With the seemingly infinite existence of complex emergencies and the overwhelming presence of humanitarian organizations responding to such crises, it is essential that the assumptions, precepts, and actions of humanitarian organizations be critically examined and understood. The aim of this thesis is to explore differing traditions within humanitarian thought: neutrality and solidarity. In the process, this thesis will determine whether it is possible to maintain clear ideologies in the context of a complex emergency and whether the existence of different humanitarian ideologies results in a dichotomy or polarization of humanitarian action. This study is of great import as it delves into the contemporary literature claiming that humanitarianism is currently in a state of crisis – the unsustainability of competing humanitarian ideologies operating together in a complex emergency. Primary documents from both the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) regarding their operations in the 1994 Rwandan complex emergency were examined in order to provide a foundation for the theoretical investigation. Although the ICRC and MSF occupy seemingly polarized positions in the neutrality – solidarity debate, the investigation into their humanitarian activities during the 1994 genocide and the resulting refugee crisis reflected the difficulties of providing relief based upon humanitarian ideals. Due to the complex realities of the 1994 Rwandan crisis, the ideological notions dividing the ICRC and MSF were overshadowed by the simple humanitarian desire to aid those in need.

(in English): My diploma work is specifically focused on social workers' task who tried the most to give help and support to tuberculous people and their families between 1930 and 1945. The target of this diploma thesis is to capturing a description of social work activities in the treatment of tuberculosis in our country in years 1930-1945, through the magazine called The Fight Against Tuberculosis published by the Masaryk league against tuberculosis This nagazine dealt with this illness and everything which was related with it. Theoretical part defines key terms like social work, tuberculosis, special depatments focused on treatment of tuberculosis. Other part of work specifically describes history of social workers'education, their practise, social work with families and as well as multidisciplinary cooperation. My work contains practical part too. It is about content analysis.

Bereits im 19. Jahrhundert, besonders mit dem deutsch-französischen Krieg von 1870-1871, nahm die Eisenbahn eine zunehmende Rolle in der militärischen Taktik ein. Als der Erste Weltkrieg anfängt sind die Eisenbahnen und ihre Netze die Hauptwerkzeuge der Kriegsführung in Deutschland wie in Frankreich. Material, Menschen, Verpflegung, Waffen, Post werden per Bahn transportiert. Die militärische Machtübernahme der Eisenbahnnetze waren, im Kriegsfall 1914, schon lange vorher geplant gewesen. Die Eisenbahnräume spielen eine wichtige Rolle beim Abschied von Angehörigen. Die Bahnhöfe stehen sinnbildlich als Mittelpunkt der Mobilmachung im August 1914 und sind in fast jede Zeugenaussage erwähnt. Eisenbahnräume sind Zwischenräume zwischwen Heimatfront und Front. Abschied - Spionfieber - Schwarzmarkt - Schwerverletzte Umtausch - / Major logistical and tactical tool during the war, the railway network is devoted to the war effort and, both in Germany and France, is placed under the authority of the military command who manages and reorganises it, making use of regulatory stations, according to the war needs. From a railway perspective, waging war depends on civilians (railway workers, Red Cross) and soldiers (transports routes guardsmen, stations quartermasters generals), ready to step up and shoulder a massive workload and, for some of them, to risk their lives. Civilians (particularly refugees), soldiers (among which soldiers on leave, sick, wounded, repatriated critically wounded), and the vast majority of war equipment (ammunitions, weapons, food supply, mails, ...) need to be transported. Nothing, not even some of these types of travellers, is to jeopardize the war though. A war implying a greater human presence in the railway space, which, in turn, leads to spying, spymania, bombings, evacuations, constructions and destructions of railway facilities, curiosity, gatherings, groups phenomena, unruliness, prostitution, spreading of writings and words of protest, additional travels for the industry and agriculture, and black market. This railway network must be defended and maintained, while at the same time making sure railway workers and soldiers are disciplined and in good moral and physical conditions. Goals and wishes less and less in tune with the reality of the ground, made worse by a dragging war, always increasing the cost in human resources and railway equipments.

