The simultaneous and successive cognitive processes of students with and without LD were investigated. 51 middle school students with and without learning disabilities in grades 7 and 8 were selected for the study. Based on reading performance on the WIAT-II reading decoding subtest, students were assigned to one of three research groups: Learning disabilities (LDB), students without learning disabilities who are below average readers (NLDB), and students without learning disabilities who are average readers (NLDA). The Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System (DNCAS) was administered to all students to determine simultaneous and successive processing proficiency. Independent samples t-tests were conducted to determine processing differences between LDB and NLDA; LDB and NLDB; and NLDB and NLDA. Significant simultaneous and successive cognitive processing differences between LDB and NLDB were not found. These results appear consistent with the existing literature, and call into question the effectiveness of the current definition of LD to discriminate between LD and non-LD students.

Inledning: Föreliggande litteraturstudie kommer att studera hur läs- och/eller terapihundar kan främja barns läslust och läsutveckling. I flera länder, främst i USA och Kanada är hund baserad pedagogik ett accepterat verktyg för skolan i utbildningssyfte.  Syfte: Att göra systematisk litteraturstudie om användningen av en läs- eller terapihund kan förbättra elevers läsförmåga och läslust och om de kan underlätta inlärningen av elever med särskilda behov.  Metod. Litteraturstudien redovisar resultatet från 15 artiklar. Resultaten indelades i olika teman och presenteras i tabell och löpande text.  Resultat. Enligt studierna kan man se en positiv utveckling gällande läsförmåga, uttal och ordförståelse hos de barn som får läsa högt för en hund. Barnen upplever mer glädje och motivation samt mer lust till att läsa om hunden är närvarande. Även barn med särskilda behov gynnas av hund baserad terapi.  Diskussion: Studien stödjer tidigare forskning och slutsatsen är att barn som får läsa för en hund kan utveckla sin läsförmåga och öka sin motivation för att läsa. / Introduction: This literature study will examine how reading- and/or therapy dogs can promote children´s motivation to read and develop their reading skills. In many countries, primarily in USA and Canada, dog based education is an accepted tool in schools.  Aim:  The aim of the thesis is via a literature study explore whether students improve their reading ability and motivation to read with use of a dog. Also, the aim is to explore if dogs can facilitate learning to read for children with special needs.   Method: This thesis presents the results of 15 articles. The results have been categorized according to different themes and are presented in a table and in the current text.  Results: According to the studies there a positive development regarding reading ability, pronunciation and comprehension of the children who read out loud for a dog could be detected. The children experience higher joy, motivation and pleasure to read if a dog is present. Even children with special needs benefit from dog based therapy.  Discussion: This literature study supports previous research and the conclusion is that children who reads for dogs can develop their reading ability and increase the motivation to read.

