La prédiction de l’état de fissuration est un enjeu crucial pour l’analyse des structures en béton armé, qui nécessite le recours à la modélisation et à la simulation numérique. Le calcul par éléments finis des structures en béton armé pose au moins deux problèmes majeurs :d’une part il existe peu de modèles permettant de traiter à la fois l’initiation, la propagation et l’ouverture des fissures, d’autre part le diamètre généralement faible des armatures métalliques par rapport aux dimensions des structures étudiées nécessite des maillages particulièrement fins. On propose donc des solutions à ces deux problématiques basées sur l’utilisation de fonctions de niveau (level set). L’endommagement et la fissuration du béton sont modélisés à l’aide de l’approche TLS (Thick Level Set). Cette méthode,développée en tant que méthode de régularisation des modèles d’endommagement locaux, utilise une level set afin d’introduire une longueur caractéristique. Cela permet de rendre aisée la localisation de la position des fissures, et donc d’enrichir le champ de déplacement parla méthode des éléments finis étendus (X-FEM) afin de modéliser l’ouverture des macro-fissures. Concernant la modélisation des armatures, une nouvelle approche multidimensionnelle est proposée. Une représentation volumique des armatures par la méthode X-FEM est utilisée dans les zones d’intérêt afin d’obtenir des résultats précis tout en simplifiant la procédure de maillage, tandis qu’une représentation linéique est utilisée dans le reste de la structure afin de réduire le nombre de degrés de liberté du calcul. La méthode de transition développée ici permet d’assurer la cohérence des résultats obtenus / Prediction of cracking is a key point for the analysis ofreinforced concrete structures, which requires the use of Modeling and numerical simulation. The analysis of reinforced concrete structures using the finite element method raises two issues: on one hand, few models areable to deal with the initiation, the propagation and the opening of cracks, on the other hand the diameter of thereinforcements which is usually small compared to the dimensions of the structures necessitates very fine meshes. Some solutions to these two problematics areproposed, based on the use of level set functions.Damage and cracking of concrete are modeled using theThick Level Set (TLS) approach. This method,developped as a mean to regularize local damagemodels, uses a level set to introduce a characteristic length. It makes the location of the cracks easy, whichallows to enrich the displacement field with the eXtendedFinite Element Method (X-FEM) in order to model the macro-cracks opening. Concerning the modeling of thereinforcements, a new multidimensionnal approach isproposed. A volumic representation of the reinforcements with the X-FEM method is used in the zones of interest to get accurate results while simplifying the meshing process, whereas a lineic representation isused elsewhere to decrease the number of degrees of freedom. The developed transition method insures the consistency of the results.

Neste trabalho, propõe-se uma formulação não linear baseada no método dos elementos de contorno, para representação de domínios poro-elasto-plásticos reforçados. Esta formulação é apresentada para os casos saturado e não saturado. Para o problema poroso enrijecido um acoplamento com o método dos elementos finitos é empregado, e a técnica de mínimos quadrados permite a regularização dos deslocamentos e do vetor de forças de superfície ao longo das interfaces de acoplamento. São empregadas expressões analíticas para o tratamento das integrais de contorno e de domínio presentes na formulação do método dos elementos de contorno. A formulação de Biot é empregada para a descrição de meios porosos saturados e uma formulação energética baseada nos trabalhos de Coussy é adaptada para a extensão ao caso não saturado. Neste caso, a pressão capilar e energia das interfaces são levadas em consideração. O nível de saturação é descrito pelo modelo de Van Genuchten e o comportamento do esqueleto é descrito ou pelo modelo de Drucker-Prager ou pelo modelo de Cam-Clay modificado. O problema não linear obtido por uma descrição temporal associada a discretização espacial é resolvido pelo método de Newton-Raphson. No caso saturado, o operador tangente consistente é definido e utilizado para obtenção da solução do sistema. Exemplos numéricos são apresentados para validar a formulação proposta. / In this work a nonlinear formulation of the boundary element method (BEM) is proposed to deal with saturated and unsaturated poro-elasto-plastic 2D reinforced domains. To model reinforced porous domains a BEM/FEM (Finite Element Method) modified coupling technique is employed. The coupling is made by using the least square method to regularize the displacement and traction distributions along the interfaces. Analytical expressions have been derived for all boundary and domain integrals required for the formulation. The Biot formulation is used for the description of the saturated porous environments and an energetic consistent formulation based on work of Coussy is adopted for its extension to the framework of unsaturated porous media. In this case, the capillar pressure and the interface energy are taken into account. The Van Genuchten model is used for the determination of saturation level in non-saturated poro-elasto-plastic problems. The Drucker-Prager modified model if used for the saturated poro-elasto-plastic problems and the modified Cam-Clay model for the representation of non-saturated poro-elasto-plastic problems. For the saturated case, the consistent tangent operator is derived and employed inside a Newton procedure to solve non-linear problems. Numerical solutions are presented to validate the proposed models.