Disaster victims and vulnerable populations are audiences that communications professionals and scholars have ignored. Public relation practices dominate current disaster communication policy. This study examines the disaster communication network, including policy and practice, of the Thai Red Cross, before, during, and after the Asian tsunami. Disaster communication(s) is defined as the sharing and exchange of information with the victims immediately affected by a disaster. This definition focuses specifically on the vulnerable audience and allows response efforts to emerge from multiple disciplines. Focusing response efforts on victims' assessed needs and abilities allows for a multi-disciplinary approach to mitigate further suffering. The disciplines of health, development, and communications converge for efficient disaster management. This case study gives great insight into the cultural chasm between policy making and practical application and also reveals the value of personal initiative. A proposed model of disaster communication is offered. Significantly more research is needed in the area of disaster communications.

[pt] A pandemia da COVID-19 se espalhou rapidamente pelo mundo. No Brasil, várias organizações, como a Cruz Vermelha Brasileira (CVB), atuaram em diversas ações contra a disseminação do vírus e de apoio às populações mais vulneráveis. Em resposta às emergências de saúde pública, os suprimentos de socorro imediatos são essenciais para reduzir danos. Para assegurar a distribuição dos donativos aos beneficiários no tempo certo, é fundamental uma gestão adequada da cadeia de suprimentos (CS). Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal a revisão dos processos da CVB, à luz da literatura, visando promover condições reais de transformação nos referidos processos, com vistas à melhoria do desempenho organizacional e da eficiência e eficácia na distribuição dos itens de alívio. Baseando-se em uma Revisão de Escopo da literatura, identificar o estado da arte sobre os Fatores Críticos de Sucesso da Logística Humanitária em situações de crise epidemiológicas, como a COVID-19, e as melhores práticas para alcançá-los. Neste trabalho, é conduzido um Estudo de Caso sobre a cadeia logística da CVB em que, através de entrevistas com especialistas e análise documental de publicações oficiais, foi diagramado o fluxograma dos macroprocessos atuais (captação e recebimento de doações, distribuição das doações, recebimento nas filiais, distribuição de última milha). Em seguida, à luz da literatura, identificou-se 10 oportunidades de melhoria, resultando na revisão de seus processos, reformulando e validando os macroprocessos logísticos da CVB, onde foi possível concluir que as melhorias propostas são viáveis e apresentam um potencial significativo de impacto positivo nas atividades humanitárias da organização. / [en] The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly spread throughout the world. In Brazil, various organizations, such as the Brazilian Red Cross (CVB), have engaged in several actions against the spread of the virus and in support of the most vulnerable populations. In response to public health emergencies, immediate relief supplies are essential to reduce harm. To ensure the timely distribution of donations to beneficiaries, proper supply chain management (SCM) is fundamental. This dissertation aims to review CVB s processes in light of the literature, in order to promote real conditions for transformation in these processes, with a view to improving organizational performance and effectiveness in distributing relief items. Based on a Scoping Review of the literature, the state of the art on Critical Success Factors of Humanitarian Logistics in epidemiological crisis situations, such as COVID-19, and the best practices to achieve them were identified. In this work, a Case Study was conducted on CVB s logistics chain, in which, through interviews with experts and documentary analysis of official publications, the flowchart of current macro-processes (donation capture and receipt, donation distribution, branch receipt, last-mile distribution) was diagrammed. Next, in light of the literature, 10 opportunities for improvement were identified, resulting in the revision of its processes, reformulating and validating CVB s logistics macro-processes, where it was possible to conclude that the proposed improvements are feasible and present significant potential for positive impact on the organization s humanitarian activities.

