Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:56:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LucasCPC_DISSERT.pdf: 1619300 bytes, checksum: 97bb04f66b84a1ed1935715460aa2c22 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-14 / Wavelet coding has emerged as an alternative coding technique to minimize the fading effects of wireless channels. This work evaluates the performance of wavelet coding, in terms of bit error probability, over time-varying, frequency-selective multipath Rayleigh fading channels. The adopted propagation model follows the COST207 norm, main international standards reference for GSM, UMTS, and EDGE applications. The results show the wavelet coding s efficiency against the inter symbolic interference which characterizes these communication scenarios. This robustness of the presented technique enables its usage in different environments, bringing it one step closer to be applied in practical wireless communication systems / A codifica??o wavelet surgiu como uma t?cnica de codifica??o de canal alternativa para minimizar os efeitos destrutivos dos canais de comunica??o sem fio caracterizados pelo desvanecimento. Esse trabalho avalia o desempenho de sistemas com codifica??o wavelet, em termos de probabilidade de erro de bit, sobre canais de comunica??o com desvanecimento Rayleigh variante no tempo e m?ltiplos percursos seletivos em frequ?ncia. O modelo de propaga??o adotado segue a norma COST207, principal refer?ncia dos padr?es internacionais para aplica??es GSM, UMTS e EDGE. Os resultados demonstram a efici?ncia da t?cnica no combate a interfer?ncia inter-simb?lica, caracter?stica desses cen?rios de comunica??o. Essa robustez habilita o uso da t?cnica em diferentes ambientes, trazendo-a um passo ainda mais pr?ximo de ser aplicada em sistemas pr?ticos de comunica??o sem fio

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Em suma, esta tese propõe uma metodologia de acompanhamento de interfaces móveis que baseia-se no método dos conjuntos de nível aqui chamado de método das curvas de nível, uma denominação baseada nas aplicações em que as interfaces são representadas por curvas acoplado a uma implementação semi-Lagrangeana, para problemas em meios porosos. Embora esta técnica possa, em princípio, ser aplicada a qualquer problema físico que apresente uma interface móvel, nesta tese são focados escoamentos em meios porosos consolidados e saturados por um ou dois fluidos imiscíveis e incompressíveis. Adicionalmente, um método iterativo paralelizável para a resolução de sistemas de equações lineares definidos em redes, que podem ser reduzidos à forma das equações fundamentais de equilíbrio, é empregado na determinação dos campos de velocidade associados aos escoamentos em meios porosos. O cenário semi-Lagrangeano acoplado ao método das curvas de nível é comparado com a implementação utilizando o bem conhecido esquema up-wind. Um exaustivo estudo realizado revela a superioridade da metodologia proposta frente à concorrente utilizando o up-wind. Finalmente, o método das curvas de nível com implementação semi-Lagrangeana (método semi-Lagrangeano das curvas de nível), e o método iterativo para a determinação do campo de velocidades são aplicados no estudo de problemas transientes em meios porosos que apresentam instabilidades dos tipos Saffman-Taylor e Rayleigh-Taylor. Este estudo envolve uma análise de estabilidade linear, a introdução de diversas perturbações trigonométricas na interface e a sua evolução não-linear. / Briefy, this thesis proposes a method for capturing moving interfaces based on the level set method coupled to a Semi-Lagrangian implementation for problems in porous media. Although this method could, in principle, be applied to any physical problem with moving interfaces, we foccus, in this thesis, on flows inside a consolidated porous media saturated by one or two imiscible and incompressible fluids. Besides, a parallelizable iterative method for solving linear systems defined on a network that can be reduced to the fundamental equilibrium equations, is employed to determine the velocity field associated with the flow in a porous medium. The semi-Lagrangian scheme coupled with the level set method is compared with the well-known implementation with the up-wind scheme. An exhaustive study is performed and reveals the superiority of the proposed scheme in relation to the competing one using the up-wind method. Finally, the level set method with semi-Lagrangian implementation and the iterative method for determining the velocity field are applied to the study of transient problems in porous media which present Saffman-Taylor and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. This study involves the application of a linear stability analysis, the introduction of several trigonometric perturbations to the interface and its non-linear evolution.

