Gender equality and women empowerment are two of the most up-to-date concerns on the international arena today. Several methods are being adopted with the aim to allow women’s equal social, economic and political participation. Entrepreneurship has been highlighted as a useful tool to foster women’s empowerment and hence the promotion of entrepreneurship has become a prominent approach in modern development efforts.   In Uganda, women constitute the majority of the informal labour force and are widely engaged in micro-business activities. Thus, this ethnographically inspired research aimed to assess if entrepreneurship can contribute to increased social power among female entrepreneurs in urban and suburban Kampala, Uganda. To do this, John Friedmann’s (Dis)empowerment model has been used as the main frame of interpretation. To fit into the context of women, it has been complemented with a gender analysis in order to identify the structural inequalities that may constrain the empowering impact of entrepreneurship.   This research was carried out as a field study in Kampala City and in three Kampala suburbs: Kyaliwajjala, Kireka and Kinawataka. It was financed by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA) and was conducted during nine weeks in September-November 2014. In total, 45 interviews were carried out with local business women as well as with local representatives and stakeholders in women entrepreneurship and women empowerment.   The conclusions drawn from this study is that entrepreneurship has contributed to increased social power among the women participating in this research, but that traditional gender norms and structures can constrain the empowering process. Greater economic responsibilities have not eased women’s obligations in the domestic sphere and thus created a double burden.

Submitted by Ana Carla Almeida (ana.almeida@ucsal.br) on 2017-12-27T15:44:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEPATRICIAMARTINS.pdf: 1762084 bytes, checksum: 178f2429fcf9c3b1be39c9cff2f38735 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rosemary Magalhães (rosemary.magalhaes@ucsal.br) on 2017-12-27T17:46:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEPATRICIAMARTINS.pdf: 1762084 bytes, checksum: 178f2429fcf9c3b1be39c9cff2f38735 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-27T17:46:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TESEPATRICIAMARTINS.pdf: 1762084 bytes, checksum: 178f2429fcf9c3b1be39c9cff2f38735 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-28 / Na contemporaneidade as mulheres estão cada vez mais presentes no mundo do trabalho. A maternidade já não é mais sua única identidade. Algumas mulheres externam sua não adesão ao projeto maternal, ainda que a maioria queira. Desenvolver um projeto profissional, ter uma profissão, renda própria e autonomia, se constituem tão importantes quanto a escolha de ter filhos. As mulheres estão a desenvolver uma dinâmica de conciliação do trabalho produtivo com o reprodutivo. As profissionais de saúde, entre outras, enfrentam esta realidade. Na área da saúde e, em especial, nos hospitais identificam-se características diferenciadas, tais como plantões diuturnos de 12 e 24h, em feriados, finais de semana e datas especiais, excesso de demanda de atendimento, pessoas em crise e em sofrimento. Este conjunto de circunstâncias específicas impõe mais desafios para essa conciliação entre as atividades laborais e a maternais. Nesta pesquisa indagou-se como as profissionais de saúde de emergências hospitalares públicas vivenciam a dinâmica de conciliação entre o trabalho e a maternidade? O objetivo geral foi analisar a dinâmica de conciliação do trabalho em saúde com a maternidade entre as profissionais de emergência de hospitais públicos baianos. Os objetivos específicos foram: o de analisar as condições de trabalho das profissionais de saúde nas emergências públicas e no seu contexto familiar; desvendar as estratégias utilizadas para os exercícios do trabalho nas Emergências e da Maternidade pelas profissionais de saúde; identificar o lugar das dimensões subjetivas das profissionais de saúde enquanto trabalhadoras, mães e mulheres entre o trabalho em saúde e o da maternidade. Optou-se pelo método qualitativo, desenvolvendo entrevistas com profissionais de saúde atuantes na assistência de emergências hospitalares públicas da Bahia, por período igual e superior a um ano, desde que mães de filhos ainda crianças. Suas falas foram analisadas pela técnica nominada análise de conteúdo. As participantes autorizaram mediante o consentimento livre e esclarecido, havendo prévio documento de aceite dos dois hospitais campo de estudo, no interior e na capital. Foram observados os trâmites e requerimentos éticos. Os resultados estão apresentados na versão de artigos, sendo o primeiro de revisão de literatura sobre o adiamento da maternidade e sua relação com a queda da taxa de fecundidade. Os artigos seguintes foram construídos a partir de perguntas norteadoras e escritos com o conteúdo das entrevistas. Um aborda as estratégias de conciliação do trabalho nas emergências com a maternidade. Outro artigo discute como as mulheres desenvolvem o dia a dia da maternidade. O seguinte trata sobre a participação dos maridos/companheiros na dinâmica de conciliação do trabalho produtivo com o reprodutivo enquanto o último artigo