Skadeståndsrätten är en mycket omdiskuterad del av civilrätten, bland annat på grund av åsiktsskiljaktigheter gällande skadeståndets funktion. Vissa hävdar att skadeståndet är till för att prevenera mot skadliga handlingar, andra anser att reparationen eller kompensationen är den främsta grunden för ersättning. En anledning till skadeståndets omstriddhet är därför bland annat storleken på ersättningen. Den anses ibland bedömas skönsmässigt, ibland enligt en standardiserad schablon men kanske oftast efter den faktiskt lidna ekonomiska skadan. I USA, existerar compensatory damages och punitive damages. Compensatory damages är likt vårt skadestånd i Sverige. Punitive damages beskrivs som ett extrakompenserande skadestånd, ofta i avskräckande syfte. Dock finns det betydligt fler funktioner som förknippas med punitive damages, varav vissa går att korrelera med svensk rätt, andra är väldigt unika för det amerikanska rättssystemet. Storleken på punitive damages har liksom det svenska skadeståndet, debatterats flitigt, både i USA och i Sverige. Den historiska utvecklingen av de båda ländernas skadeståndsrätt har varit mycket lik varandra, men det är tydligt att så inte är fallet idag. Skadestånden i USA är betydligt större och bedöms utefter andra grunder, även om både Sverige och USA har samma tankar om skadeståndets syfte. Den här uppsatsen belyser likheterna och skillnaderna mellan den amerikanska och den svenska skadeståndsrätten. Den klarlägger även grunderna för skadeståndet och huruvida det svenska skadeståndet kan eller borde för ändras samt grunderna därför.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:20:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ana Paula de Castro.pdf: 1460936 bytes, checksum: ee297ce6a8ca754e7f3783284a4df85d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-21 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The two main objectives of this study are: (i) advocate the application of punitive damages under the collective protection and (ii) submit, albeit briefly, some procedural implications of the application of punitive damages in class actions. To do this we started the work by mentioning the importance of protection of collective rights in a broad sense and presenting a panorama of several standards that deal with collective rights in a broad sense. In a second step, we analyze the evolution of liability and punitive damages as to present a new legal institution to be used for the prevention of collective damage. Finally, starting from the assumption that punitive damages can be used in the context of collective protection, some practical procedural aspects are mentioned in the application of punitive damages in class actions / Os dois principais objetivos do presente trabalho são: (i) defender a aplicação da indenização punitiva no âmbito da tutela coletiva e (ii) apresentar, ainda que de forma breve, algumas implicações processuais da aplicação da indenização punitiva nas ações coletivas. Para tanto, iniciamos o trabalho mencionando a importância da tutela dos direitos coletivos em sentido amplo e apresentando um panorama de diversas normas que tratam dos direitos coletivos em sentido amplo. Em um segundo momento, analisamos a evolução da responsabilidade civil e apresentamos a indenização punitiva como um novo instituto jurídico a ser utilizado para a prevenção de dano coletivos. Por fim, partindo-se do pressuposto de que a indenização punitiva pode ser utilizada no âmbito da tutela coletiva, mencionamos alguns aspectos processuais, de ordem prática, da aplicação da indenização punitiva nas ações coletivas

