根據KPMG的研究顯示(2014)，生技製藥廠商間的合作是產業發展的趨勢，但合作的目的已經從原先的降低成本，發展到加速創新的產生。眾多國際製藥公司已經與外部夥伴進行合作，其中合作研發最能發揮合作夥伴間的效用，越緊密的合作越能使得合作網絡中多樣化的技術、能力結合，從而增強對於未被滿足醫療需求的理解。由此可見，跨國研發合作成為全球生技製藥廠商的企業策略。過去已有許多學者研究我國科技產業與國際廠商之研發合作，但甚少探究生技製藥廠商與國際生技製藥廠商間的研發合作。 本研究選定具有跨國研發合作豐富經驗的台灣生技製藥廠商為研究對象，探討其企業策略、核心能力及跨國研發動機如何影響跨國研發合作的管理。本研究從跨國研發合作影響因子以及跨國研發合作管理之內容兩個構面探討台灣生技製藥廠商與國際生技製藥廠商進行研發合作的互動關係。研究方法採取多重個案研究法，文獻探討部分包含生技製藥產業、企業策略與核心能力、國際研發合作、合作夥伴篩選因素、知識移轉與智財管理，研究者結合研究問題與文獻回顧導出觀念性研究架構，再依研究架構為主軸進行個案訪談與資料收集，實地深入訪談我國兩家生技製藥廠商，得出以下結論： 本研究發現，台灣生技製藥廠商與國際生技製藥廠商研進行發合作的動機一致，為降低及分散風險、分攤固定成本、技術與資源的互補與移轉、夥伴間營運策略的互補與相容性。篩選合作夥伴的主要考量也大致相同，包含資源及技術的互補、過往合作經驗、夥伴間營運策略的互補及相容性及財務能力。另外核心技術能力會影響台灣生技製藥廠商與合作夥伴合作起始的階段，研發合作起始階段的差異，更會影響知識移轉機制、以及合作方式的不同。另外，本研究也發現到，台灣生技製藥廠商在國際合作夥伴上的選擇會以不具直接競爭關係者為主，且與合作夥伴選擇以營業秘密的方式來保護技術知識。 / According to the research of KPMG in 2014, R&D collaboration between biopharmaceutical firms is the trend of biopharmaceutical industry. Under the circumstance of globalization, product life-cycles are gradually shortening. The purpose of R&D collaboration change from cost reduction to speeding up innovation. Therefore, multinational R&D collaboration has become a global business strategy for biopharmaceutical firms. Most of the past studies of multinational R&D collaboration focus on ICT industry in Taiwan. Few specially investigate biopharmaceutical industry. Consequently, a research gap can be found as multinational R&D collaborating between biopharmaceutical firms of Taiwan and biopharmaceutical firms of other countries. This research focus on the biopharmaceutical firms of Taiwan, explore how multinational R&D collaboration influence factors (business strategy, core competencies and the motivation of multinational R&D collaboration) affect multinational R&D collaboration management of firms. This research adopts two biopharmaceutical firms in Taiwan as case studies and conducts interviews with managers to understand multinational R&D collaboration influence factors and multinational R&D collaboration management. The conclusions of this research are as below: This research finds out that the motivations of multinational R&D collaboration of Taiwan firms are coincident, including cost reduction, diversification of risk, resources and technologies complementarity. The evaluations of partner selecting are also coincident, including resources and technologies complementarity, collaboration experience, operating strategy complementarity and financial capability. In addition, core competencies may affect the initiation stage of R&D collaboration and the initiation stage of R&D collaboration may affect the mechanisms of knowledge transfer and the way of multinational collaboration. Moreover, this research also found out that the biopharmaceutical firms of Taiwan might primarily choose to collaborate with international partners who have indirect competitive relationship with them. Last, the biopharmaceutical firms of Taiwan and their partners protect their intellectual property in the way of trade secret.