La microstructure des matériaux constitue un outil essentiel pour optimiser les propriétés mécaniques des structures et ainsi améliorer leurs performances. Ce manuscrit est organisé comme suit : - Dans le chapitre 1 nous introduisons les aspects généraux de la mécanique des renforts fibreux.- Dans le chapitre 2 nous rappelons certains concepts fondamentaux concernant la mécanique des milieux continus classiques et les théories de deuxième gradient.- Dans le chapitre 3 nous nous proposons de présenter une première modélisation des renforts fibreux de composites en mettant en place des modèles numériques discrets. Dans un deuxième moment nous introduisons une modélisation continue de deuxième gradient et nous montrons que les termes d’ordre supérieur permettent une description satisfaisante des effets de flexion locale sur-cités.- Dans le chapitre 4 on particularise le cadre général de la mécanique des milieux continus introduit dans le chapitre 2 au cas particulier des milieux continus 2D. - Dans le chapitre 5 nous introduisons une hypothèse cinématique forte sur les déformations ad- missibles, en supposant que les mèches du renfort considéré sont inextensibles. Une méthode numérique permettant de montrer certaines solutions concernant le cas du bias extension test est codée en Mathematica et les résultats obtenus sont discutés. / Generalized continuum theories may be good candidates to model micro-structured materials in a more appropriate way (both in the static and dynamic regime) since they are able to account for the description of the macroscopic manifestation of the presence of microstructure in a rather simplified way. 
The present manuscript is organized as follows: In chapter 1 a general description of fibrous composite reinforcements is given, with particular attention to the introduction of standard experimental tests which are used to characterize the micro- and macro-structural mechanical properties of such materials. In chapter 2 some fundamental issues concerning classical continuum mechanical models are recalled. Moreover, second gradient continuum models are introduced and discussed by means of the Principle of Virtual Work. Since the applications targeted in this manuscript are limited to static cases, we refrain here to treat the more general case including inertia effects. In chapter 3 we start analyzing some discrete and continuum models for the description of the mechanical behavior of 2D woven composites. At this stage of the manuscript, we want to show how some discrete numerical simulations allowed us to unveil some very special deformation modes related to the effect of the local bending of fibers on the overall macroscopic deformation of fibrous composite reinforcements. Such discrete simulations showed rather clearly that microscopic bending of the fibers cannot be neglected when considering the deformation of fibrous composite reinforcements. For this reason, we subsequently introduced a continuum model which is able to account for such microstructure-related effects by means of second gradient terms appearing in the strain energy density. In chapter 4 we reduce the general continuum mechanical framework introduced in Chapter 2 to the particular case of 2D continua. We put a strong accent on the geometric interpretation of second gradient deformation measures which are seen to be directly related to the in-plane curvatures of suitable coordinate lines. Such coordinate lines will be interpreted in the next chapters are the yarns of the considered 2D woven composite, so acquiring a direct physical sense. In chapter 5 we introduce a strong kinematical hypothesis on the admissible deformations, assuming that the yarns composing the woven reinforcements are inextensible. Such assumption allows us to build-up a simplified first gradient model for the behavior of 2D woven reinforcements which is still representative of their mechanical behavior. A constrained least Action principle is proposed and the associated integral Euler-Lagrange equations are presented. A numerical method allowing to show some solutions concerning the case of bias extension test is implemented in Mathematica and the obtained results are discussed.