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raquel Grellet Pereira Bernardi.pdf: 1414711 bytes, checksum: 0bd2bd3b843a6c8afc55d5e1e18b6310 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-12 / The following study was based on an introductory analysis of the history of fundamental human rights and freedoms, commonly referred to as generation rights, and analyzed both the characteristics and recipients of such rights, as well as the principle of isonomy or equal treatment and the application of constitutional principles as an appraisal criteria in conflict resolution, besides judicial activism. This study then examined, the evolution of civil responsibility and tort law in Brazil, focusing on the field of civil liability and redress, placing special emphasis on the different roles and problematic assessment of compensations awarded for moral damages. The American doctrine of punitive damages, largely of Anglo-Saxon origin, was then examined from early history up to current questioning in order to determine its practical feasibility, as well as its application or not in countries such as Argentina, France, Germany, Spain and Italy. Considerations then moved on to full compensation of damages as a fundamental right to human dignity, as provided for in the Federal Constitution of 1988. The principle of isonomy, the unequal treatment as a way to ensure equality, and the logical correlation between discriminatory criterion and different legal treatment were also analyzed. Lastly, this paper examined the prospects of implementing the established American doctrine of punitive damages in Brazil and what that would entail, notably by taking into account constitutional foundations and by setting up a fund with resources allocated from the payment of punitive damages, as happens with the Federal Fund for the Defense of Collective and Diffused Rights (Fundo de Defesa dos Direitos Difusos). The use of such resources would be justified as this practice would ensure the compensation due and payable by the underprivileged offender / O estudo que segue partiu da análise introdutória do histórico dos direitos fundamentais e das suas gerações, analisando-se suas caracterísiticas e seus destinatários, bem como o princípio da isonomia e a aplicação de princípios constitucionais como critério de valoração na solução de conflitos, além do ativismo judicial. Na sequencia, estudou-se a evolução da responsabilidade civil no Brasil, tendo como foco as espécies de responsabilidade civil e as espécies de danos, com ênfase nos danos morais, nas suas funções e na problemática de sua quantificação. Estudou-se a doutrina norteamericana, de origem anglo-saxônica, dos danos punitivos, do início histórico até o atual questionamento de sua viabilidade, bem como a sua aplicação ou não em países como a Argentina, a França, a Alemanha, a Espanha e a Itália. Passou-se à apreciação da reparação integral do dano como direito fundamental, como corolário da dignidade da pessoa humana, previsto na Constituição Federal de 1988, analisando-se ainda o princípio da igualdade, o tratamento desigual como forma de garantir a igualdade e a correlação lógica entre o fator de descrímen e a desequiparação procedida. Analisaram-se, por fim, as perspectivas de aplicação da doutrina norteamericana dos danos punitivos no Brasil, mediante fundamentação constitucional e por meio da criação de um fundo para a captação dos recursos provenientes do pagamento dos danos punitivos, à semelhança do fundo de defesa dos direitos difusos, justificando-se o uso dos recursos do referido fundo como forma de garantir a indenização devida pelo ofensor hipossuficiente

O estudo em comento tem por objetivo analisar se o instituto jurídico dos punitive damages, oriundo da Common Law, tem aplicabilidade no ordenamento jurídico nacional, particularmente no âmbito das relações de consumo. Para tanto, a presente obra, além de apresentar um panorama histórico da responsabilidade civil punitiva, expõe como tal responsabilidade vem sendo aceita no Brasil e conclui como sendo dois os seus principais instrumentos de atuação: a indenização punitiva e os punitive damages. Diferenciando-os, entendemos que os punitive damages eram os mais adequados a atual sociedade de consumo brasileira, por constituir-se um valor fixado em separado, com o intuito específico de punir e avaliado conforme a complexidade do caso pelo magistrado, conferindo dinamismo e eficiência às punições. Nesse sentido, propusemos os critérios que em nosso sentir seriam os mais adequados para a aplicação dos punitive damages e a fixação do quantum punitivo no âmbito das relações de consumo, bem como os fatores que justificam a aplicação do referido instituto jurídico nestas relações. Apresentamos, ademais, uma análise da aplicabilidade dos punitive damages nos ordenamentos jurídicos de Common e Civil Law que mais influenciam o ordenamento jurídico nacional. / This study aims to examine whether the legal institution of punitive damages, coming from the Common Law, is applicable in national law, particularly in the context of consumer relations. This essay, besides presenting historical overview of punitive liability, explains how this responsibility is being accepted in Brazil and concludes that there are two main instruments of action. The first instrument is based on the increase of the compensatory damages to punish the defendant. The other one is the punitive damages. We believe that punitive damages were more suitable to the current consumer society in Brazil, because it represents a value that is set apart, with the purpose of punishing and evaluated according to the complexity of the case by the magistrate, giving dynamism and efficiency to the punishment. In this sense, we proposed rules that in our opinion would be most suitable for the application of punitive damages and setting of the punitive quantum under products liability, as well as factors warranting the application of this legal institution in these relationships. We present, moreover, analysis of the applicability of punitive damages in the legal systems of Common and Civil Law that most influence Brazilian Law.

