. Thus, in this study we propose the development of an experimental model in which we associate instillation of elastase before the start of exposure to smoke, trying to increase the parenchymal destruction degree in a shorter time. For that, C57BL / 6 mice were divided into four groups: Control, Elastase, Smoke and Smoke/Elastase 1 dose and Smoke/Elastase 2 doses and analyzed in two months after the CS exposition. The Smoke/Elastase 1 dose and 2 doses animals group received an intranasal instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase (0.33 IU) and exposed to cigarette smoke for two months. The control group received the same treatment with saline (NaCl 0.9 %). Animals were exposed to CS for 30min, 2 times / day, 5 days a week. After two months, we observed increased mean linear intercept (LM) and positive cells for MAC-2, MMP-12 and GP91 in the airways and lung parenchyma and increase of elastic fibers in the lung parenchyma characterizing the presence of pulmonary emphysema. The instillation of porcine pancreatic elastase along the exposure to cigarette smoke increased susceptibility to the development of emphysema
370

Apnéia obstrutiva do sono em pacientes portadores da doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica: impacto do padrão clínico-funcional / Obstructive sleep apnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact of the clinical pattern

Cabral, Marília Montenegro 28 February 2005 (has links)
A Apnéia Obstrutiva do Sono (AOS) e a Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC) são condições clínicas comuns, particularmente na população de idosos, e portanto é de se esperar que um grande número de pacientes com DPOC apresente AOS. Os pacientes portadores da DPOC podem ser divididos em dois tipos clínicos, A e B. O segundo apresenta características clínicas sugestivas da AOS. A prevalência da AOS entre os portadores da DPOC permanece controversa e existem poucos estudos sistemáticos correlacionando a presença da AOS com o tipo clínico da DPOC. Os objetivos primários do nosso estudo foram: (1) determinar a prevalência da AOS em uma população de DPOC e (2) determinar os preditores de risco desta população para AOS. Identificamos 120 pacientes regularmente matriculados no ambulatório de DPOC da Disciplina de Pneumologia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo que preenchiam os critérios para o diagnóstico da DPOC segundo definição da American Thoracic Society. Excluímos os pacientes em programa de oxigenoterapia domiciliar (28 pacientes). Realizamos polissonografia nos 50 primeiros pacientes. Todos foram estudados pelos seguintes métodos: mensuração de dados antropométricos e circunferência do pescoço, escala de sonolência de Epworth, avaliação sobre o ronco, questionário de Berlin, gasometria arterial em ar ambiente e vigília e prova de função pulmonar completa com mensuração da capacidade de difusão do monóxido de carbono (DLco). Os pacientes foram classificados em tipo A (DLco < 50% do valor normal previsto e dispnéia como sintoma predominante), B (DLco > 50% do valor normal previsto e tosse crônica com produção de expectoração como sintoma predominante) e misto. A população estudada se constituiu de 40 homens e 10 mulheres, com idade de 64±9 anos, índice de massa corpórea de 24±5 kg/m2 e VEF1 de 43±15% do valor normal previsto. Dezoito pacientes foram classificados em tipo A, 17 em tipo B e 15 em tipo misto. A AOS (índice de apnéia/hipopnéia > 15 eventos/hora) foi encontrada em 14 pacientes (28%). A prevalência da AOS foi maior na DPOC tipo B (47%) do que na DPOC tipo A (p<0,05). A análise de regressão logística multivariada mostrou que a presença de ronco, a grande circunferência do pescoço e a DPOC tipo B foram todos preditores independentes de risco para AOS. Concluímos que a AOS é freqüente entre portadores da DPOC, particularmente na DPOC tipo B / Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) are common diseases, particularly in elderly patients, and therefore OSA is likely to occur in COPD patients. It was long observed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may fall in two distinct clinical pattern: type A (pink puffer) and type B (blue bloater). Type B patients resemble those of patients with OSA. The prevalence of OSA in COPD patients remains controversial and there are few studies that have investigated the presence of OSA according to the clinical characteristics. Our primary aims were: (1) determine the prevalence of OSA in COPD patients and (2) identify predictors for OSA in COPD patients. For this purpose we studied 50 consecutive non-oxygen dependent patients with a diagnosis of COPD as defined by the American Thoracic Society, who were attended at outpatient COPD clinic at a tertiary University Hospital. The patients were then classified as type A, type B and mixed. Type A COPD was defined solely on the basis of by a DLco < 50% of that predicted. Patients with DLco >= 50% were classified as type B only if they had a clear history of chronic cough and sputum production, lasting for at least 3 months per year for 2 years. All patients were studied by full polysomnography. Prior to sleep study, all patients underwent routine pulmonary function testing including measurement of lung volumes and DLco by the single breath technique. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Berlin questionnaire were completed. Snoring was considered present if it was loud and frequent. Neck circumference was also determined. There were 40 males (80%), age 64±9 years old, body mass index 24±5 kg/m2, forced expiratory volume in the first second 43±15% of predicted. Eighteen patients were classified as Type A, 17 as Type B and 15 as Mixed. Obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index > 15 events/hour) was observed in 14 (28%) patients. The prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea was significantly higher in Type B patients (47%). Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that presence of snoring, large neck circumference, type B were all independent predictors for OSA. We conclude that OSA is common among COPD patients, particularly among patients with type B pattern

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