近年來，研究廠商創新之觀點，從以往之產業群聚移轉至網絡演化，然而，影響網絡形成與演化之因素於以往探討廠商創新能力的相關文獻中較少受到關注，而合作，即為網絡關係的一種型態。從個體的角度觀之，廠商的合作行為往往面臨資訊不對稱的情形，因此本研究從廠商資訊不對稱的觀點出發，引入管理學門中訊號理論(signaling theory)的觀點，解構廠商訊息以及廠商過去所累積的社會資本與研發合作網絡建立之關聯性。並探討不同型態的空間地域屬性對於合作網絡的形成是否有所影響。 本研究以台灣ICT廠商為研究對象，該產業不僅在我國經濟發展的過程中扮演重要的角色，於世界的資訊科技產業鏈中亦占有一席之地。並且有著技術上需要持續創新，並且注重分工合作的特性。資料蒐集採用二手資料的方式，建立近似於整體性的廠商技術網絡資料以及廠商基本屬性資料，分析方法以社會網絡分析法、Pair-t檢定以及卜瓦松迴歸模型進行假說驗證。實證分析結果顯示廠商訊息的揭露對於合作網絡的建立有正面影響效果，並且廠商對於研究發展的相關訊號-研發資產的投入，有助於吸引其他廠商和其建立合作網絡的關係；而廠商於過去累積的網絡地位亦有助於合作網絡的形成。最後在空間地域屬性方面，實證結果顯示空間地域屬性對於廠商合作網絡的建立存在影響效果，創新氛圍較強的產業地域有助於廠商研發合作網絡的建立；此外，廠商若位於高網絡密度的產業群聚內部亦有助於其建立合作網絡，顯示廠商區位的挑選對於其外部網絡關係存在影響效果。 / In recent year, the research topic of firm's innovation is transformed from industry cluster to network evolution. However, the factor of network evolution was less mentioned in past research , and the cooperation activity is one type of network relationship.From the perspective of the individual , firm often faces the condition of information asymmetry , while cooperating with others. So our research begin with this problem, and we introduce signaling theory to understand the relation between R&D alliance and firm’s signal or social capital and also discuss whether different types of geography character have the effect on R&D alliance formation. This research concerns Taiwan’s ICT industry as study object. Taiwan’s ICT industry not only plays an important role in Taiwan’s economic development but also is a key part of the global ICT industry chain. Besides, ICT industry has the character of technical innovation and work division, so the firm’s cooperation behavior is important.We use secondary data to build the database, using SNA, pair-t test and poisson regression to analyze. The result shows that the information reveals a positive effect on alliance formation. In addition, firms investing in the property of research and their accumulating of network position in the past have the positive effect on R&D alliance formation. Finally, the result also shows that firm located on high-innovation and high network density environment is more easily to help them find the R&D alliance partner. It shows that firm’s choice of location affects the outside network relation.

為了維護全球經濟的穩定與公平，近年來各國無不致力於反壟斷政策的執行，以期有效打擊卡特爾式的企業聯合行為。本文從三種不同的環境條件下，逐一探討採取聯合行為的廠商和反托拉斯政府之間的互動情況。透過本研究可發現，廠商在以利潤為優先考量下，來決定是否採取聯合結盟，以及合法或非法的合作型態。此外，為了朝全社會效率極大的目標邁進，本文針對三種環境設定下的均衡結果進行效率性的比較，得知其差異的成因在於政府和廠商報酬差異的大小。 / In order to keep the stability and fairness of global economy, most of the authorities around the world have been fighting for cutting down cartels by implementing Antitrust/Competition Law. In this paper, we analyze the interaction between joint ventures and antitrust authorities in three different cases. And we find that profit always takes priority in firms’ decision, no matter how the economic environment changes. Finally, in discussing social utility, we compare efficiency among the three cases, and reach our conclusion that the difference of government’s and firm’s return causes the efficiency or non-efficiency of those optimal strategies.

