O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a proposta literária do escritor alagoano Graciliano Ramos que conceituamos como ficcionalização de si, a qual consiste na utilização de observação, experiência, imaginação e transpiração como ingredientes da elaboração ficcional. Para atingir a tal objetivo, buscamos traçar um breve panorama político-cultural da década de 1930, no sentido de situar a formação ideológica e a produção mais significativa do autor Caetés (1933), S. Bernardo (1934), Angústia (1936) e Vidas Secas (1938). Prosseguimos com a construção de um amplo painel sobre o papel da memória na escrita de si, concluindo sobre a impossibilidade da fidelidade absoluta na reprodução do real, uma vez que esta passa necessariamente pela subjetividade da linguagem, o que lhe confere um inegável caráter ficcional. Conceituamos autobiografia e refletimos sobre as profundas alterações percebidas no gênero autobiográfico, inserindo a produção de Graciliano Ramos no contexto memorialista. Defendemos a ideia de que o escritor antecipa, na década de 30, o que na década de 70 será denominado como autoficção. Construída a fundamentação teórica necessária, passamos a analisar e discutir trechos do romance Angústia, em contraponto com Infância. Confrontando as leituras destas obras, pudemos perceber o aproveitamento ficcional de acontecimentos traumáticos da infância do autor narrados em Infância na elaboração da fase infantil do personagem Luís da Silva, de Angústia / The purpose of this paper is to highlight the literary proposal of the writer from Alagoas Graciliano Ramos that we define as "fictionalize yourself", which is the use of observation, experience, imagination and sweating as ingredients of fictional work. To achieve this goal, we seek to draw a brief political-cultural panorama of the 1930s, to situate the ideological training and the authors most significant production Caetés (1933), S. Bernardo (1934), Angústia (1936) and Vidas Secas (1938). We continued with the construction of a large Panel on the role of memory in "write on yourself", concluding on the impossibility of absolute fidelity reproduction of reality, since this necessarily passes by the subjectivity of language, which gives it an undeniable fictional character. We conceptualize autobiography and reflect in the deep changes realized in autobiographical genre, entering production in the context of memoirist Graciliano Ramos. We defend the idea that the writer anticipates, in the 1930s, that in the 1970s will be named as Self-fiction. After constructing the necessary theoretical background, we analyze and discuss excerpts from the novel Angústia, in counterpoint with Infância. Confronting the readings of these works, we are able to understand the fictional usage of traumatic events during the author's childhood as narrated in Infância in the elaboration of the child stage of the character Luís da Silva, in Angústia

Submitted by (lucia.rodrigues@ufrpe.br) on 2017-02-21T14:16:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia de Sousa Bezerra.pdf: 529172 bytes, checksum: 3f8bd6778995572053eaacf5a2bbb510 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-21T14:16:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia de Sousa Bezerra.pdf: 529172 bytes, checksum: 3f8bd6778995572053eaacf5a2bbb510 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Vine decline of melons caused by Monosporascus cannonballus is a destructive disease worldwide. To implement a meaningful management of plantation diseases, it is important to have an understanding of the population diversity of the pathogen. The aims of this study were assay de genetic structure of M. cannonballus isolates from Brazil and compare this isolates with isolates form Spain. The population genetic structure of M. cannonballus was examined by applying ISSR and mycelial compatibility tests. Based on the frequencies of MCGs, and ISSR were estimated the genotype diversity indexes, as well as its richness and evenness components. All analyses were performed by R, NTSYS and PopGen software. The isolate were from 7 plantations in Mossoró in state of Rio Grande do Norte, Quixeré and Icapuí in state of Ceará. The seven plantations showed low genetic distance between them (GST 0.004 to 0.068), when grouped into two subpopulations CE and RN genetic diversity (GST 0.105) between them was also low, reflecting a high amount of gene flow (Nm = 31), genetic diversity within subpopulations (Hs = 0.2277) was 98% of the total genetic diversity of the population (HT = 0.2314). The genotypic diversity estimated by Sttodart and Taylor was 10% of the maximum possible. Four MC groups were found amongst 58 isolates from Brazil, whereas in Spain 6 MC were found in only 11 isolates. None Brazilian isolates was compatible with Spanish isolates. Genetic variability was low and similar in the subpopulations (Icapuí, Quixeré and Mossoró) from Brazil. The genotypic diversity for Brazilian population was lower compared with the Spanish population. Based on these data, the Spanish population was more diverse than the Brazilian population. No significant difference in diversity exists between Icapui, Quixere and Mossoró subpopulations. But significant difference in diversity exists between the Brazilian and Spanish populations of M. cannonballus. / O declínio das ramas do meloeiro causado pelo fungo Monosporascus cannonballus, vem causando prejuízos nas áreas de cultivo de melão em todo o mundo. Para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo é essencial conhecer a estrutura genética da população do patógeno. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever a estrutura genética e as forças evolutivas que atuam sobre a população de M. cannonballus, e comparar a população Brasileira a isolados coletados na Espanha. Os isolados utilizados foram coletados em sete áreas de plantio comercial nos municípios de Mossoró no Rio Grande do Norte, Quixeré e Icapuí no Ceará. Foi feita a extração do DNA genômico, seguida de uma reação ISSR para a análise genética da população. Testes de incompatibilidade micelial foram realizados em meio BDA pareando os isolados consigo e com os demais para formar grupos. Com base nas freqüências de MCGs foram calculados índices de diversidade genotípica e seus componentes de riqueza e equitabilidade. Os dados obtidos foram análisados nos programas R, NTSYS e PopGen. As sete areas coletadas apresentaram baixa distancia genética entre si (GST 0,004-0,068), quando agrupadas em duas subpopulações CE e RN a diversidade genétia (GST 0,105) entre elas ainda foi baixa refletindo num alto valor de fluxo gênico (Nm=31) e a diversidade genética dentro das sub-populações (HS = 0,2277) representou 98% da diversidade genética total da população estudada (HT = 0,2314). A diversidade genotípica estimada pelo índice G foi 10% do máximo possível. Foram formados 4 MCG entre os 58 isolados do Brasil, enquanto na Espanha 6 grupos foram formados entre apenas 11 isolados. Os isolados do Brasil não foram compatíveis com os da Espanha. Houve uma diferença significativa na diversidade entre as populações da Espanha e Brasil, enquanto que entre as subpopulações brasileiras não houve diferença.

Submitted by EDER FERNANDO DOS SANTOS null (eder_fsantos@hotmail.com) on 2017-03-22T22:54:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissetação finalizada.pdf: 605275 bytes, checksum: 3877eaabb1479e27c5c6d54ca7adbd34 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-03-23T14:30:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ef_me_mar.pdf: 605275 bytes, checksum: 3877eaabb1479e27c5c6d54ca7adbd34 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-23T14:30:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ef_me_mar.pdf: 605275 bytes, checksum: 3877eaabb1479e27c5c6d54ca7adbd34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Nossa dissertação apresentará as análises dos manuais de sociologia dos anos de 1930, dos autores Delgado de Carvalho e Fernando de Azevedo. Para atingir nossos objetivos, fizemos um panorama sobre a longa jornada da disciplina no Brasil até sua institucionalização, em seguida demos destaque à contenda entre Guerreiro Ramos e Florestan Fernandes. Nossa análise inicia-se da crítica estabelecida por Guerreiro Ramos à Florestan Fernandes, no debate do I Congresso Brasileiro de Sociologia, em 1954. A hipótese de Ramos se baseou na perspectiva da possível influência de correntes sociológicas europeia e norte americana nesses manuais e salientou que a sociologia brasileira deveria abandonar o caráter tradicionalista. Ramos alegou que havia vícios nos métodos da sociologia estrangeira, uma vez implantadas no Brasil. Dessa forma, o terceiro capítulo está destinado as análises desses manuais, para isso apoiamos em uma vasta bibliografia de autores que se debruçaram sobre o assunto. Portanto, coube a nós verificar em que medida a crítica feita por Ramos referente a influência da sociologia estrangeira, se configurava nos compêndios da década de 1930. / Our dissertation introduce the analysis of sociology handbooks in the years of 1930, the authors Delgado de Carvalho and Fernando Azevedo. For achive our goals, we made a panoramic about the long journey of discipline in Brazil until institucionalization,thereafter we prominence(highlight) quarrel bethween Guerreiro Ramos and Florestan Fernandes. Our analysis begin of critique in I Sociology Brazilian Congress, in 1954. Ramos´s hyphotesis is basead in a possible influence of schackles european sociology and north american in handbooks and highlight that brazilian sociology should leave the tradicional nature. Ramos,claims that was the vice in foreigner sociology methodology ,once implated in Brazil. In this way, the third chapter be dedicated to analysis these handbooks. For this ,we support in a vast bibliography of the authors that lean over about the subject. Therefore,we will verificated the critical of Ramos made about the influence of Foreigner sociology in deacade of 1930.