Les élèves dyslexiques éprouvent de grandes difficultés à lire et à écrire. Leurs difficultés en production orthographique sont reconnues pour être persistantes. Elles peuvent être expliquées par un déficit des procédures phonologiques. Or, pour orthographier une langue alphabétique comme le français, il est indispensable de développer des connaissances phonologiques puisque l’entrée dans l’écrit repose en grande partie sur la mise en correspondance de la langue orale et de sa réalisation à l’écrit. En plus des connaissances phonologiques, le système orthographique du français exige du scripteur d’acquérir des connaissances visuo-orthographiques et morphologiques. Les recherches menées sur la compétence orthographique des élèves dyslexiques se rapportent majoritairement à l’anglais et sur la compétence en lecture. La présente étude a pour objectif général de décrire, dans une visée explicative, la compétence orthographique de 26 élèves dyslexiques québécois âgés de 9 à 13 ans. Les objectifs spécifiques sont de décrire les performances de ces élèves en contexte de productions libres et de les comparer à celles de 26 élèves normo-lecteurs de même âge chronologique (CA) et à celles de 29 normo-lecteurs plus jeunes mais de même niveau en lecture (CL). Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé les erreurs en prenant en compte les propriétés phonologiques, visuo-orthographiques et morphologiques des mots écrits. Les résultats indiquent que les élèves dyslexiques ont des performances inférieures à celles des CA, mais aussi, dans certains cas, à celles des CL. Les résultats sont discutés en fonction des connaissances que doivent développer les scripteurs dyslexiques et des pistes orthodidactiques à envisager. / Learning to spell is very difficult for dyslexic children. Their difficulties to spell are known to be persistent. It can be explained by a deficit in processing phonological information. However, in order to spell correctly in an alphabetic language as French, phonological knowledge is required, as spelling is based on the connections between oral and written language. In addition to phonological knowledge, the orthographical system of French demands from the speller to acquire visual-orthographic and morphological knowledge. The majority of studies aimed at describing dyslexic children’s spelling abilities refers to English and to reading. The general goal of this study is to describe the spelling performance, in an explanatory viewpoint, of 26 dyslexic children, French-Canadian and aged 9 to 12 years old. The specific goals are to describe the spelling performances of these pupils in context of free productions and to compare them to those of 26 normally achieving children matched on age (AC) and to those of 29 younger normally achieving children matched on reading-level (RC). To do so, errors were classified according to phonological, visuo-orthographic and morphological properties of French written words. The results indicate that the dyslexic pupils made performances lower than those of the CA, but sometimes also than those of the CL. The results are discussed according to the types of knowledge required to spell correctly in French and to special-education intervention avenues.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka stavningen i 20 elevtexter skrivna av elever som antingen var i eller utan lässvårigheter när de gick i årskurs 2. Undersökningen fokuserade på stavningens korrekthet och olika typer av stavfel samt jämförde likheter och skillnader mellan texterna skrivna av elever i och utan lässvårigheter. Materialet bestod av elevtexter som skrevs under den fria narrativa skrivuppgiften i det nationella ämnesprovet i svenska i årskurs 3. Tio av elevtexterna var skrivna av elever som var i lässvårigheter i årskurs 2 och tio texter var skrivna av elever utan lässvårigheter i årskurs 2. För att kunna besvara studiens första forskningsfråga skapades frekvenslistor som presenterade antalet korrekt och inkorrekt stavade ord. För att kunna besvara studiens andra forskningsfråga användes analysmetoden Spelling Sensitivity Score (Masterson & Apel, 2010) där varje ord i elevtexterna analyserades med avseende på korrektheten i fonem-grafem-korrespondensen genom poängsättning från 3–0. Ett korrekt stavat fonem fick 3 poäng. Fonologiska stavfel tilldelades 2 poäng, ortografiska stavfel 1 poäng och utelämnade/tillagda grafem 0 poäng. Resultaten visade att eleverna utan lässvårigheter skrev texter med en signifikant större andel korrekt stavade ord än eleverna i lässvårigheter och att eleverna i lässvårigheter skrev texter som innehöll en signifikant större andel fonologiska stavfel än eleverna utan lässvårigheter. Vidare visade resultaten att texterna skrivna av eleverna utan lässvårigheter uppvisade en marginellt större andel ortografiska stavfel och utelämnade eller extra tillagda grafem än texterna skrivna av elever i lässvårigheter. Sammantaget antyder våra resultat att det är viktigt att stärka den fonologiska medvetenheten hos elever i lässvårigheter för att utveckla deras stavningsförmåga.