På grund av antropogena utsläpp av växthusgaser sker stora förändringar i klimatet. Dessa kan leda till förödande konsekvenser för både människor, djur och natur. För att olika företag och verksamheter ska kunna mäta, hantera och eventuellt reducera sina växthusgasutsläpp används Greenhouse Gas Protocol som standard för växthusgasrapportering. Röda Korset Sverige har påbörjat ett klimatbokslut enligt Greenhouse Gas Protocol men inte inkluderat sina cirka 600 lokalföreningar runt om i landet. Syftet med detta arbete är därför att identifiera och kategorisera vilka aktiviteter Röda Korsets lokalföreningar bedriver som är av relevans i en växthusgasrapportering. Detta sker enligt Greenhouse Gas Protocol Scope 3, som är uppdelat i 15 olika kategorier och innefattar de indirekta växthusgasutsläppen genererade av den rapporterande verksamheten. Arbetet ämnar även leda till en enkät med generella frågor som ska kunna ställas till olika lokalföreningar för att mäta deras utsläpp av växthusgaser.  För att besvara syftet studerades inledningsvis Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Vidare genomfördes ett studiebesök inkluderat en intervju med ansvarig vid Röda Korsets lokalförening i Örebro samt en intervju med ansvarig vid Röda Korsets lokalförening i Piteå. Informationen om lokalföreningarnas aktiviteter som anskaffades kategoriserades sedan enligt kategorierna som Scope 3 innefattar, vilket sammanställdes i en tabell. En enkät utformades baserat på de kategoriserade aktiviteterna.  Resultatet visar att lokalföreningen i Örebro bedriver aktiviteter som platsar i Scope 3 kategorierna 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 och 11, medan lokalföreningen i Piteå bedriver aktiviteter som platsar i kategorierna 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 och 9. Frågeenkäten som skapades innehåller frågor baserade på de aktiviteter som platsade i någon av kategorierna som ingår i Scope 3, det innebär alltså att aktiviteter som inte tagits i beaktande i samband med kategoriseringen inte heller behandlats i frågeenkäten. Slutsatsen är att det saknas mycket information för att göra en fullständig Scope 3 rapportering. Förbättringar som behövs göras är bland annat att kartlägga verksamheterna mer noggrant. Det borde också undersökas huruvida lokalföreningarna bör ingå i Scope 1 och 2 som innefattar de direkta växthusgasutsläppen, i stället för Scope 3. / Due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, major changes are taking place in the climate. These can lead to devastating consequences for both humans, animals, and nature. For various companies and businesses to be able to measure, manage and possibly reduce their greenhouse gasemissions, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol is used as a standard for greenhouse gas reporting. The Red Cross Sweden has started a greenhouse gas accounting according to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol but has not included its approximately 600 local associations around the country. The purpose of this report is to identify and categorize which activities the Red Cross local associations carry out that are relevant in a greenhouse gas accounting. This was done according to the Greenhouse Gas protocol, Scope 3 which is divided into 15 different categories that includes indirect greenhouse gasemissions generated by the reporting companies. The report also intends to lead to a questionnaire with general questions that can be asked to local associations to measure their greenhouse gasemissions.  To answer the purpose of the report, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol was initially studied. Furthermore, a study visit including an interview at the Red Cross Örebro was done and an interview with the Red Cross Piteå. Information about the local associations' activities that were acquired was then categorized according to the categories included in Scope 3, which were summarized in a table. The questionnaire was then designed based on the categorized activities.  The results show that the activities of the Red Cross Örebro fit in categories 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 11, while the activities of Red Cross Piteå fit in categories 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9. The questionnaire that was created contains questions based on the activities that were placed in at least one of the categories included in Scope 3, which means that activities not taken in account during the categorization were not included in the questionnaire. However, it can be stated that there is a lack of information in order to make a complete greenhouse gas accounting. Further improvements that need to be made are to map the activities more accurately. It should also be examined whether the local associations should be included in Scope 1 and 2, instead of Scope 3.