As restaurações provisórias no tratamento reabilitador oral são de suma importância. Por isso é preocupante que os materiais utilizados para a execução das mesmas sejam críticos com relação à sua resistência e longevidade, principalmente, quando estas são executadas em tratamentos prolongados e/ou em espaços desdentados extensos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar em 4 grupos reforçados, compostos por 9 espécimes cada um, a resistência e o modo de fratura, de uma resina acrílica poli(metilmetacrilato) auto-polimerizável (Dencor® - Clássico®, São Paulo, SP, Brasil) utilizada para restaurações provisórias quando reforçada com fibras de vidro (Fibrante® e Interlig® - Angelus®, Londrina, PR, Brasil), fibras de aramida (Kevlar® - Du Pont®, USA) y fio ortodôntico &#x2205; 0, 7mm. E um grupo controle sem nenhum tipo de reforço, com a mesma quantidade de corpos de prova. A análise dos resultados (ANOVA, p < 0,05), para o teste de resistência, mostrou haver diferença estatística entre os grupos. O teste de Tukey encontrou que os grupos reforçados, aqueles que alcançaram maior média de resistência à fratura foram os que utilizaram a fibra de vidro trançada pré-impregnada com resina composta foto-polimerizável, Interlig® (1083 N); a fibra de vidro unidirecional préimpregnada com dimetacrilato de glicol, Fibrante® (1022 N) e a fibra de poli(aramida) unidirecional sem pré-impregnação, Kevlar® 29, aumentando em 26%, 22% e 17%, respectivamente, esta resistência em relação ao grupo controle (800 N), não havendo diferença estatística significante entre eles. O grupo reforçado com fio de aço com &#x2205; 0,7 mm (871 N) apareceu em seguida com uma resistência somente 8% maior e semelhante àquela apresentada pelo grupo controle sem reforço. A análise das fraturas concorreu com a elaboração de um novo sistema de classificação dividindo-as em quatro tipos: Ausente, Parcial, Total Não Separada e Total Separada. As fraturas dos espécimes reforçados foram consideradas mais favoráveis ocorrendo, predominantemente, os tipos Ausente e Parcial. / Provisional restorations are of ultimate importance in the oral rehabilitation treatment. Thus, clinicians have to bear in mind that materials used for their fabrication are critical due to its longevity and strength, when these are done for longterm therapy and/or large edentulous spaces. The aim of this work was to evaluate the flexural resistance and fracture mode of an auto-cure polymethylmetacrilate resin (Dencor® - Classico® , Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil) used for provisional restorations and reinforced with four materials. Samples were divided in four groups of nine each, as the following: glass fiber (Fibrante® and Interlig® Angelus®, Londrina, PR, Brasil), aramide fibers (Kevlar® Du Pont®, USA), and orthodontic wire &#x2205; 0,7mm. one group whitout reinforcement served as control. Data was submitted to statistical analysis with one-way ANOVA (p<.05) test. Results showed statistically significant difference among the groups. Tukeys test showed that glass-fiber Interlig® exhibited the greatest value of flexural strength (1083 N); followed by unidirectional glycol dimetacrylate glass-fiber Fibrante® (1022 N) and aramid fiber Kevlar® (966 N). These values represent 26%, 22% and 17% in relation to the control group (800 N), being non statistically significant difference observed among them. The group with &#x2205; 0,7mm orthodontic wire (871 N) had a resistance only 8% higher and similar of that of control group without reinforcement. Fracture analysis was conducted by the following scale: absence, partial, complete without separation, and complete with separation. Fracture modes observed on reinforced samples were considered more favorable, with types absent and partial seeing more frequently.