analisa a rede de apoio utilizada por estas mulheres. Na conclusão, constatadas as dificuldades para o exercício dessa conciliação, seja pelas condições e organização do trabalho nos hospitais ainda muito rígidas e pouco afeitas às especificidades e necessidades das mulheres, como também na insatisfação da pouca participação dos cônjuges, que insistem no discurso de atividades domésticas e cuidados com os filhos como funções femininas, fruto da divisão sexual do trabalho, presente na realidade brasileira. Identificados os sentimentos de culpa por se acharem ausentes, desejosas de passarem mais tempo com seus filhos, responsáveis pela alimentação, educação e cuidados sanitários destes, contando com apoio de alguns cônjuges, de suas mães, as avós maternas e outras pessoas do sexo feminino da família, algumas contratando o serviço de empregadas domésticas, não utilizando creches e outros equipamentos disponibilizados pelas políticas públicas. Conclui-se pela necessidade de apoio aos movimentos feministas na defesa de uma nova divisão do trabalho, com mulheres e homens em condição de igualdade nos distintos ambientes laborais, o produtivo e o reprodutivo. Destaca-se, afinal, a relevância e a atualidade do debate sobre as condições de trabalho nos hospitais públicos brasileiros exercido essencialmente por mulheres e, talvez, por isso mesmo tão precário. / Nowadays, women are getting more and present in the working world. Maternity is no longer their only identity. Some women express their non-adherence to the maternity project, even though the majority still wants it. To develop a professional project, to have a profession, an income and autonomy are as important to them as the choice of having children. Women are developing a conciliation procedure of the productive and the reproductive work. Women who are healthcare professionals, among others, face this reality. In the healthcare field, and especially in hospitals, it is possible to find specific working conditions as shifts of 12 and 24 hours, including holidays, weekends and special dates, excessive service demand, people in crisis and suffering. This particular set of circumstances poses more challenges for the conciliation between labor activities and motherhood. This research discusses how professional health care women who work in the emergency service of public hospitals experience the conciliation procedure between work and maternity. The general objective was to analyze the conciliation dynamic of the healthcare work and maternity among emergency professionals of public Bahian hospitals. The specific objectives were: analyze the working conditions of the healthcare professionals in public emergency rooms and their family context; unveil the strategies used by them to deal with emergency work and maternity; identify the subjective place occupied by these professionals as workers, mothers and women between healthcare work and maternity. The quantitative method was chosen for this research, developing interviews with healthcare professionals acting in the emergency assistance of public hospitals for a period equal or superior to a year, and mothers of small children. The responses were analyzed by the content analysis technique The participants authorized the interviews through a free and informed consent, with a previous acceptance document from two hospitals, one in the interior of the state and one in the capital. All ethical requirements were observed. The results are presented in the form of articles, the first of them being a literature review on maternity postponing and its relation to a fall in the fertility rate. The articles that followed were built from the guiding questions and the content of the interviews. One is about the strategies of conciliation between work in the emergency room and maternity. Other article discusses how these women cope with maternity in a daily basis. The following article deals with the participation of husbands\partners in the conciliation of the productive and the reproductive work and the last article analyzes the support network used by the women. In the conclusion, it was possible to verify the difficulties in the conciliation exercise, weather due to working conditions and working organization in hospitals that are still very rigid and not yet properly adapted to the needs of women or to the dissatisfaction with the little participation of the spouses. The spouses insist in the discourse of the domestic care of house and children as a feminine role, fruit of the sexual division of work, present in the Brazilian context. It was also possible to identify the guilt felt by the women for being absent while longing to spend more time with their children, being responsible for the feeding, education and hygiene care, counting with the support of some spouses, their mothers, some grandmothers and other family women, hiring house maids, not using day care institutions and other equipment disposed by public policies. The study concludes that more support for the feminist movements should be given, in the defense of a new labor division, with women and men in equal condition in both productive and reproductive labor environments. Finally, the relevance and actuality of the debate about public hospitals working conditions stands out, since it is essentially performed by women in a precarious environment.