Apresentamos os resultados do estudo das não-linearidades ópticas de origem eletrônica de duas moléculas da classe dos oligômeros de anilina: o dímero e o tetrâmero. Foram medidas quatro concentrações de tetrâmero, puras e também dopadas em 33 e 100%; uma de dímero pura e outra dopada em 100%. As soluções foram preparadas usando dimetil-sulfóxido (DMSO) como solvente e a dopagem foi realizada com ácido clorídrico. As amostras foram caracterizadas por medidas de absorção linear e fluorescência antes das medidas não-lineares. Obtivemos os valores da primeira hiperpolarizabilidade (?) para todas as amostras, o índice de refração não-linear (n2) do tetrâmero dopado e não dopado, e a absorção não-linear em função da intensidade e da concentração do tetrâmero. As medidas foram realizadas através das técnicas de Varredura-Z, absorção não-linear e espalhamento Hiper-Rayleigh. Os resultados foram interpretados em termos da comparação entre diferentes estados de dopagem e da variação da seção de choque do estado fundamental para o primeiro excitado. / We report on the study of electronic optical non linearities in two aniline oligomers: dimer and the tetramer. Four tetramer concentrations were measured, pure and also 33 and 100% doped; one of dimer non doped another 100% doped. The solutions were prepared using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent and the doping was performed with hydrochloric acid. The samples were characterized by measurements of linear absorption and fluorescence. We obtained the values of the first hyperpolarizability (?) for all samples, the non linear index of refraction (n2) for non doped and doped tetramer, and the non linear absorption in function of intensity and concentration of the tetramer. The measurements were accomplished through the techniques of Z-Scan, non linear absorption and Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering. The results were interpreted in terms of the comparison among different doping states and of the variation of cross-section for the transition from ground to the first excited states.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work reports on the optical properties of chalcones molecules in solution, using methanol as solvent. For the characterization of the linear optical properties, were obtained absorbance spectra. While for the characterization of the nonlinear optical properties, it has been used techniques hyper-Rayleigh scattering and Z-scan. Using hyper-Rayleigh scattering technique, were determined the first hyperpolarizabilities of the molecules studied. With the Z-scan technique, we could obtain the two-photon absorption spectra at several wavelengths in the range of 480 to 790 nm. From the two-photon absorption spectra were possible to determine the coefficients of two-photon absorption and their respective cross section. The results help to understand the effects of substituents added to the basic structure of chalcones in both linear optical properties as nonlinear. / Neste trabalho, estudamos as propriedades ópticas de moléculas de chalconas em solução, usando o metanol como solvente. Para a caracterização das propriedades ópticas lineares foram determinados os espectros de absorção. Na caracterização das propriedades ópticas não lineares foram utilizadas as técnicas de espalhamento hiper-Rayleigh e de varredura-Z. Utilizando a técnica de espalhamento hiper-Rayleigh foram determinadas as primeiras hiperpolarizabilidades das moléculas estudadas. Com a técnica de varredura-Z conseguimos obter os espectros de absorção de dois fótons em vários comprimentos de onda no intervalo dos 480 aos 790 nm. A partir dos espectros de absorção de dois fótons foi possível determinar o coeficiente da absorção de dois fótons e sua respectiva seção de choque. Os resultados ajudam a compreender os efeitos de substituintes, adicionados à estrutura básica das chalconas, tanto nas propriedades ópticas lineares quanto não lineares.