[pt] O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a evolução microestrutural de dois tipos de nanocompósitos metal/cerâmico: Cu-10(por cento)Ni-1(por cento)Al2O3 (Cu-rich) e Ni-10(por cento)Cu-1(por cento)Al2O3 (Ni-rich) consolidadas em forma de fitas. A obtenção de nanoparticulas precursoras às fitas se deu por uma rota química, (que compreende a decomposição térmica de nitratos metálicos, originando óxidos coformados (CuO-NiO-Al2O3), seguido da redução seletiva destes por hidrogênio). O pó constituído de nanopartículas metálicas CuNi de 20nm a 100nm, com dispersão de nanopartículas ainda mais finas de Al2O3, foi submetido a pressão uniaxial a frio, em forma de pastilhas, e posteriormente sinterizado por 30 minutos. As pastilhas foram laminadas a frio com redução de espessura em 40, 60 e 80 por cento. As fitas assim produzidas foram recozidas a 600 graus Celsius nas amostras Cu-rich e a 900 graus Celsius nas Ni-rich, durante 5, 30 e 300 minutos, gerando diferentes estados microestruturais em virtude de fenômenos de recuperação, recristalização e crescimento de grão, na presença do Al2O3 na matriz metálica. O estudo detalhado da evolução microestrutural foi realizado por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura, Feixe de Íons Focalizado e Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET), nos modos convencional e transmissão varredura (STEM), e em alta resolução (HRTEM). Tanto no MEV como no MET/STEM analises composicionais foram sistematicamente conduzidas por espectroscopia de dispersão de energia característica de raios x (EDXS). A preparação das amostras para MEV foi realizada por metodos metalogarficos convencionais e também submetidas a polimento por feixe de íons no instrumento MEV/FIB, quando necessário. As amostras transparentes ao feixe de elétrons para MET foram preparadas por métodos eletrolíticos convencionais e seletivos como o denominado jato duplo, assim como por feixe de íons no instrumento de precisão (PIPS) e em regiões especificas selecionadas extraindo lamelas através do FIB. Foi observado que as partículas cerâmicas não se dispersam homogeneamente na matriz metálica policristalina, mas se auto segregam em finos aglomerados seguindo o sentido da laminação e servindo como sítios preferenciais para a nucleação heterogênea de novos grãos, durante o fenômeno de recristalização no recozimento. Observa-se que nos lugares que o Al2O3 está presente o tamanho de grão, TG, é bem menor quando comparado com os lugares em ausência de Al2O3. De fato, observou-se sistematicamente que, principalmente nas amostras com alto grão de deformação ocorreram recristalização e crescimento de grão, gerando microestruturas bastante heterogêneas em quanto ao tamanho de grão, dando lugar a regiões da mostra com TG variando de 10nm a 100nm e regiões vizinhas na amostra com TG entre 1 um e 10 um. Medidas de microdureza comprovaram que as nanopartículas de Al2O3 agem como eficiente reforço, pois aumentou em até 100 porcento a dureza do material, quando comparado ao mesmo sem Al2O3. / [en] In this work it is evaluated the microstructural evolution of two types of metal/ceramic nanocomposites, Cu-10(percent)wt(percent)Ni-1(percent)Al2O3 (Cu-rich) and Ni-10Cu-1(percent)Al2O3 (Ni-rich), consolidated in ribbons. Initially, the precursor nanoparticles were obtained by a chemical route synthesis based on the thermal decomposition of Cu and Ni metal nitrates solution, as it generates co-formed oxides (CuO-NiOAl2O3). This material was selectively reduced by hydrogen in order to produce the nanocomposites. The CuNi matrix with particle size of about 20-100 nm containing a dispersion of even finer Al2O3 was uniaxially cold pressed into pellets and then aggregated by heating for 30 minutes. The treated pellets were cold rolled aiming a thickness reduction of 40, 60 and 80 (percent). The produced ribbons were then annealed at 600 degrees Celsius for Cu-rich samples and at 900 degrees Celsius for Nirich samples for periods of 5, 30 and 300 minutes. This step has produced different microstructural states due to phenomena of recovery, recrystallization and grain growth. The microstructural analysis was performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (MEV), Focused Ion Beam (FIB), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (MET). All of the studies included the conventional and scanning (STEM) modes and high resolution (HRTEM). Particularly, the SEM and TEM / STEM compositional analyzes were conducted by