Le préjudice économique pur est celui qui ne résulte ni d’une atteinte à la personne, ni d’une atteinte aux biens et qui génère des conséquences économiques négatives comme c’est le cas du dommage causé à l’économie, ou encore celui du préjudice résultant d’un acte de concurrence déloyale. Cette notion est peu connue du droit français. La pratique montre cependant que certains préjudices économiques relevant de cette définition existent et sont indemnisés.De cette constatation pratique résultent différentes difficultés. Il existe un amalgame entre ce préjudice économique pur et les préjudices économiques qui, au contraire, sont le résultat d’une atteinte à la personne ou aux biens. Cet amalgame nuit à la réparation effective du préjudice économique pur. Plus encore, l’absence de régime juridique adapté emporte une dénaturation des mécanismes de responsabilité civile tant les critères traditionnels de celles-ci sont mis à mal dès qu’il s’agit de réparer un préjudice économique pur. Divers exemples illustrent ces difficultés. Le dommage causé à l’économie, par exemple, ou encore le préjudice subi en matière de concurrence déloyale, pour lesquels le caractère certain est rarement établi. Il conviendrait, dès lors, d’adapter, d’aménager des règles existantes afin de parvenir à une réparation efficace du préjudice économique pur. Participant de ces aménagements, la question, déjà ancienne, des dommages et intérêts punitifs, ou encore le renouvellement de la question de la réparation « économique » en nature par la restitution du « surprofit » comme proposé par certains.Un cadre juridique adapté pourrait ainsi régir les critères d’existence du préjudice économique pur, d’une part, et ses critères d’évaluation, d’autre part. / Pure economic loss is the one that results neither from a personal injury nor from damage to property and generates negative economic consequences, such as the damage caused to the economy, or as the prejudice resulting from an act of unfair competition. This notion is little known to the French law. However, practise shows that some economic prejudices under this definition exist and are compensated for. From this practical ascertainment result several difficulties. There is confusion between pure economic loss and economic damages that, on the contrary, are the result of an injury to person or property. This confusion harms the effective compensation of the pure economic loss. Moreover, the absence of an appropriate legal regime entails a distortion of liability mechanisms, as its traditional criteria are undermined when it comes to repairing a pure economic loss. Various examples illustrate these difficulties: the damage to the economy, for instance, or the injury in terms of unfair competition, for which the certainty is rarely established. Therefore, it would be appropriate to adapt and develop the existing rules in order to achieve effective compensation for pure economic loss. Amongst these developments: the rather already old question of these punitive damages, or the renewal of the issue of « economic » compensation in nature through the restitution of « over profit », as suggested by some. A suitable legal framework could thus govern the existence of pure economic loss criteria on the one hand, and its assessment criteria on the other.

Bien que les droits des pays européens continentaux ne prévoient pas expressément les dommages-intérêts punitifs, les tribunaux de ces pays peuvent être confrontés à cet élément juridique lorsqu'il s'agit de la reconnaissance ou l'exécution d'une décision étrangère, ou lorsque la notification d'un acte judiciaire est demandée. Alors que le droit civil de la France et de l'Allemagne soit le principe de la réparation intégrale ; la jurisprudence des cours suprêmes des deux pays se distingue quant à la reconnaissance de l'exécution des jugements étrangers allouant des dommages-intérêts punitifs. La thèse a pour objectif d'expliquer les différences dans l'interprétation de l'ordre public international dans les deux pays. Elle vise à fournir des solutions aux questions posées, en analysant les différences entre les deux ordres juridiques. La thèse plaide pour une convergence du droit français et du droit allemand : il est souhaitable que la Cour de justice allemande opère un revirement de sa jurisprudence en adoptant l'approche de la Cour de cassation selon laquelle une condamnation à l'étranger au paiement de dommages-intérêts punitifs n'est pas en soi contraire à l’ordre public, mais lorsque la somme allouée est excessive. Les tribunaux français, en revanche, pourraient s'inspirer des solutions adoptées par les juges et le législateur d’outre-Rhin pour trancher les questions que la Cour de cassation n'a pas encore traitée. Ils devraient permettre l'entraide juridictionnelle concernant des procédures étrangères où des dommages punitifs sont réclamés, mais s'abstenir d'allouer des dommages punitifs dans l'application du droit étranger selon les règles du conflit de lois. / Even though the law of continental European countries does not explicitly contain punitive damages, the tribunals of these states can be confronted with this legal instrument when dealing with the recognition or enforcement of a foreign decision awarding punitive damages or when the notification of a foreign legal act is requested. Despite the fact that the law of France and Germany follows the principle of full compensation, the case law of the supreme courts of both countries differs regarding the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments awarding punitive damages The thesis aims at explaining the different interpretation of the international public policy exception in both countries .The thesis argues for a convergence in French and German law regarding foreign punitive damages: it is recommended that the German Supreme Court changes its case law by adopting the same approach as the French Cour de cassation did, according to which a foreign decision awarding punitive damages is not as such contrary to public policy, but that enforcement must be denied if the sum awarded is disproportionate. The French courts, on the other hand, could be inspired by the solutions applied by the judges and the legislator in Germany in order to deal with those issues on which the Cour de cassation has not had to decide yet : they should provide judicial assistance regarding foreign proceedings in which punitive damages are claimed, but refrain from awarding punitive damages when applying foreign law according to rules of conflict of laws .