Orientador: Rubens Pereira dos Santos / Banca: Vima Lia de Rossi Martin / Banca: Odil José de Oliveira Filho / Resumo: Esta pesquisa se fundamenta sob a perspectiva de que os textos Luuanda (1963) do escritor angolano José Luandino Vieira e Alexandre e outros heróis (1962) do brasileiro Graciliano Ramos são textos possuidores de níveis de oralidade e/ou híbridos, uma vez que, as estruturas escrita e oral convivem nas obras. No desenvolvimento do trabalho procuramos destacar as características do mundo oralista bem como a tensão entre estrutura oral Versus estrutura escrita para, desse modo, analisar com maior precisão as estruturas que tornam possível a simulação do oral dento do aparato escrito / Resumen: Esta pesquisa es realizada con la perspectiva de que los textos Luuanda (1963) del escritor angolano José Luandino Vieira y Alexandre e outros heróis (1962) del brasileño Graciliano Ramos son textos poseedores de níveos de oralidad y/o hibridismo. No desarrollo del trabajo buscamos señalar las características del mundo oralista bien como la tensión entre estructuras orales VS estructuras escrita para de ese modo analizar con más precisión las estructuras que tornan posible la simulación del oral dentro del aparato escrito / Mestre

O estimador de estado (EE) foi originalmente desenvolvido para lidar com sistemas de transmissão (ST). Desta maneira, sua aplicação em sistemas de distribuição (SD) exige que os métodos clássicos sejam repensados. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os métodos disponíveis na literatura para a estimação de estado em SD e explorar a fundo um método escolhido. A abordagem escolhida foi a que utiliza as correntes complexas nos ramos como variáveis de estado. Tal abordagem visa tirar proveito das características específicas dos SD, e apresenta um desempenho computacional superior se comparado a soluções que utilizam as tensões como variáveis de estado. Entretanto, tal método ainda se encontra pouco explorado na literatura, de modo que diversas limitações foram identificadas. A principal limitação encontrada foi no que tange à presença de transformadores no sistema, que foi negligenciada nos trabalhos encontrados na literatura. De modo a aumentar a confiabilidade da estimação, além das correntes em todos os ramos, foi considerada a possibilidade de se incluir no vetor de estado variáveis referentes à tensão na subestação (SE). Na presença de transformadores, tal expansão no vetor de estados gerou um acoplamento do modelo matemático. Neste trabalho, foram propostas soluções para lidar com diferentes conexões de transformadores utilizando o estimador com base nas correntes mantendo uma de suas principais características, que é o desacoplamento entre fases. Na ocasião da estimação da tensão na SE, um método de combinação ótima de variáveis de estado foi proposto de modo a contornar o acoplamento gerado no modelo matemático. Sistemas teste do IEEE foram utilizados para avaliar o desempenho do algoritmo implementado. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a metodologia escolhida foi capaz de estimar o estado do SD com precisão adequada na presença de diferentes tipos de medidas e topologias. Os modelos propostos neste trabalho se mostraram eficazes na incorporação de transformadores com diferentes conexões na formulação do EE. Por fim, o método proposto para lidar com a estimação da tensão na SE de maneira desacoplada na presença de transformadores foi validado e se mostrou mais eficiente computacionalmente quando comparado ao seu análogo acoplado. / The state estimator (SE) was originally developed to deal with transmission networks (TN). Hence, its application in distribution networks (DN) requires the classical methods to be modified. The main aim of this work was to evaluate the methods available in the literature for state estimation in DN and to explore in depth a chosen method. The chosen approach was the one that uses the complex branch currents as state variables. This approach aims to take advantage of the specific characteristics of DN, and presents a superior computational performance when compared to solutions that use voltages as state variables. However, this method is still little explored in the literature, so that several limitations have been identified. The main limitation was in terms of the presence of transformers in the system, which was neglected in the papers found in the literature. In order to increase the reliability of the estimation, in addition to the branch currents, it was considered the posibility of including the substation voltage variables in the state vector. In the presence of transformers, such expansion in the state vector generated a coupled mathematical model. In this work, solutions were proposed to deal with different transformer connections using the branch current SE while keeping one of its main characteristics, that is the decoupling between phases. When the substation voltage is being estimated, an optimal combination of state variables was proposed in order to circumvent the coupling in the mathematical model. IEEE test systems were used to evaluate the performance of the implemented algorithm. The results showed that the chosen methodology was able to estimate the DN state with adequate accuracy in the presence of different types of measurements and topologies. The models proposed in this work proved to be effective in the incorporation of transformers with different connections in the SE formulation. Finally, the proposed method to decouple the branch current SE when dealing with substation voltage estimation in the presence of transformers was validated and proved to be computationally more efficient when compared to its coupled version.