x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDXS). The preparation of the samples for MEV was performed by conventional metallography, if required, the samples were subject to ion beam polishing in the MEV / FIB instrument. Electron transparent samples were prepared by conventional double jet electropolishing of thin foils, ion milling in precision instrument (PIPS) as well as selected lamellae prepared by Focus Ion Beam (FIB).These studies indicate that the ceramic particles are not homogeneously disperse in the polycrystalline metal matrix, but they selfsegregate in fine agglomerates following the direction of the cold rolled, and serve as preferential sites for the heterogeneous nucleation of new grains, due to recrystallization phenomenon, during annealing. It has also been observed that in the regions with the presence of Al2O3 the grain size of the nanoparticles is smaller. Actually, in the samples with high grain of deformation, recrystallization and grain growth occurred, generating highly heterogeneous size for the microstructures (range about 50nm to 10um). Microhardness measurements have showed that Al2O3 is a good reinforcement, as it increased the hardness of the material by up to 100 percent when compared with the same material without Al2O3.

La technique du tissage consiste à créer un entrecroisement de fils perpendiculaires entre eux. Pour cela, il est nécessaire d'insérer un fil de trame à travers une nappe de fils de chaîne parallèles. L'étape de formation de la foule, consistant à séparer la nappe de chaîne pour libérer un espace d'insertion, est vecteur d'interactions interfilamentaires et de dommages induits dans la structure filamentaire. Un tel phénomène, rapporté au tissage de renforts de matériaux composites produit des dégradations de structure importantes et une diminution sensible des propriétés mécaniques du produit fini. Dans le contexte de la croissance du marché des matériaux composites haute performance à renforts tissés, il est nécessaire d'améliorer puis de maîtriser le procédé de tissage. Ainsi, pour optimiser le tissage d'étoffes multicouches à haute densité, nous disposons d’une machine Jacquard. Il s'agit d'une technique qui permet un pilotage individuel motorisé des fils de chaîne et qui offre des paramètres de foule particuliers. Le but de ces travaux sont d'étudier ces paramètres d'une part et de définir et analyser leurs effets sur le processus de tissage par ailleurs. Nous utilisons pour ces travaux du polyester multifilamentaire, ainsi qu'un dispositif de tissage particulier adapté au tissage technique multicouches. Nous constatons que le tissage multicouches de forte densité génère de nombreux frottements interfilamentaires qui dégradent les fils en provoquant de la fibrillation. L'observation de l'évolution de ce phénomène selon les différents paramètres Jacquard, permet tout d'abord de mieux le comprendre et le cerner. Elle permet ensuite de déterminer les configurations de tissage optimales pour assurer la qualité du tissage de renforts tissés. / Weaving basic structure is an orthogonally interlaced yarns plane, produced thanks to weft insertion across parallel warp yarns. Shedding is a major step for shed generation by warp yarns separation. Shedding may generate warp yarns interactions and yarn structure degradations because of density. Such a phenomenon becomes major with composite high density woven reinforcement where degradations and final product mechanical properties loss may become considerable. With high performance composites market growth, weaving process needs to be improved.A Jacquard shedding mechanism has been employed for high density multilayer woven fabric weaving optimization, as this technique enables warp yarns individual motorized driving with very particular shedding parameters. In this research, Jacquard shedding parameters have been studied so that their effects on the weaving process may be brought to light, with a specific weaving machine dedicated to multilayer weaving, where polyester multifilament yarns are used.It has been observed that high density multilayer weaving produces friction and many degradations during shedding between filaments because of the fibrillation phenomenon. Fibrillation has been examined and understood thanks to the observation of its evolution according to Jacquard shedding parameters. It has been the basis for optimal weaving parameter configurations which may be used for woven reinforcements composites quality improvement.