Compostos orgânicos constituem uma classe interessante de materiais para aplicações em óptica por apresentarem boa processabilidade, relativa facilidade para integração em dispositivos e, principalmente, pela possibilidade de otimização de suas propriedades ópticas através da engenharia molecular. Várias estratégias têm sido empregadas para sintetizar moléculas orgânicas, que exibam singificativos efeitos ópticos não lineares. Nesta direção, nos últimos anos moléculas multi-ramificadas vêm sendo produzidas com o objetivo de intensificar efeitos não lineares, já que estas podem exibir um forte efeito cooperativo entre seus ramos. Nesta tese estudamos a relação da absorção de dois fótons (A2F) e da primeira hiperpolarizabilidade com a estrutura molecular, para um conjunto de nove derivados de trifenilamina com diferentes grupos aceitadores de elétrons arranjadas em geometrias dipolar, quadrupolar e octopolar. O processo A2F foi estudados através da técnica de Varredura-Z, enquanto que a primeira hiperpolarizabilidade foi caracterizada pela técnica de espelhamento hiper Rayleigh. Os dados experimentais para a absorção de dois fótons revelaram espectros bem definidos, com valores razoáveis de seção de choque na região do visível e infravermelho próximo. Observamos ainda um engrandecimento para a seção de choque de A2F para as moléculas quadrupolares. Os resultados obtidos para a primeira hiperpolarizabilidade (β) mostraram que moléculas quadrupolares apresentam maior β do que as dipolares e octopolares, portanto, nossos resultados permitem concluir que o acoplamento eletrônico entre os ramos contribuem fortemente para a seção de choque por A2F e β nas moléculas quadrupolares, não sendo este processo relevante nas moléculas octopolares. Todos os resultados foram interpretados por meio de estudos teóricos empregando a teoria do funcional da densidade (DFT). / Organic compounds constitute an interesting class of materials for optical applications due to their excellent processability, easy integration into devices and, mainly, the possibility of optimizing its optical properties through molecular engineering. Several strategies have been employed to synthesize organic molecules, which exhibit significant nonlinear optical effects. In this direction, in the last few years multi-branched molecules have been obtained aiming at intensifying nonlinear optical effects, since they may exhibit a strong cooperative effect among their branches. On this thesis we have studied the relationship of two-photon absorption (2PA) and first hyperpolarizability with the molecular structure of a group of nine triphenylamine derivatives attached to distinct electron acceptor groups arranged in dipole, quadrupole and octopolar geometries. The 2PA process was studied by Z-scan technique, while the first hyperpolarizability was characterized by the hyper-Rayleigh scattering technique. The experimental data for two-photon absorption revealed well-defined spectra with reasonable cross section magnitude in the visible and near infrared range. We also observed an enhancement of the 2PA cross-section for the quadrupolar molecules in comparison to the dipolar and octopolar ones. The results obtained for the first hyperpolarizability (β) shown that the quadrupolar molecules present higher β than the dipolar and octopolar, suggesting that the electronic coupling between the branches strongly contribute to the 2PA cross-section and β in quadrupolar molecules, being not relevant in the octopolar molecules. All results were interpreted through theoretical studies based on the density functional theory (DFT).

Un système microfluidique à onde élastique de surface a été développé dans le but de réaliser une réaction d'amplification de brins d'ADN par PCR. Nous avons principalement étudié la température et l'uniformité de l'échauffement des gouttes irradiées par des ondes de type Rayleigh. Ces dernières sont générées à la surface d'un substrat piézoélectrique de Niobate de Lithium (LiNbO3). Nous avons pensé un système consommant le moins d'énergie électrique possible pour atteindre les températures désirées et permettant une meilleure uniformité de la température des gouttes. Pour cela, un dispositif à transducteur enterré a été réalisé sous une couche isolante de silice. Les gouttes sont ainsi directement posées sur le transducteur ce qui limite les pertes et améliore la répartition de la chaleur au sein des gouttes. Nous avons ensuite vérifié que les réactifs de la PCR ne sont pas affectés par les ondes de Rayleigh ce qui laisse présager que la PCR peut être réalisée à l'aide d'un système d'échauffement par ondes de Rayleigh. Par ailleurs, le déplacement de goutte sur ce type de substrat de LiNbO3 est important pour des applications de type laboratoire sur puce. Ce substrat ayant des propriétés hydrophiles, des revêtements ont été développés afin de minimiser la force nécessaire à l'actionnement des gouttes. Dans ces travaux, nous proposons un nouveau type de couche à base de copolymère P(VDF-TrFe) dont la fabrication est simplement réalisée par dissolution et étalement par spin-coating. Nous avons montré que ce type de couche n'affecte que très peu la propagation des ondes de Rayleigh et les propriétés hydrophobes sont équivalentes à d'autres revêtements / In this work, a microfluidic system based on surface acoustic wave has been developed in order to achieve the amplification of DNA strands by temperature cycling (PCR). We studied mainly the temperature and the heat uniformity of microdroplets irradiated by Rayleigh waves. These waves are generated at the surface of a lithium niobate substrate. We propose a system allowing better temperature uniformity within microdroplets with an optimal energy consumption. For this, a device with buried transducer has