O presente trabalho busca conhecer como as mulheres com filhos que trabalham remuneradamente organizam seus tempos para cuidar de sua saúde. Pretende fornecer uma análise comparativa entre dois contextos diferentes, o de São Paulo e o de Barcelona. As duas cidades são tomadas como contextos socioculturais que apresentam divergências e convergências de culturas e práticas, na saúde e no trabalho social e doméstico das mulheres. Analisamos os dados segundo os referenciais do imaginário social e das representações sociais em torno à maternidade, feminismo, tempo livre e cuidado de si para a mulher com filhos. O lazer, o cuidado de si e o ambiente, social e historicamente construído, são fatores decisivos para a saúde integral do ser humano. Neste ponto, a cultura desempenha um importante papel como sistema que promove uma determinada compreensão do mundo, sendo fundamental para explicar nossos modos de viver. Neste sentido, consideramos as relações desiguais e hierárquicas de poder construídas entre gêneros um traço recorrente de culturas mediterrâneas e de diferentes países da América Latina. Realizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas com mulheres de camada média ou alta da população que trabalham socialmente e cuidam de sua família. Na análise do material empírico foram feitas três tipos leituras: uma primeira de \"impregnação\", uma segunda que compara as entrevistas da mesma cidade e, por último, uma terceira que contrasta os dados das duas cidades. Esses dois últimos tipos de leitura permitem uma interpretação do tipo hermenêutico na análise do material, conduzindo-nos a atingir de maneira mais eficaz o objetivo deste estudo / This study is dealing with the times of women with children -social work, care work and free time. The goal is to identify if they have free time to promote their health, comparing the Spanish (Barcelona) context to the Brazilian (São Paulo) context. These two cities are taken here as sociocultural contexts that show divergences and convergences as far as practices are concerned, this research aims to observe and understand the positions of these women in terms of health and social and domestic women\'s work. The analysis aims deeply explore the social representation and imaginary concepts related to motherhood, feminism, leisure and self-care for women with children. Leisure, self-care and environment, socially and historically constructed, are critical to the overall health of the human being. At this juncture, culture plays an important role as a system that promotes a particular understanding of the world, an essential aspect to explain our ways of living. We consider that the unequal and hierarchical relations of power constructed between genders are a recurring trait of Mediterranean cultures and different countries of Latin America. We conduct semistructured interviews with middle-class or high-income women who work socially and care for their families. As for the analysis of the empirical material produced on the field, three types of interpretations of the interviews were made: a first one called \"impregnation\", a second one that result of the comparison of the interviews from the same city and, finally, a third one that arise from the comparison between the two cities as different socio-cultural contexts. These last two types of reading allows a hermeneutic interpretation of the material analysis, enabling us to achieve this study\'s goal in effective fashion

xx, 471 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number. / This dissertation examines the experiences of Filipina migrant domestic and care workers and the role of the state in the Global South-Global North transfer of reproductive labor. On the one hand, Western countries currently face a "care void" resulting from women's entry in the workforce, aging populations, and limited state support, among other factors. On the other hand, countries in the Global South have gone through decades of economic restructuring. This has resulted in the perpetuation of economic crisis, high unemployment rates, and massive out-migration. In the