Les CMC oxyde/oxyde sont de bons candidats pour des applications thermostructurales. Le comportement mécanique et les mécanismes d’endommagement de deux composites alumine/alumine à renforts tissés bi- et tridimensionnels ont été étudiés et comparés. La microstructure de ces CMC à matrice faible a été caractérisée à partir de porosimétrie et de CND, tel que thermographie IR, scan ultrasonore et tomographie X, ce qui a permis de mettre en évidence la présence de défauts initiaux. Le comportement mécanique en traction, ainsi qu’en compression dansle cas du CMC à renfort bidimensionnel, dans la direction des fibres ainsi que dans la direction ±45°, aété étudié à température ambiante. Afin d’exploiter pleinement ces essais, nous avons eu recours à plusieurs méthodes d’extensométrie et de suivi d’endommagement, telles que la thermographie IR et l’émission acoustique. Les propriétés mécaniques à rupture ainsi que le module de Young du CMC à renfort bidimensionnel développé à l’Onera se sont avérées supérieures à celles disponibles dans la littérature. Les mécanismes d’endommagement des matériaux ont été déterminés à partir d’observations post mortem au MEB et d’essais in situ dans un MEB, ce qui a permis d’évaluer la nocivité des défauts initiaux. Enfin, l’étude du comportement mécanique de ces composites a permisde proposer un modèle d’endommagement tridimensionnel qui permettra de poursuivre le développement de ces matériaux grâce à du calcul de structure. A l’issue de cette thèse, des pistes d’amélioration des procédés d’élaboration et de choix d’instrumentation à utiliser pour les futures études, notamment en ce qui concerne le suivi d’endommagement, ont également été proposées. / Oxide/oxide CMCs are good candidates for thermostructural applications. Themechanical behaviour and damage mechanisms of two alumina/alumina composites with two andthree dimensional woven reinforcements were studied and compared. The microstructure of theseweak matrix CMCs was characterized by porosimetry and NDT methods, such as IR thermography,ultrasound scanning and X-ray tomography, which highlighted initial defects. The mechanicalbehaviour was studied through tensile tests, as well as compression tests in the case of the twodimensionalreinforced CMC. These tests were conducted at room temperature, in the fibres directionsand in the ±45° direction. In order to fully exploit these tests, several extensometry and damagemonitoring methods, such as IR thermography and acoustic emission, were used. Young’s moduli andmaximum stresses and strains of the two-dimensional reinforced CMC developed at Onera appearedto be higher than those available in the literature. The damage mechanisms of the materials weredetermined by post mortem SEM observations and in situ testing in a SEM, which made it possible toassess the nocivity of initial defects. Studying the mechanical behaviour of these composites finallyenabled the development of a three-dimensional damage model that will facilitate the furtherdevelopment of such materials, through finite element analysis. Finally, some improvements regardingthe manufacturing processes and the instrumentation for damage monitoring were suggested forfuture studies.