Cette thèse aborde l’impact du private equity sur la gouvernance des entreprises (chapitres 1 et 2) et les déterminants du capital risque (chapitre 3). Les deux premiers chapitres examinent les changements que les capital-investisseurs introduisent dans la gouvernance des entreprises (en termes de remplacement du dirigeant) suite à une opération Public-to-Private. Les résultats empiriques montrent que (i) les entreprises soutenues par private equity exercent un suivi plus actif et sont plus susceptibles de licencier le dirigeant que les compagnies cotées (chapitre 1) (ii) les entreprises soutenues par des firmes de private equity plus spécialisées (en termes de secteur d’activité) ont moins tendance à licencier leur dirigeant que les entreprises soutenues par des firmes de private equity plus généralistes (chapitre 2). Du point de vue de la théorie, les résultats montrent que le taux de remplacement du directeur général et la sensibilité du départ du dirigeant à la performance sont plus élevés dans les entreprises soutenues par private equity que dans les compagnies cotées (chapitre 1). Ce résultat va dans le sens de l'hypothèse de contrôle, qui affirme que la structure de propriété plus concentrée des entreprises soutenues par private equity induit un contrôle plus fort des actionnaires et un remplacement plus fréquent du dirigeant en cas de faible performance que la structure de propriété dispersée des entreprises cotées. Pour les entreprises ayant des structures de propriété concentrées similaires (i. e., notre échantillon de compagnies soutenues par private equity du Chapitre 2), nos résultats empiriques confortent plutôt l’hypothèse de « l'information interne » avancée par Cornelli et Karakas (2015). Cette théorie suggère que les investisseurs sophistiqués (en particulier les firmes de private equity spécialisées) sont plus enclins à utiliser de l’information «soft» (interne) pour évaluer la compétence du directeur général et pour décider de son remplacement. A contrario, les investisseurs moins sophistiqués auraient tendance à privilégier de l’information «hard», par exemple la performance financière relative de l'entreprise (par rapport à des firmes similaires). Enfin, le Chapitre 3 est lié aux débats sur les déterminants du développement du capital-risque. Nous essayons d'évaluer la façon dont les mécanismes de soutien gouvernemental à l'innovation ont un impact sur les investissements en capital-risque. Nous examinons également l’effet modérateur de l'environnement institutionnel sur la relation entre les dépenses gouvernementales en recherche et développement (R&D) et le capital-risque. Nos résultats montrent qu'un niveau plus élevé de dépenses gouvernementales en R&D entraîne un niveau plus élevé d'investissements en capital-risque. Nous trouvons également une relation positive entre la qualité des institutions formelles et le montant des investissements en capital-risque early-stage. Contrairement aux résultats attendus, la qualité de l’environnement institutionnel a un effet modérateur négatif sur la relation entre les dépenses gouvernementales en R&D et le niveau des investissements en capital-risque. Ce résultat suggère qu’en présence d'institutions formelles hautement développées les opportunités technologiques mesurées par les dépenses gouvernementales en R&D n'ont aucun effet stimulant sur le développement du capital-risque. / This PhD thesis addresses the effects of private equity on corporate governance (Chapter 1 and 2) and the determinants of Venture Capital (VC) investments (Chapter 3). The first two chapters examine the changes that private equity investors introduce in the governance of their portfolio companies (in terms of CEO turnover) after a Public-to-Private (PTP) operation. Our empirical results show that (i) PE-backed companies exert a more active monitoring, and are more likely to dismiss their CEO than public firms (Chapter 1) (ii) PE-backed companies with more specialized investors are less likely to dismiss their CEO than other PE-backed companies (Chapter 2). From a theory perspective, the findings that CEO turnover rate and CEO turnover-performance sensitivity are higher in PE-backed companies comparing with public firms (Chapter 1) seem to support the ‘control hypothesis’, i.e., the contention that the concentrated (and illiquid) ownership structure of PE-backed companies provides stronger shareholder monitoring and a tighter control for poor performance than the dispersed ownership structure of public firms. For companies with similar concentrated ownership structures (i.e., our sample of PE-backed companies in Chapter 2), our results rather support the ‘inside information hypothesis’ of boards advanced by Cornelli and Karakas (2015). This theory suggests that sophisticated investors (e.g. specialized PE firms) are more likely to use ‘soft’ (inside) information when they evaluate the CEO’s competence and the decision to dismiss the CEO. In contrast, less sophisticated investors are more likely to base their decision on ‘hard’ information, e.g., the firm’s performance relative to its peers. Finally, Chapter 3 is related to debate on the determinants of venture capital development. We try to assess how particular mechanisms of governmental support to innovation impact VC investments, and whether the institutional environment moderates the relationship between governmental R&D and VC investments. Our results show that higher level of governmental R&D expenditures lead to higher level of VC investments. We found also that higher quality of formal institutions is associated with higher level of early stage VC activity. Contrary to what was expected, the quality of the institutional environment has a negative moderating effect on the relationship between governmental R&D expenditures and VC activity. A possible interpretation of this result is that in the presence of highly developed formal institutions the technological opportunities measured by governmental R&D expenditures have no stimulating effect on venture capital development.