been developed under an insulating layer (Silice). The droplets are then placed directly on the transducer which limits losses and improves the distribution of heat within the microdroplets. We then verified that the PCR reagents are not affected by the Rayleigh waves which suggests that PCR can be performed using a heating system by Rayleigh waves. Moreover, the move of microdroplets on this kind of LiNbO3 substrate is important for lab on chip applications. This substrate having hydrophilic properties, some coatings have been developed to minimize the required force to actuate the microdroplets. In this work, we developed a new hydrophobic layer based on copolymer P(VDF-TrFe) whose production is simply made by dissolving and spreading by spin-coating. We have shown that this kind of layer is compatible with Rayleigh waves and that the hydrophobic properties are equivalent to other coatings

Les différents dimensionnements et expériences de Fusion par Confinement Inertiel (FCI) en attaque directe comme indirecte montrent qu'une des principales limites à l'atteinte de l'ignition est l'instabilité de Rayleigh-Taylor (IRT) qui cause la rupture de la coquille de la cible en vol et potentiellement le mélange du combustible chaud du coeur avec celui, froid, de la coquille. La connaissance, la compréhension et la maîtrise des conditions initiales de ce mécanisme sont donc d'un grand intérêt. Nous présentons ainsi une étude expérimentale et théorique des conditions initiales de l'IRT ablative en attaque directe au travers de deux campagnes expérimentales réalisées sur le laser OMEGA (LLE, Rochester). La première campagne concerne l'étude de l'instabilité de Richtmyer-Meshkov (IRM) ablative imprimée par laser ; cette instabilité commence à se développer au début de l'irradiation laser et fixe l'ensemencement de l'IRT. Nous avons mis en place une configuration expérimentale qui a permis de mesurer l'évolution temporelle de l'IRM ablative imprimée par laser pour la première fois. Nous présentons ensuite une interprétation des résultats de cette expérience par des simulations hydrodynamiques réalisées avec le code CHIC, ainsi que par un modèle théorique de l'IRM ablative imprimée par laser. Nous montrons que le moyen le plus direct de contrôler cette instabilité est de réduire l'amplitude des défauts d'intensité laser. Ceci peut être accompli en utilisant des cibles couvertes par une couche de mousse de basse densité. Ainsi, lors de la deuxième campagne, nous avons étudié pour la première fois l'effet de mousses sous-denses sur la croissance de l'IRT ablative. Au cours de ces expériences, des feuilles de plastique recouvertes d'une couche de mousse ont été irradiées par un faisceau laser portant une perturbation d'intensité destinée à imprimer des modulations sur la cible. Différentes données expérimentales sont présentes : rétrodiffusion de l'énergie laser, dynamique de la cible obtenue par mesure de côté d'auto-émission et radiographies de face faisant apparaître l'effet des mousses sur les modulations de densité surfacique des cibles. Ces données ont ensuite été interprétées à l'aide de simulations CHIC et du code d'interaction laser-plasma PARAX. Nous montrons qu'une des mousses réduit l'amplitude des modulations de l'intensité laser d'un facteur 2. Par conséquent, cette thèse a donné lieu au développement de configurations expérimentales et d'un ensemble d'outils de dépouillement numériques pour l'étude approfondie des instabilités hydrodynamiques en FCI. / Numerous designs and experiments in the domain of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) show that, in both direct and indirect drive approaches, one of the main limitations to reach the ignition is the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI). It may lead to shell disruption and performance degradation of spherically imploding targets. Thus, the understanding and the control of the initial conditions of the RTI is of crucial importance for the ICF program. In this thesis, we present an experimental and theoretical study of the initial conditions of the ablative RTI in direct drive, by means of two experimental campaigns performed on the OMEGA laser facility (LLE, Rochester). The first campaign consisted in studying the laser-imprinted ablative Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) which starts at the beginning of the interaction and seeds the ablative RTI.We set up an experimental configuration that allowed to measure for the first time the temporal evolution of the laser-imprinted ablative RMI. The experimental results have been interpreted by a theoretical model and numerical simulations performed with the hydrodynamic code CHIC. We show that the best way to control the ablative RMI is to reduce the laser intensity inhomogeneities. This can be achieved with targets covered by a layer of a low density foam. Thus, in the second campaign, we studied for the first time the effect of underdense foams on the growth of the ablative RTI. A layer of low density foam was placed in front of a plastic foil, and the perturbation was imprinted by an intensity modulated laser beam. Experimental data are presented : backscattered laser energy, target dynamic obtained by side-on selfemission measurement, and face-on radiographs showing the effect of the foams on the target areal density modulations. These data were interpreted using the CHIC code and the laser-plasma interaction code PARAX. We show that the foams noticeably reduce the amplitude of the laser intensity inhomogeneities and the level of the subsequent imprinted ablation front modulations. In conclusion, this thesis allowed us to develop an experimental platform and a suite of numerical tools for future, more detailed studies of hydrodynamic instabilities for ICFapplications.