Estágio realizado na Adira e orientado pelo Eng.ª Rita Dias / Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Industrial e Gestão. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2009

Neste trabalho, o objetivo foi explicitar a relevância relativa das pequenas indústrias de Ribeirão Preto de 1870 a 1930 em seu desenvolvimento econômico e crescimento urbano. Dentro da metodologia de pesquisa foi feita uma divisão em três períodos de 20 anos cada um (1870 a 1890, 1891 a 1910 e 1911 a 1930). Os dados levantados foram tabulados em tabelas, subdivididas em cinco colunas: Nome da Empresa, Classe de Produto Fabricado, Duração Aproximada, Endereço e Nacionalidade(s) do(s) Empresário(s) e para as Tabelas de 1911 a 1930 foram acrescidas duas colunas - Quantidade de Operários e Valores de Capital. Devido à diversidade de 68 classes de empresas fabricantes de 114 produtos diferentes entre a amostragem de 551 pequenas indústrias, foi feita uma divisão em 10 novas tabelas, dos seguintes ramos industriais: (Móveis, Roupas e Calçados, Alimentos, Materiais Ferrosos, Bebidas, Minerais Não Metálicos, Químicos, Gráficas, Carroças e Acessórios e Produtos Diversos). As pequenas indústrias foram caracterizadas pelo uso de matérias-primas obtidas localmente, o predomínio de bens de consumo não duráveis, sua instalação em locais não separados, mas anexos às casas dos empresários, de usos limitados de tecnologia e de máquinas complexas e muito dependente de ferramentas rústicas e da habilidade técnica e manual do operário, uso de fontes de energia a base de lenha, hidráulicas e elétrica e meios de transportes movidos por animais. No segundo, terceiro e quarto capítulos, cada um referente a um dos três períodos, foram feitas análises específicas das 30 tabelas iniciadas por contextualizações históricas e econômicas e, depois, foram construídas tabelas de fases comparativas entre dois períodos (de 1890 a 1910 sobre 1870 a 1890 e de 1911 a 1930 sobre 1891 a 1910) das classes de produtos fabricados com maior quantidade numérica de empresas. E com as tabelas de 1911 a 1930 foram acrescentadas análises sobre a quantidade numérica individual e média de operários, valor de capital e de valor de capital por operário. Os resultados encontrados estão na análise geral do quinto e último capítulo: como a ocorrência das empresas comerciais fabricantes de produtos e que comercializavam mercadorias não produzidas por elas e das pequenas indústrias e prestadoras de serviços, oferta produtiva com ênfase na encomenda prévia do consumidor, (duração de 7,35 anos, valor de capital de 41:032$477 (em mil réis), mão de obra de 8,74 operários, ambos em média), nacionalidade dos empresários (com predomínio na sequência de italianos, brasileiros e portugueses), alheamento do consumo das classes econômicas média e alta ribeirão-pretanas preterida pelos produtos importados, pequena concorrência externa e interna, exceto com a produção doméstica de subsistência e nas classes de produtos fabricados com maior quantidade de empresas. E com a distribuição geográfica dessa produção nos espaços rural e urbano, nas três regiões do município (Centro, subúrbio e periferia), em especial para a efetivação do urbano na segunda, e também concretizada no predomínio de 40 gêneros industriais de origem urbana sobre as 28 de início rural, mas com adaptações para seus usos urbanos. Essa situação possibilitou a configuração do disperso distrito urbano de pequenas indústrias do Centro, Campos Elíseos, Vila Tibério e Barracão. / In this work, the objective was to explain the relative relevance of the small industries of Ribeirão Preto from 1870 to 1930 in their economic development and urban growth. Within the research methodology was divided into three periods of 20 years each (1870 to 1890, 1891 to 1910 and 1911 to 1930). The data collected were tabulated in tables, subdivided into five columns: Company Name, Manufactured Product Class, Approximate Duration, Address and Nationality (s) of the Entrepreneur (s) and Tables from 1911 to 1930 were added two Columns - Quantity of Workers and Capital Values. Due to the diversity of 68 classes of manufacturing companies