Nous basant sur plusieurs études de cas effectuées au sein de communautés R&D virtuelles d'Alstom Power Hydro, nous démontrons d'une part, qu'un forum peut soutenir différents types d'intéractions allant de la transmission d'informations à la co-construction de connaissances et co-production de solution. Opérationnalisant et améliorant des grilles scientifiques visant à caractériser des communautés de pratiques virtuelles, nous démontrons aussi, qu'il existe un lien entre la configuration d'une communauté et le type de ses intéractions en ligne. Nous démontrons qu’il existe une configuration optimale, de communautés de pratiques virtuelles appliquées à la R&D, qui garantit des intéractions de type co-construction de connaissance et co-production de solution entre ses membres. A l'heure où Microsoft équipe chaque jour 20000 nouveaux utilisateurs de l'application Share point, cette thèse prend tout sens. En opérationnalisant une méthode d'évaluation des communautés de pratiques virtuelles, et en apportant des conseils pour déployer un forum appliqué à la R&D, nous accompagnons tout projet de création de communauté R&D virtuelle et/ou d'instrumentation de ses intéractions par un forum. / In this dissertation, we explore the potential of a forum to support collaboration and knowledge sharing among Virtual Communities of practice. We thus propose a coding scheme based on the Rainbow model and test it in order to analyze the content of two forums of R&D VcoP. We demonstrate that a forum supports asynchronous argumentative activities and thus enhances global collaboration and knowledge sharing among R&D VcoP members. We then propose an enriched model based on the work of Line Dube and tested it to characterize the R&D VcoP studied. We prove that the community configuration has a direct impact on the online dynamic of the community. We point out the main factors that play a key role in fostering online collaboration and knowledge sharing between R&D Virtual community members.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'identifier les effets des coûts à l'échange sur la structure du commerce par qualité. Dans le premier chapitre, nous analysons empiriquement les déterminants des exportations de Cognac et nous nous focalisons sur l'impact des coûts à l'échange. Nous montrons que, comme pour d'autres produits de luxe, l'élasticité des exportations de Cognac à la distance est négative et relativement faible. Les droits de douane n'ont par ailleurs pas d'impact significatif sur la marge intensive, mais nous trouvons un impact négatif sur la marge extensive, une fois corrigé d'un biais d'endogénéité. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous testons empiriquement la validité de l'effet Alchian-Allen qui stipule que les couts unitaires augmentent la demande relative des biens de haute qualité. Nous exploitons la dimension « qualité » de nos données sur les exportations de Cognac. La mesure de la qualité du Cognac est objective et ne varie pas dans le temps. Nos résultats montrent que la distance et les droits de douane spécifiques augmentent la part relative des exportations de Cognac de haute qualité. Nous examinons également l'impact de la conteneurisation sur la structure par qualité des exportations de Cognac entre 1967 et 2013. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous construisons un modèle théorique de duopole Nord-Sud en concurrence à la Bertrand sur les deux marchés. Nous étudions l'impact de plusieurs instruments (droit de douane, quota et standard de qualité) sur l'investissement en R&D de produit de la firme du Nord. Nous montrons que cet investissement augmente avec chaque instrument de politique commerciale à l'exception du quota d'importation.. / The objective of this dissertation is to identify the effects of trade costs on the quality structure of international trade flows. In chapter one we empirically analyze the determinants of Cognac export flows and emphasize the role of trade costs. We show that, as with other luxury products, the elasticity of Cognac exports to distance is negative and relatively small. Meanwhile, average customs duties do not have a significant impact on the intensive margin, but we find that they negatively affect the probability of trade, after correcting for an endogeneity bias. In chapter two we empirically test the validity of the Alchian and Allen effect that states that per-unit charges increase the relative demand of higher quality goods. We use data on Cognac exports by quality designations. The measure of Cognac quality is objective and invariant over time. Our results show that distance and specific duties increase the share of exports of higher quality Cognac. We also examine the impact of containerization on Cognac's quality mix from 1967 to 2013. In chapter three we build a theoretical model of a North-South duopoly where firms compete in prices on both markets. We use this framework to study the impact of several trade policy instruments (import tariff, quota and quality standard) on the product R&D investment of the Northern firm. Our results show that the Northern firm's R&D expenditures increase with each policy instrument except for the import quota.