Ce travail de thèse consiste en la conception et l'analyse d’un système d'exposition des animaux in vivo avec les signaux Wi-Fi dans une chambre réverbérante. La nouvelle méthode d'excitation est appliquée avec 6 antennes qui fonctionnent aléatoirement pour avoir un champ plus homogène et des ondes venant de toutes les directions. Cette configuration permet d'éviter une grande taille du brasseur de la chambre réalisée. La répartition de puissance chez les rats est étudiée par la méthode hybride de simulation-mesure. La puissance incidente est enregistrée de même que le champ au centre de la chambre. Le rapport de la puissance incidente sur E carré moyenné est déterminé. La méthode FDTD est choisie pour la simulation et permet d’analyser la répartition de la puissance absorbée par les rats. La distribution du champ dans la chambre suit une statistique de Rayleigh comme il a été prouvé par les études et les mesures. Donc, la boîte de Huygens est utilisée pour émettre des ondes planes aléatoires (avec les paramètres suivant distribution Rayleigh) et exposer les rats. On peut alors obtenir le rapport de DAS pour le corps entier chez les rats sur E carré moyenné dans la chambre. Donc il est possible de relier le DAS corps entier chez les rats et la puissance d’entrée dans la chambre à E carré moyenné. Une autre méthode de simulation est aussi appliquée pour vérifier ce résultat. L’évaluation de la variabilité des résultats pour plusieurs paramètres à différents âges des rats est effectuée. En générale, les sources de variabilité sont classifiées selon trois parties : simulation, mesure, et interface entre les deux. Le DAS corps entier chez les rats pendant toute la période d’exposition avec le domaine de variabilité sont présentés dans ce travail. Cette étude pourra être utilisée afin d'évaluer des résultats d’une exposition à long terme des animaux. Elle pourra aussi servir à caractériser le champ dans des environnements domestiques et urbains / This thesis dedicates to design and analysis for the animal in vivo Wi-Fi exposure system by reverberation chamber. 6 random functioned antennas are deployed in the reverberation chamber to radiate the rats with homogenous field and Omni-direction waves. So, there is no significant size stirrer in the system. Power absorption by rats is studied by the simulation-measurement hybrid method. In this method, by measurement, incident power and the mean squared E in the system are recorded. The ratio these factors are obtained. For simulation, FDTD is chosen to analyse the power absorption by the rats. E distribution in reverberation chamber is proved as Rayleigh statistics by studies and measurements. One Huygens box is constructed to radiate the rats. There is no need to realise the wall, the antennas and the accessories of the system. So the whole body averaged SAR can be obtained with the mean squared E in the chamber. Then whole body averaged SAR is linked with the incident power. One other method has also been applied to verify the results. Evaluation of the result variability depending on different parameters of rats with different ages is performed. The variability comes from simulation, measurement and interface between these two parts. Whole body averaged SAR with the variability domain on function of the rat's age is presented in this thesis. This work can be used to evaluate the long term animal exposition. It can also serve to characterise the field in modern domestic and urban environments

Rotating and non-rotating beams are widely used to model important engineering struc-tures. Hence, the vibration analyses of these beams are an important problem from a structural dynamics point of view. Depending on the beam dimensions, they are mod-eled using different beam theories. In most cases, the governing differential equations of these types of beams do not yield any simple closed-form solutions; hence we look for the inverse problem approach in determining the beam property variations given certain solutions. The long and slender beams are generally modeled using the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. Under the premise of this theory, we study (i) the second mode tailoring of non-rotating beams having six different boundary conditions, (ii) closed-form solutions for free vibration analysis of free-free beams, (iii) closed-form solutions for free vibration analysis for gravity-loaded cantilever beams, (iv) closed-form solutions for free vibration analysis of rotating cantilever and pinned-free beams and (v) beams with shared eigen-pair. Short and thick beams are generally modeled using the Timoshenko beam theory. Here, we provide analytical closed-form solutions for the free vibration analysis of ro-tating non-homogeneous Timoshenko beams. The Rayleigh beam provides a marginal improvement over the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory without venturing into the math-ematical complexities of the Timoshenko beam theory. Under this theory, we provide