Les élèves dyslexiques éprouvent de grandes difficultés à lire et à écrire. Leurs difficultés en production orthographique sont reconnues pour être persistantes. Elles peuvent être expliquées par un déficit des procédures phonologiques. Or, pour orthographier une langue alphabétique comme le français, il est indispensable de développer des connaissances phonologiques puisque l’entrée dans l’écrit repose en grande partie sur la mise en correspondance de la langue orale et de sa réalisation à l’écrit. En plus des connaissances phonologiques, le système orthographique du français exige du scripteur d’acquérir des connaissances visuo-orthographiques et morphologiques. Les recherches menées sur la compétence orthographique des élèves dyslexiques se rapportent majoritairement à l’anglais et sur la compétence en lecture. La présente étude a pour objectif général de décrire, dans une visée explicative, la compétence orthographique de 26 élèves dyslexiques québécois âgés de 9 à 13 ans. Les objectifs spécifiques sont de décrire les performances de ces élèves en contexte de productions libres et de les comparer à celles de 26 élèves normo-lecteurs de même âge chronologique (CA) et à celles de 29 normo-lecteurs plus jeunes mais de même niveau en lecture (CL). Pour ce faire, nous avons analysé les erreurs en prenant en compte les propriétés phonologiques, visuo-orthographiques et morphologiques des mots écrits. Les résultats indiquent que les élèves dyslexiques ont des performances inférieures à celles des CA, mais aussi, dans certains cas, à celles des CL. Les résultats sont discutés en fonction des connaissances que doivent développer les scripteurs dyslexiques et des pistes orthodidactiques à envisager. / Learning to spell is very difficult for dyslexic children. Their difficulties to spell are known to be persistent. It can be explained by a deficit in processing phonological information. However, in order to spell correctly in an alphabetic language as French, phonological knowledge is required, as spelling is based on the connections between oral and written language. In addition to phonological knowledge, the orthographical system of French demands from the speller to acquire visual-orthographic and morphological knowledge. The majority of studies aimed at describing dyslexic children’s spelling abilities refers to English and to reading. The general goal of this study is to describe the spelling performance, in an explanatory viewpoint, of 26 dyslexic children, French-Canadian and aged 9 to 12 years old. The specific goals are to describe the spelling performances of these pupils in context of free productions and to compare them to those of 26 normally achieving children matched on age (AC) and to those of 29 younger normally achieving children matched on reading-level (RC). To do so, errors were classified according to phonological, visuo-orthographic and morphological properties of French written words. The results indicate that the dyslexic pupils made performances lower than those of the CA, but sometimes also than those of the CL. The results are discussed according to the types of knowledge required to spell correctly in French and to special-education intervention avenues.

Thepurpose of my study is to investigate pedagogues experience of working methodsto promote linguistic phonological development in pre-school children whoselanguage development is weak. The aim is further tohighlight the obstacles and opportunities that the pedagogues in the studyconsider to aggravate and stimulate the work of language development inchildren with weak phonological awareness and how the organization's designaffects the teachers 'work in this area. Today's society places highdemands on reading and writing skills for citizens who, in turn, place highdemands and good knowledge of reading and writing lessons for all educators andteachers. Through qualitative semistructured interviews, I interviewed fiveeducator active pre-school class. The five teaching educators are from fivedifferent schools in four municipalities. The results of the study have shownthat all educators work conscious language development with language games,more or less systematically and organized. The Bornholm model is the screeningmaterial and exercises used most frequently. The biggest obstacles theeducators need to deal with is the absence of colleagues. Then the planningtime that everyone considers necessary to provide quality education is lost.Factors that promote linguistic work on phonological awareness are commoncompetence development and collaboration in the work team. In my limited study,I have gained insight into how language development works in the municipalities.I have also received good examples of language development, fun working method andmethods.

Response to Intervention (RTI) is a multi-step approach to providing interventions to students within general and special education. This study investigated the relationship between elementary, middle, and high school teachers’ perceptions of RTI and (a) whether they taught general versus special education, (b) grade level taught, (c) knowledge level of RTI, and (d) presence in a school implementing RTI and participation in the process. Understanding teachers’ perceptions is of particular importance to school psychologists and can be used to ensure that teachers participate fully in the RTI process. Participants were given a questionnaire to complete that assessed their perceptions and knowledge of RTI. The findings revealed that differences in perceptions existed among teachers based on education level, grade level taught, RTI training received, knowledge level, and presence in a school implementing RTI. It was also found that those teachers with a low level of knowledge had more positive perceptions in regards to the benefit that RTI can have for teachers and students.