of 114 different products among the sample of 551 small industries, a division was made in 10 new tables of the following industrial branches: (Furniture, Clothing, Food, Ferrous Materials, Beverages, Nonmetallic Minerals, Chemicals, Graphics, Carts and Accessories and Miscellaneous Products). The small industries were characterized by the use of raw materials obtained locally, the predominance of non-durable consumer goods, their installation in places not separate, but attached to the houses of entrepreneurs, limited uses of technology and complex machines and very dependent on Rustic tools and the technical and manual skill of the worker, use of power sources based on firewood, hydraulic and electric and animal transport means. In the second, third, and fourth chapters, each relating to one of the three periods, specific analyzes of the 30 tables initiated by historical and economic contextualizations were made, and then tables of comparative phases were constructed between two periods (from 1890 to 1910 on 1870 To 1890 and from 1911 to 1930 from 1891 to 1910) of the classes of products manufactured with the greatest number of companies. And with the tables from 1911 to 1930 were added analyzes on the individual and average number of workers, capital value and capital value per worker. The results are found in the general analysis of the fifth and final chapter: such as the occurrence of commercial companies that produce products and that commercialized goods not produced by them and small industries and service providers, productive supply with emphasis on the previous ordering of the consumer, Duration of 7.35 years, capital value of 41: 032 $ 477 (in milreis), labor of 8.74 workers, both on average), nationality of entrepreneurs (predominantly following Italians, Brazilians and Portuguese) , A shift away from the consumption of the middle and upper middle-income classes, which is neglected by imported products, and external and internal competition, with the exception of domestic subsistence production and product classes with a larger number of companies. And with the geographic distribution of this production in rural and urban spaces, in the three regions of the municipality (Center, suburb and periphery), especially for the urbanization in the second, and also materialized in the predominance of 40 industrial genera of urban origin over 28 of rural beginning, but with adaptations for its urban uses. This situation made possible the configuration of the dispersed urban district of small industries of the Center, Campos Elíseos, Vila Tiberio and Barracão.

This work is a comparative study of the influence of the pan-Africanist discourse of ethnographers Dr. Jean Price-Mars of Haiti and Dr. Arthur Ramos of Brazil, and its impact on the respective literatures and cinemas of the two nations. Beginning in the first quarter of the 20th Century, and stemming from a developing auto-ethnography undertaken by the two scholars, a growing concern over defining cultural identity inspired a generation of writers to appropriate ethnographic methodology and apply it to their fictional works. The discourse of representation, which looked to popular sources for inspiration (Haitian Indigénisme and Brazilian Regionalismo, or which rebelled against literary conventions (modernists of both nations), gave rise to a contentious dispute over a State-sanctioned national identity versus a cultural identity spearheaded by the literati. In looking at the battle over signification, I examine the development of an ethnopoetics in the works of such writers as René Depestre, Jean-Baptiste Cinéas, Jacques Roumain, Jorge Amado, Rachel de Queiroz, Mário de Andrade and others, that is persistently used to subvert and oppose the official discourse of the State and its allies. Following the model provided by the Indigénistes, Regionalists and Modernists, and utilizing the framework of French filmmaker Jean Rouch's conceptualization of ethnofictions, the final chapter of the dissertation examines the blurring of the lines between narrative cinema and documentary as a counterdiscursive strategy in Haitian and Brazilian films.