closed-form solutions for the free vibration analysis of cantilever Rayleigh beams under three different axial loading conditions - uniform loading, gravity-loading and centrifu-gally loaded. We assume simple polynomial mode shapes which satisfy the different boundary conditions of a particular beam, and derive the corresponding beam property variations. In case of the shared eigenpair, we use the mode shape of a uniform beam which has a closed-form solution and use it to derive the stiffness distribution of a corresponding axially loaded beam having same length, mass variation and boundary condition. For the Timoshenko beam, we assume polynomial functions for the bending displacement and the rotation due to bending. The derived properties are demonstrated as benchmark analytical solutions for approximate and numerical methods used for the free vibration analysis of beams. They can also aid in designing actual beams for a pre-specified frequency or nodal locations in some cases. The effect of different parameters in the derived property variations and the bounds on the pre-specified frequencies and nodal locations are also studied for certain cases. The derived analytical solutions can also serve as a benchmark solution for different statistical simulation tools to find the probabilistic nature of the derived stiffness distri-bution for known probability distributions of the pre-specified frequencies. In presence of uncertainty, this flexural stiffness is treated as a spatial random field. For known probability distributions of the natural frequencies, the corresponding distribution of this field is determined analytically for the rotating cantilever Euler-Bernoulli beams. The derived analytical solutions are also used to derive the coefficient of variation of the stiffness distribution, which is further used to optimize the beam profile to maximize the allowable tolerances during manufacturing.

Au cours de ce travail, la génération de second harmonique optique des molécules biologiques a été étudiée. Cette technique optique non linéaire possède un caractère cohérent qui permet d’accéder aux propriétés de symétrie des molécules dont la taille est très inférieure aux longueurs d’onde optiques visibles utilisées et l’hyperpolarisabilité quadratique des acides aminés aromatiques a été mesurée en solution par diffusion non linéaire. L’hyperpolarisabilité des acides aminés non aromatiques a été obtenue de manière indirecte grâce à des mesures effectuées sur le collagène, une protéine ne contenant pas d’acide aminé aromatique. Le collagène possède en fait une très forte réponse non linéaire et fait l’objet d’études intenses en microscopie optique non linéaire. Par un modèle de sommation cohérente des champs harmoniques réémis, l’origine de la très forte efficacité non linéaire de cette protéine, liée à sa grande rigidité et à son organisation spatiale en triple hélice, a pu être obtenue. En parallèle, l’étude de plusieurs petits peptides synthétiques possédant de un à quatre tryptophanes a permis de comprendre la construction de la réponse optique non linéaire de ces objets à partir de motifs répétés. Par ailleurs, pour apporter des informations supplémentaires sur les nano systèmes, un nouveau montage expérimental a été développé. La grande sensibilité du montage a permis notamment d’atteindre la sensibilité d’une seule particule dans le volume sondé et de mettre en place un système de cartographie en trois dimensions par diffusion Hyper Rayleigh. La démonstration a été réalisée pour des nanoparticules métalliques uniques d’argent piégées dans une matrice de gélatine / This thesis presents an experimental study of second-harmonic generation of biological molecules. The coherent nature of this process allows obtaining the symmetries of molecules whose size is less than the wavelengths used. The hyperpolarizabilities of aromatic amino acids were measured in solution and the hyperpolarizability of non-aromatic amino acids was measured indirectly through measurements on the collagen molecule. Thus, all the building blocks of proteins are characterized. Among the biological molecules, collagen has a very strong non-linear response despite the absence of harmonophore. A model of coherent summation of the fields reissued to understand the origin of the very high non-linear efficiency from the rigidity and the spatial arrangement of amino acids in triple helix. In the same way, the study of several peptides with one to four tryptophans has enabled us to quantify the importance of conformation and the ionic environment of proteins in the nonlinear response. To provide additional information on nano systems, a new setup has been developed, combining two beams of excitation. Thus, the dipole and quadrupole radiation are differentiated to obtain the symmetry of molecular arrangements. Finally, the great sensitivity of the setup allows mapping in three dimensions, with the Hyper Rayleigh scattering, singles metal nanoparticles catch in a gelatin matrix.