Neste trabalho, propõe-se uma formulação não linear baseada no método dos elementos de contorno, para representação de domínios poro-elasto-plásticos reforçados. Esta formulação é apresentada para os casos saturado e não saturado. Para o problema poroso enrijecido um acoplamento com o método dos elementos finitos é empregado, e a técnica de mínimos quadrados permite a regularização dos deslocamentos e do vetor de forças de superfície ao longo das interfaces de acoplamento. São empregadas expressões analíticas para o tratamento das integrais de contorno e de domínio presentes na formulação do método dos elementos de contorno. A formulação de Biot é empregada para a descrição de meios porosos saturados e uma formulação energética baseada nos trabalhos de Coussy é adaptada para a extensão ao caso não saturado. Neste caso, a pressão capilar e energia das interfaces são levadas em consideração. O nível de saturação é descrito pelo modelo de Van Genuchten e o comportamento do esqueleto é descrito ou pelo modelo de Drucker-Prager ou pelo modelo de Cam-Clay modificado. O problema não linear obtido por uma descrição temporal associada a discretização espacial é resolvido pelo método de Newton-Raphson. No caso saturado, o operador tangente consistente é definido e utilizado para obtenção da solução do sistema. Exemplos numéricos são apresentados para validar a formulação proposta. / In this work a nonlinear formulation of the boundary element method (BEM) is proposed to deal with saturated and unsaturated poro-elasto-plastic 2D reinforced domains. To model reinforced porous domains a BEM/FEM (Finite Element Method) modified coupling technique is employed. The coupling is made by using the least square method to regularize the displacement and traction distributions along the interfaces. Analytical expressions have been derived for all boundary and domain integrals required for the formulation. The Biot formulation is used for the description of the saturated porous environments and an energetic consistent formulation based on work of Coussy is adopted for its extension to the framework of unsaturated porous media. In this case, the capillar pressure and the interface energy are taken into account. The Van Genuchten model is used for the determination of saturation level in non-saturated poro-elasto-plastic problems. The Drucker-Prager modified model if used for the saturated poro-elasto-plastic problems and the modified Cam-Clay model for the representation of non-saturated poro-elasto-plastic problems. For the saturated case, the consistent tangent operator is derived and employed inside a Newton procedure to solve non-linear problems. Numerical solutions are presented to validate the proposed models.

As restaurações provisórias no tratamento reabilitador oral são de suma importância. Por isso é preocupante que os materiais utilizados para a execução das mesmas sejam críticos com relação à sua resistência e longevidade, principalmente, quando estas são executadas em tratamentos prolongados e/ou em espaços desdentados extensos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar em 4 grupos reforçados, compostos por 9 espécimes cada um, a resistência e o modo de fratura, de uma resina acrílica poli(metilmetacrilato) auto-polimerizável (Dencor® - Clássico®, São Paulo, SP, Brasil) utilizada para restaurações provisórias quando reforçada com fibras de vidro (Fibrante® e Interlig® - Angelus®, Londrina, PR, Brasil), fibras de aramida (Kevlar® - Du Pont®, USA) y fio ortodôntico &#x2205; 0, 7mm. E um grupo controle sem nenhum tipo de reforço, com a mesma quantidade de corpos de prova. A análise dos resultados (ANOVA, p < 0,05), para o teste de resistência, mostrou haver diferença estatística entre os grupos. O teste de Tukey encontrou que os grupos reforçados, aqueles que alcançaram maior média de resistência à fratura foram os que utilizaram a fibra de vidro trançada pré-impregnada com resina composta foto-polimerizável, Interlig® (1083 N); a fibra de vidro unidirecional préimpregnada com dimetacrilato de glicol, Fibrante® (1022 N) e a fibra de poli(aramida) unidirecional sem pré-impregnação, Kevlar® 29, aumentando em 26%, 22% e 17%, respectivamente, esta resistência em relação ao grupo controle (800 N), não havendo diferença estatística significante entre eles. O grupo reforçado com fio de aço com &#x2205; 0,7 mm (871 N) apareceu em seguida com uma resistência somente 8% maior e semelhante àquela apresentada pelo grupo controle sem reforço. A análise das fraturas concorreu com a elaboração de um novo sistema de classificação dividindo-as em quatro tipos: Ausente, Parcial, Total Não Separada e Total Separada. As fraturas dos espécimes reforçados