O estudo em comento tem por objetivo analisar se o instituto jurídico dos punitive damages, oriundo da Common Law, tem aplicabilidade no ordenamento jurídico nacional, particularmente no âmbito das relações de consumo. Para tanto, a presente obra, além de apresentar um panorama histórico da responsabilidade civil punitiva, expõe como tal responsabilidade vem sendo aceita no Brasil e conclui como sendo dois os seus principais instrumentos de atuação: a indenização punitiva e os punitive damages. Diferenciando-os, entendemos que os punitive damages eram os mais adequados a atual sociedade de consumo brasileira, por constituir-se um valor fixado em separado, com o intuito específico de punir e avaliado conforme a complexidade do caso pelo magistrado, conferindo dinamismo e eficiência às punições. Nesse sentido, propusemos os critérios que em nosso sentir seriam os mais adequados para a aplicação dos punitive damages e a fixação do quantum punitivo no âmbito das relações de consumo, bem como os fatores que justificam a aplicação do referido instituto jurídico nestas relações. Apresentamos, ademais, uma análise da aplicabilidade dos punitive damages nos ordenamentos jurídicos de Common e Civil Law que mais influenciam o ordenamento jurídico nacional. / This study aims to examine whether the legal institution of punitive damages, coming from the Common Law, is applicable in national law, particularly in the context of consumer relations. This essay, besides presenting historical overview of punitive liability, explains how this responsibility is being accepted in Brazil and concludes that there are two main instruments of action. The first instrument is based on the increase of the compensatory damages to punish the defendant. The other one is the punitive damages. We believe that punitive damages were more suitable to the current consumer society in Brazil, because it represents a value that is set apart, with the purpose of punishing and evaluated according to the complexity of the case by the magistrate, giving dynamism and efficiency to the punishment. In this sense, we proposed rules that in our opinion would be most suitable for the application of punitive damages and setting of the punitive quantum under products liability, as well as factors warranting the application of this legal institution in these relationships. We present, moreover, analysis of the applicability of punitive damages in the legal systems of Common and Civil Law that most influence Brazilian Law.

My thesis examines the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), which is the site of ongoing debate between environmentalists and the oil industry. I begin by analyzing both sides’ claims about the area’s value and establishing that the coastal zone of the ANWR, whose fate is the most precarious, should be protected for both environmental and cultural reasons. I then examine two methods for protection: the common law, and regulation. I conclude that only through proactive regulation can the ANWR continue to thrive.

Czech courts regularly deal with a question of so-called just satisfaction; particularly, when, on what basis, and how much should be awarded. Just satisfaction, as a form of damages, is primarily compensatory. However, there are some indications that it is perfectly legitimate for law of damages to pursue also another aims than compensation such as prevention or punishment. This view was recently upheld by the Czech Constitutional Court and the Highest Court of the Czech Republic. According to doctrinal approach, it is the domain of punitive or exemplary damages as a specific Anglo-American instrument that covers these two principles (prevention and punishment). Still, the Czech Civil courts consistently refuse to award exemplary damages albeit they do not provide us any sound argumentation. The author of this article suggests it is inaccurate and only partial understanding of exemplary damages that causes the current judicial refusal of them. While focusing on current English and Czech law, the author in his article describes exemplary damages in great detail with respect to their theoretical, conceptual and systematic position. Subsequently, he shows that the negative attitude of the Czech courts is not always appropriate. First, looking at relevant case law, the article characterises what the...