This thesis analyses the causes of states interventions in the market environment and the risk associated with them, in particular with the state support of research and development. There are several types of support, each of them has benefits on the one hand and inducted costs on the other one. The thesis assesses the benefits and inducted cost of the various types of state support of research and development from the perspective of the company Vyzkumny ustav organickych syntez. In the case of this business entity there is the economic analysis performed and the decision rule for the most appropriate aid derived. At the same time thesis tries to find how to increase efficiency of the government support.

Cette thèse de doctorat met l’emphase sur les défis rencontrés par les patients atteints de maladies rares. Elle est structurée en trois parties, chacune d’entre elles dédiée aux enjeux d’un acteur au cœur de l’Odyssée diagnostique et thérapeutique des patients atteints de maladies rares. La première partie de la thèse s’intéresse au patient et à son réseau social. Le chapitre 1 considère les sources de délai à l’accès au diagnostic, et explore notamment l’effet du capital social sur le délai d’obtention du diagnostic. Le chapitre 2 évoque les externalités négatives sur la santé maternelle d’un diagnostic d’une maladie chronique chez l’enfant. La seconde partie de la thèse est dédiée à l’industrie pharmaceutique et s’intéresse aux décisions d’investissements de R&D ciblant les maladies rares. Le chapitre 3 évalue l’effet causal de l’Orphan Drug Policy sur l’effort de recherche, et le chapitre 4 envisage les inégalités d’allocation des investissements de R&D entre les maladies rares. La partie 3 est dédiée aux décideurs publics et discute des enjeux d’évaluation des bénéfices de l’innovation thérapeutique et de la définition des conditions d’accès à cette innovation. Le chapitre 5 évalue l’effet causal de l’innovation thérapeutique sur la longévité des patients atteints de maladies rares. Le chapitre 6 est une discussion critique relative à l’utilisation d’outils. / This dissertation emphasizes the challenges raised by the management of rare diseases and is structured around three key actors of the diagnostic and therapeutic “odyssey” of patients with rare diseases. Part I is devoted to patients and their social networks. Chapter 1 considers demand-side sources of delay in receiving a diagnosis; Chapter 2 explores the health spillover effects from patients’ health to their direct support structure. Part II considers pharmaceutical firms and examines how firms’ decisions to allocate R&D investment to rare diseases are impacted by innovation policies in rare arenas. Chapter 3 evaluates the causal impact of the EU Orphan Drug policy on R&D efforts in orphan drugs, while Chapter 4 investigates the inequality in allocation of R&D investment within rare diseases. Part III focuses on policymakers and addresses the issues in measuring pharmaceutical innovation benefits along with costs in rare disease arenas, while considering the opportunity cost of healthcare expenditures. Chapter 5 measures the causal impact of pharmaceutical innovation in rare diseases on longevity, while Chapter 6 is a critical discussion of decision-making tools for rational allocation of healthcare resources, and the use of a cost-effectiveness threshold.

It is a sandwich Thesis. The first and the second essay are joint works with my Supervisor, Dr. Ronald Balvers. The third essay is joint work with Fangxing Liu, a Ph.D. candidate (Finance) at DeGroote School of Business, where we have equally shared the work responsibility. / First essay deals with Productivity shocks. Productivity shocks transmitted from productivity leaders to trailing sectors are systematic sources of risk. Global technology and knowledge diffusion leads to predictable patterns in productivity dynamics across countries and industries. Productivity gaps determine the level of exposure to the systematic leader productivity shocks. Firms in a country-industry with larger productivity gaps relative to the world leader are more dependent on the leader's innovations compared to their own productivity improvements. They thus have higher loadings on the leader productivity shocks and higher average stock returns. For OECD panel data, a country-industry's productivity gap significantly predicts the stock returns of the country-industry: holding the quintile of country- industry portfolios with the largest gaps and shorting the quintile with the smallest gaps generates annual returns of 9.8% (6.7% after risk adjustment with standard factors). A factor associated with the productivity gap explains country-industry portfolio returns substantially better than standard factor models. Loadings on leader-country-productivity shocks are found to have substantial correlation with productivity gaps, and leader productivity shocks are more important for stock returns than idiosyncratic productivity shocks. These findings suggest that the productivity gaps and associated higher average returns are indeed tied to systematic risk. The second essay deals with Technology shocks. Technology shocks from technological frontier economies are a critical determinant of productivity shocks. These shocks spill over, pervading all lagging economies and are true systematic shocks. A country's aggregate technology gap with the frontier determines the