foram consideradas mais favoráveis ocorrendo, predominantemente, os tipos Ausente e Parcial. / Provisional restorations are of ultimate importance in the oral rehabilitation treatment. Thus, clinicians have to bear in mind that materials used for their fabrication are critical due to its longevity and strength, when these are done for longterm therapy and/or large edentulous spaces. The aim of this work was to evaluate the flexural resistance and fracture mode of an auto-cure polymethylmetacrilate resin (Dencor® - Classico® , Sao Paulo, SP, Brasil) used for provisional restorations and reinforced with four materials. Samples were divided in four groups of nine each, as the following: glass fiber (Fibrante® and Interlig® Angelus®, Londrina, PR, Brasil), aramide fibers (Kevlar® Du Pont®, USA), and orthodontic wire &#x2205; 0,7mm. one group whitout reinforcement served as control. Data was submitted to statistical analysis with one-way ANOVA (p<.05) test. Results showed statistically significant difference among the groups. Tukeys test showed that glass-fiber Interlig® exhibited the greatest value of flexural strength (1083 N); followed by unidirectional glycol dimetacrylate glass-fiber Fibrante® (1022 N) and aramid fiber Kevlar® (966 N). These values represent 26%, 22% and 17% in relation to the control group (800 N), being non statistically significant difference observed among them. The group with &#x2205; 0,7mm orthodontic wire (871 N) had a resistance only 8% higher and similar of that of control group without reinforcement. Fracture analysis was conducted by the following scale: absence, partial, complete without separation, and complete with separation. Fracture modes observed on reinforced samples were considered more favorable, with types absent and partial seeing more frequently.

Le procédé de thermo-estampage est une voie intéressante pour la production en grande série de pièces composites. Cependant ce procédé est complexe à maitriser et simuler, en raison des phénomènes multi-physiques mis en jeu (déformation textiles, choc thermique, frottements...) ce qui engendre des campagnes par essai-erreurs qui peuvent être très coûteuses. Cette étude s'intéresse à la mesure et à la caractérisation du procédé d'estampage et des matériaux utilisés afin de simuler le refroidissement de la matrice et la mise en forme du textile. Des défauts récurrents sont évoqués ainsi que des solutions industrielles afin de les résoudre. La simulation thermique permet de déterminer le temps de consolidation nécessaire afin d'optimiser les temps de production en fonction des matériaux et de leur épaisseur. La simulation de la mise en forme textile permet de prédire la faisabilité d'une pièce et l'orientation des fibres afin de définir au mieux les pièces suivant les cas de charges statiques et dynamiques. Les apports de ce travail sont les suivants : la réalisation de mesures thermiques du flan durant un estampage et du choc thermique en surface du stratifié, la réalisation d'une méthodologie efficiente pour analyser la faisabilité d'une pièce complexe dans un contexte industriel grâce à des simulations de mise en forme couplées à des essais expérimentaux. Enfin une méthode d'analyse du comportement en cisaillement plan, pour des renforts dont les fils de chaîne et de trames ne sont pas orthogonaux est proposée. / The thermo-stamping process is a promising way for the mass production of the composite parts. However this process is complex to master and simulate due to the multi-physics background (textile deformation, thermal shock, rubbing...) and trial and error tests campaigns can be expensive. This study focuses on the measurement and assessment of the process and materials behaviour, to simulate the cooling down of the matrix and the forming of the woven. Typical defects are mentioned as well as associated industrial solutions to solve them. The simulation makes it possible to determine the consolidation time necessary in order to optimize the manufacturing time as a function of the material used and of its thickness. Furthermore the forming simulation shows the feasibility of the part and the fibre orientation to design the product for the static and crash cases. The contributions of this work are the following: thermal measurements of the pre-consolidated plate during the stamping phase and the thermal chock at the surface of the composites, an efficient method to analyse the feasibility of a complex shape in an industrial context is proposed through forming simulations compared to the experiment. Finally, a methodology for the analysis of the in-plane shearing behaviour of a woven fabric with non-orthogonal warp and weft yarn is proposed.