Данная работа посвящена проблемам работы Международного Комитета Красного Креста на территории Африки в 1980-х гг. В работе автор раскрывает проблемы, связанные с деятельностью организации на примере трех основных кризисов десятилетия - в Судане, Анголе и Эфиопии. Проводится сравнительный анализ этих кризисов и гуманитарных проблем на территории Европы в указанном периоде. В работе показана зависимость эффективности работы МККК от степени сотрудничества с государственными органами и местными гуманитарными организациями. Постоянное взаимодействие со сторонами конфликта позволяет оказать помощь беженцам, военнопленным и жертвам конфликта быстрее и в большем объеме. Автор делает вывод о первостепенном значении МККК в разрешении указанных кризисов, демонстрирует их влияние на дальнейшее развитие международного гуманитарного права и самого Комитета. Обеспечение безопасности сотрудников МККК становится важнейшим приоритетом организации, что отразится на ее дальнейшей деятельности и в XXI веке. Отдельно отмечен вклад в виде ввода обширного пласта документов организации в научный оборот. / This thesis is devoted to the problems of the International Committee of the Red Cross work in Africa in the 1980s. In the paper, the author reveals the problems associated with the activities of the organization using the example of three major crises of the decade - in Sudan, Angola and Ethiopia. A comparative analysis of these crises and humanitarian problems in Europe in the specified period is carried out. The paper shows the dependence of the effectiveness of the ICRC on the degree of cooperation with government agencies and local humanitarian organizations. Constant interaction with the parties to the conflict allows providing assistance to refugees, prisoners of war and victims of the conflict faster and in greater volume. The author concludes that the ICRC is of primary importance in resolving these crises, demonstrates their influence on the further development of international humanitarian law and the Committee itself. Ensuring the safety of ICRC employees is becoming the most important priority of the organization, which will be reflected in its further activities in the 21st century. Separately noted is the contribution in the form of introducing a large layer of the organization's documents into scientific circulation.

Magistro darbo objektas – reputacijos valdymas ir komunikacija. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti reputacijos valdymo ir komunikacijos teorines prielaidas bei įgyvendinimą ne pelno organizacijose. Darbo uždaviniai: aptarti reputacijos sampratos problemą, matavimo bei valdymo poreikį ir galimybes, reputacijos komunikacijos principus; aptarti organizacijų reputacijos valdymo ir komunikacijos poreikį bei galimybes; nustatyti verslo ir ne pelno organizacijų reputacijos valdymo ypatybes ir galimybes taikyti bendrą reputacijos matavimo modelį; nustatyti, kaip ne pelno organizacijos suvokia reputaciją ir kaip ją komunikuoja savo internetinėse svetainėse. Išanalizavus mokslinę literatūrą, prieita prie išvados, kad organizacijos reputaciją galima matuoti ir valdyti, yra kuriami reputacijos matavimo modeliai, pagal kuriuos matuojama ir valdoma organizacijų reputacija. Pastebimas glaudus ryšys tarp organizacijos identiteto, įvaizdžio ir reputacijos, tačiau šie elementai atskiriami. Atkreiptas dėmesys, kad reputacija yra santykinis dydis, priklausantis nuo lūkesčių ir konteksto. Analizuojant matavimo modelius bei praktikas, prieita prie išvados, kad nors ir esant kriterijų variacijų galimybei, matavimo modelių pagrindas lieka tas pats (Fombruno Reputacijos koeficientas). Remiantis trečiojo sektoriaus organizacijų ir jų susivienijimų įžvalgomis, pagrįstas ne pelno organizacijų reputacijos aktualumas bei aptartos verslo reputacijos matavimo modelio pritaikymo galimybės ne pelno organizacijoms... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this thesis is to define the theoretical precondition of reputation management and communication and to determine the implementation of reputation management and communication in non-profit organizations. The objectives are to discuss the problem of conception, the needs and opportunities of reputation management and communication; to determine the features of the reputation of profit and non-profit organization; to define the abilities to apply common reputation measurement model; to determine how do the non-profit organizations understand the concept of reputation, what knowledge do they have about the managing and communicating the reputation and how do the organizations communicate the reputation through their internet sites. After analysis of scientific literature, the conclusion is that reputation of organization is measurable, one can manage it. There are measurement models created. There are connections between identity, image and reputation of organization. Nevertheless these are three different concepts. It was noted, that reputation is related with the expectations of stakeholders and all kinds of context. Analyzing the models of reputation measurement was noted that one of them is used as a basis. It’s Ch.Fombruns’ Reputation quotient, which is composed from six elements. Furthermore according to the leaders and authorities of the third sector, the necessity for non-profit organizations to manage their reputation was justified and the opportunities to... [to full text]