potential for the systematic innovation shocks to affect it, but the country's absorption capacity determines its effective sensitivity to these shocks. We find conforming evidence that the technology gap, R&D intensity, and absorption capacity can explain stock returns. For OECD panel data, a one standard deviation increase in the technology gap increases excess stock returns by 0.578 percent per month. A one standard deviation increase in R&D intensity increases the excess return by 0.637 percent per month. An increase in absorption capacity of one standard deviation increases the excess return by 0.275 percent per month. When global FF factors are included, the results are diluted, which suggests that the FF factors may alias for the three variables associated with the systematic risk arising from frontier technology shocks. The third essay deals with Political risk. We find that the differences in Hassan et al. (2019) political Risk proxy derived from text processing of analyst transcripts can price cross-sectional returns after controlling for standard factor risks. A mimicking factor for the political risk measure, when added to the standard Fama French 5 factor model or the Q5 model, explains the test asset returns better than these models. In our limited sample, the changes in PRisk measure captures more information about political risk than the traditional measures from Baker et al. (2016), which suggests that one can start using changes in PRisk characteristic as a political risk proxy. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Today, the automotive industry is facing a transition from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles due to demand changes and sustainability concerns. As a result, new actors have entered the automobile market and gained market shares in the EV sector. Further, this entails that pressure is put on the incumbents in terms of implementing new solutions of e-mobility. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to provide managerial recommendations concerning how the incumbents can manage the transition and at the same time stay competitive in the market. Moreover, as this transition is ongoing, the authors aim to contribute within the theoretical field of incumbent’s transition to EVs. In order to achieve this purpose, the authors have conducted a multiple embedded qualitative case study with an explorative approach, where four incumbents have been investigated and two researchers in the field have been interviewed. The research questions, results & analysis and discussion have been divided into three parts: Strategic Management, Transition Management and R&D Management. In terms of the first sub-research question, the incumbents must restructure its managerial levels, decision making processes and communication. Moreover, the incumbents should emphasize innovation and collaboration. Regarding the second sub-research question, the incumbents should identify niches in the supply chain, further developing expert systems and extend collaborations with authorities. In addition, the second-hand value of the EV and strategies of HRM should be considered. In terms of the last and third sub-research question, the incumbents should develop competence within batteries through collaborations with suppliers. Furthermore, investments should be made in collaborative R&D projects regarding recycling and waste processes, battery solutions and emerging technologies such as AI and3D printing. / Idag står bilindustrin inför en övergång från förbränningsmotorer till elektriska fordon på grund av den ökade efterfrågan på elbilar samt miljökrav. Detta har resulterat i att nya aktörer har trätt in på bilmarknaden och erhållit allt större marknadsandelar inom elbilssektorn. Detta har i sin tur pressat de etablerade aktörerna att implementera nya lösningar för e-mobilitet. Syftet med detta examensarbete är därför att ge företagsledningen rekommendationer gällande hur de etablerade företagen kan hantera övergången gentemot elbilar och samtidigt hålla sig konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden. Eftersom denna övergång är pågående, strävar författarna till att bidra till att utöka det teoretiska området gällande de etablerade företagens övergång till elbilar. För att uppnå detta syfte har författarna genomfört en kvalitetsstudie med flera inbäddade fall med en explorativ metod, där fyra etablerade företag har undersökts och två forskare inom området har intervjuats. Forskningsfrågorna, resultatet och analysen samt diskussionen har delats in i tre delar; Strategisk ledning, Transformations hantering och FoU- implementering. När det gäller den första forskningsfrågan, bör de etablerade företagen omstrukturera sina ledningsnivåer, beslutsprocesser och kommunikation. Dessutom bör de etablerade företagen betona innovation och samarbete. När det gäller den andra forskningsfrågan, bör de etablerade aktörerna identifiera nischer i försörjningskedjan, vidareutveckla expertsystem och utöka samarbetet med myndigheterna. Dessutom bör andrahandsvärdet av elbilar och strategier för HRM övervägas. När det gäller den tredje och sista forskningsfrågan, bör de etablerade företagen utveckla kompetens inom batterier genom samarbete med leverantörer. Dessutom bör investeringar göras i samarbetsvilliga FoU-projekt med avseende på återvinnings- och avfalls processer, batterilösningar och framväxande teknik som AI och 3D-printing.