BEYOND THE NUMBERS: CONFIDENTIAL ENQUIRIES INTO MATERNAL DEATHS IN ACCRA-GHANA Researcher: Afisah Yakubu Zakariah Universite Libre de Bruxelles- School of Public Health Reproductive Health and Epidemiology of Perinatal Health Unit Brussels-Belgium Afiyakzak@yahoo.com Promoter: Professor Sophie Alexander-Karlin Universite Libre de Bruxelles- School of Public Health Reproductive Health and Epidemiology of Perinatal Health Unit Brussels-Belgium salexand@ulb.ac.be Co-Promoter: Professor Jos van Roosmalen Leiden University Medical Centre Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Leiden-The Netherlands J.J.M.van_Roosmalen@lumc.nl "A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Public Health Sciences Universite Libre de Bruxelles-School of Public Health Reproductive Health and Epidemiology of Perinatal Health Unit. November, 2008. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background Maternal mortality remains a severe problem in many parts of the world, despite efforts to reach MDG 5. Assessing progress towards this goal is difficult because maternal mortality is difficult to measure and the information available at country level does not generally permit the establishment of good baseline data. Countries with high maternal mortality ratios neither have adequate vital registration systems nor adequate resources to carry out surveys. Only few low-income countries have been able to establish a comprehensive reporting system and even where such vital registration systems are in place, maternal deaths are often underreported or misclassified as non-maternal even in large well developed cities. Ghana belongs to the group of low-income countries with high maternal mortality ratios (point estimate 560, lower bound 200 and upper bound 1300) per 100,000 live births and inadequate data on maternal deaths. Previous studies have demonstrated that most of these deaths could be prevented with existing effective practices. In this dissertation, we looked at the registration system of births and deaths in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. We assessed completeness of registration of maternal deaths and data quality. We also looked at the degree of underreporting of maternal deaths, assessed causes of maternal deaths and substandard care of these cases through a confidential enquiry. This enabled us to identify problems associated with measuring of maternal mortality in Ghana and the standard of care of the cases. Through our findings we were able to make recommendations to achieve MDG 5 in the country by 2015 if implemented. Other maternal and child health (MCH) interventions were also looked as working to improve MCH is a continuum, and no aspect should be neglected. The first relates to seeking evidence based practice in presence of potentially complicated obstetrical conditions like premature rupture of membranes and the second pertains to preventive activities in MCH and concentrates on the results of tetanus immunisation of women in their reproductive age in the Northern Region of Ghana. Objectives 1. To assess the precision (quality) of civil registration of maternal deaths in Ghana 2. To identify the magnitude of maternal deaths using multiple sources and assess the degree of underreporting of these deaths 3. To identify the root causes and related factors of the identified maternal deaths as well as classify the deaths 4. To assess the level of substandard care in maternal deaths in order to identify weakness in the Ghanaian maternity care system and propose locally relevant and affordable solutions to improve maternity care in Ghana 5. To discuss the results of the research with the Decision makers and health care providers leading to an adoption of the method at national level and a reduction of maternal mortality in Ghana as a whole 6. To assess risk factors and management of premature rupture of membranes and make recommendations that will address avoidable complications 7. To assess challenges of other maternal and child health interventions like Tetanus Toxoid immunization in women of reproductive age group and formulate recommendations to increase the coverage in this group. Organization of dissertation This dissertation contains eight chapters. Chapter one is on general introduction, which gives an overview of the problems associated with the reduction of maternal mortality by literature review. Chapter two highlights the profile of Ghana and the Health system Chapter three is on maternal mortality in the Greater Accra region of Ghana for the year 2000. In this chapter, we assessed completeness of registration and data quality as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the civil registration system to capture maternal deaths in Ghana. Chapter four discusses Reproductive Age Mortality Survey (RAMOS) conducted in Accra city (Metropolis) for the year 2002. It showed how effective the method is in identifying maternal deaths using multiple sources approach. In this study, we aimed at identifying the magnitude of maternal deaths in the city and the degree of underreporting during the study period. Chapter five elaborates the main content of this thesis, which is on confidential enquiries into maternal deaths for the year 2002. This chapter deals solely with the seventy three cases of maternal deaths that were identified during the study period (1st January 2002-31st December 2002) with adequate information surrounding the deaths. We identified the root causes and related factors of the identified maternal deaths as well as their classification. We also