La Direction générale responsable de l’aide humanitaire de la Commission européenne(DG ECHO) est un acteur particulier des relations internationales. Sa singularité est marquée par une institutionnalisation progressive et par un fonctionnement distinct au sein des institutions européennes.L’étude de la stratégie qu’elle a élaborée pour lutter contre la malnutrition au Sahel révèle tout particulièrement les forces, les faiblesses, mais aussi les opportunités et les contraintes de l’aide humanitaire de la Commission européenne. À la lumière de cette stratégie, la DG ECHO est parvenue à promouvoir une approche crédible et reconnue afin de combattre la malnutrition. Néanmoins, l’enjeu sécuritaire que représente ce phénomène expose les vulnérabilités de la Commission européenne, à plus forte raison dans le contexte volatil du Sahel. Le manque de cohérence des actions extérieures et l’administration de l’Union européenne se révèlent particulièrement contraignants.Pourtant, l’autorité et la maturité dont fait preuve la DG ECHO, notamment dans la dimension nutritionnelle de l’aide, lui offrent la légitimité d’exister et le privilège d’être devenu un acte urfondamental, voire incontournable, du système humanitaire. La plus-value qu’elle apporte repose sur l’expertise de son personnel mais aussi sur un partenariat original avec des opérateurs spécialisés. Au terme de deux décennies d’existence, la DG ECHO s’affirme et exerce une influence croissante sur la scène européenne, où elle contribue à la construction de l’identité de l’Union, mais aussi internationale. / The European Commission Directorate-General for Humanitarian Aid (ECHO) has become a unique actor in international relations. Its singularity is defined by a progressive institutionalisation and a proper functioning within the European institutions. In particular, the study of the strategy ECHO has developed to fight malnutrition in the Sahel reveals the strengths, the weaknesses, the opportunities and the constraints of the European Commission humanitarian aid system. Indeed, ECHO has succeeded in promoting a credible and recognized policy to combat malnutrition. However, the security challenge posed by malnutrition exposes the European Commission’s vulnerabilities, which are heightened in the volatile environment of the Sahel. The lack of coherence of the EuropeanUnion external actions and administration are particularly constraining. Though, the authority and maturity displayed by ECHO, specifically in the nutritional dimensions of aid, has increased its legitimacy to exist and to be a key player in the humanitarian aid system. The added value it provides is based on the expertise of its staff,but also on a unique system of partnerships with specialized operators. Twenty years after its creation, ECHO has asserted itself and has a growing influence on the international and European scene, where it contributes to the construction of the EU identity.

Luis Calandre Ibáñez (Cartagena 23/3/1890-Madrid 29/9/1961), estudió Medicina en Madrid, siendo discípulo de Cajal, Achúcarro y Madinaveitia en Madrid y de Nicolai y Benda en Alemania. Realizó estudios de Histología sobre la esructura de la fibra cardiaca, para comprender mejor la fisiopatología del corazón, campo de su especial dedicación, siendo uno de los introductores de la electrocardiografía en España, estudiando especialmente los trastornos del ritmo basándose en ella.Fundó y dirigió el Laboratorio de Anatomía Microscópica de la Residencia de Estudiantes (1914-1931). Fue Jefe del Servicio de Cardiología del Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja y Director del Hospital de Carabineros durante la guerra civil (1937.1939). Publicó más de setenta artículos en revistas especializadas y ocho libros de contenido científico. Fundó y dirigió la revista "Archivos de Cardiología y Hematología" (1920-1936). Desarrolló una intensa labor social, política y cultural y al finalizar la guerra civil fue procesado y condenado padeciendo el exilio interior y el olvido científico. / Luis Calandre Ibáñez (Cartagena 1890-Madrid 1961), studied medicine in Madrid, where he was a disciple of Cajal, Achúcarro and Madinaveitia and then of Nicolai and Benda in Germany. He specialised in cardiac physiopathology, and studied histology on the struc Civil war. He published more than seventy articles in specialist journals and eightscientificbooks. He founded and directed the journal "Archivos de Cardiología y Hematología" (1920-1936). Intensely involved in social, political and cultural activities, he was tried and sentenced at the