assessed the level of substandard care in maternal deaths, identified weaknesses in the Ghanaian maternity care system and proposed locally relevant and affordable solutions to improve maternity care in Ghana. Chapter six is on controversy of management of premature rupture of membranes at term. We reviewed systematically the existing evidence on expectant management of PROM and prompt delivery after a premature rupture of membranes at term and gave an answer to this controversy. Chapter seven assessed challenges of other maternal and child health interventions like Tetanus Toxoid immunization in women of reproductive age group and formulated recommendations to increase the coverage in this group. Chapter eight gives the general discussion, conclusion and recommendations. Main results and conclusion The study on the assessment of completeness of registration and data quality of maternal deaths in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana found the process of registration of maternal deaths in the Region to be incomplete even though there is a system of registration of deaths in Ghana. We identified the major causes of under registration of maternal deaths during the study as omission of pregnancy status in the registers. Pregnancy status is not systematically noted in the registers and the death certificate forms. Other contributing factors to the under registration of maternal deaths were erroneous classification of maternal deaths as non-maternal and imprecision in the death certification and registration. The study on Reproductive Age Mortality Survey (RAMOS) in Accra city (Metropolis) for the year 2002 has almost doubled the officially reported figures, which showed that the method is effective in identifying maternal deaths using multiple sources approach. The findings of the confidential enquiries into maternal deaths for the year 2002 showed that the proportion of maternal deaths associated with substandard care factors at various levels is high in the Metropolis even though the city has the best medical services in the country. The study on the controversy of management of premature rupture of membranes at term shows that prompt delivery after the membranes are ruptured averts many complications both for the mother and the baby. It is presented as an illustration of how evidence based guidelines can be instrumental in challenging the maternal mortality problem In the study on challenges of maternal and child health interventions like Tetanus Toxoid immunization in women of reproductive age, we found out that the tetanus toxoid vaccine was perceived as an anti fertility drug by those who refused to be vaccinated. Among other reasons for refusal was complete authority over wives by their husbands and therefore not allowing them to be vaccinated. It also is an illustration of the role of good organisation of care in meeting MDGs 4 and 5. We finally conclude that, even in environments with limited resources, most maternal deaths can be prevented if appropriate measures are put in place to prevent their occurrence. Key words: Maternal mortality, registration, underreporting, RAMOS, confidential enquiries, sub-standard care, PROM.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-12-17Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:34:50Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 marques_g_me_assis.pdf: 488095 bytes, checksum: 8c500b114e9b64f9b7bf92fc31f6660f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho pretende realizar uma análise comparativa dos romances São Bernardo (1934), do escritor brasileiro Graciliano Ramos (1892-1953), e Pedro Páramo (1955), escrito pelo mexicano Juan Rulfo (1918-1986), com o fim de demonstrar como se dá o processo de construção do espaço que permeia tais obras, procurando, com isso, explicitar as analogias e os contrastes entre as duas obras, a partir da percepção de que ambas projetam, no processo de construção do espaço, lugares que revelam conflitos sociais, psicológicos e existenciais do homem em confronto com sua origem e seu destino. O espaço em ambos os romances é construído por uma linguagem poética que prima por recursos de composição técnica e estrutural inovadores o que aproxima, entre outras coisas, as obras desses dois grandes expoentes da literatura latino-americana que, dessa maneira, retrataram a complexidade das sociedades da América Latina, simbolizadas num espaço rural emblemático que expressa, em perspectiva poética e sem caráter documental, diversas facetas da realidade. / El presente trabajo propone a desarrollar un análisis comparativo entre las novelas São Bernardo (1934), del brasileño Graciliano Ramos (1892-1953), y Pedro Páramo (1955), del mexicano Juan Rulfo (1918-1986), con el objetivo de demostrar cómo se articula el proceso de construcción del espacio en dichas obras, tratando de explicitar las similitudes y contrastes entre ellas, desde la percepción de que ambas proyectan, en dicho proceso, los lugares que revelan los conflictos sociales, psicológicos y existenciales del hombre en la confrontación con su origen y su destino. El espacio en ambas novelas se articula en un lenguaje poético que da primacía a los recursos de la composición técnica y estructural innovadores. Ello, entre otros aspectos, acerca a las obras de estos dos grandes exponentes de la literatura latinoamericana que, al hacerlo, describen la complejidad de las sociedades en América Latina, simbolizado, en un espacio rural emblemático que expresa en perspectiva poética y sin carácter documental, los diversos aspectos de la realidad.