past two decades, these migration flows have become increasingly feminized. Women from the South move to semi-industrialized and industrialized countries and take jobs as domestic and care workers. Given this scenario, the overall question that guides my analysis is, how do states regulate the South-North transfer of reproductive labor? Particularly, how do the Philippine, Spanish, and U.S. governments shape this transfer through their migration and labor laws? How do Spain and the United States regulate the immigration and reproductive labor of Filipino women? And how do these two receiving countries of reproductive labor, resemble or differ from each other in all these tasks? My goal is to contribute to a growing scholarship that studies government regulation of female migration. I do this by examining Filipinas' out-migration, their arrival in the United States and Spain, and their labor as care givers and domestic workers in the San Francisco Bay Area and Barcelona. Although work on the intersection of gender and the state is growing, there is a need to further analyze the gender factors, components, and consequences of the regulation of migrant labor in the Philippines, the United States and Spain. The methods I use in this study include in-depth interviews with Filipino women, government employees and officials, and representatives from migrant workers' organizations, among other subjects, in the three countries. I also conduct participant observation in the three research sites and analyze multiple documents such as legislation, newspaper articles, and migrant workers' organizations newsletters. / Adviser: Linda Fuller

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente estudo teve por finalidade a compreensÃo do lugar do trabalho reprodutivo para donas de casa da cidade de Fortaleza - CE. Entendemos que a mulher sempre esteve inserida no mundo do trabalho, inicialmente no Ãmbito domÃstico e nos cuidados parentais, que aos poucos vem sendo reconhecido, por meio de novos regulamentos, como trabalho. ApÃs a RevoluÃÃo Industrial, essa atuaÃÃo feminina se torna mais representativa frente à massa de trabalhadores, e permanece crescente na contemporaneidade. Todavia, sua participaÃÃo no mundo do trabalho foi desde sempre marcadamente precÃria (jornadas parciais, subcontratos, trabalhos temporÃrios, terceirizaÃÃo, por exemplo). Somando-se a isso, à mulher ainda cabe grande parte dos trabalhos domÃsticos e cuidados parentais, como os estudos sobre DivisÃo Sexual do Trabalho apontam. Contudo, existe um contingente de mulheres que permanecem unicamente no Ãmbito domÃstico, doravante denominadas donas de casa, e que se ocupam, exclusivamente, do trabalho reprodutivo, invisÃvel e nÃo-remunerado. Ancorados nessa realidade, tomamos como sujeitos da pesquisa donas de casa da cidade de Fortaleza - CE, no intuito de compreender a realidade de trabalho dessas mulheres, que muitas vezes sÃo âinvisÃveis socioeconomicamenteâ. A metodologia da pesquisa foi de natureza qualitativa, na qual foram utilizadas para coleta de dados o diÃrio de campo e as entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais, que foram gravadas e transcritas. A anÃlise dos dados se deu atravÃs da AnÃlise TemÃtica, situada dentro da AnÃlise de ConteÃdo. Tomamos as teorias da DivisÃo Sexual do Trabalho, dentro da vertente das relaÃÃes sociais de sexo, e a Teoria dos Tempos Sociais, alÃm da Ãtica da Psicologia Social do Trabalho, como aportes teÃricos e analÃticos que respaldaram a anÃlise do material erigido no estudo. Como resultados, obtivemos que o trabalho das donas de casa pesquisadas ocupa o lugar de centralidade nas suas vidas, assumindo um carÃter estruturador e organizador do cotidiano dessas mulheres, que se veem como trabalhadoras legalmente nÃo reconhecidas. / The present study aimed to understand the place of reproductive work for housewives in the city of Fortaleza - CE. We understand that women have always been inserted in the working world, initially in the domestic sphere and in parental care, which is gradually being recognized through new regulations as work. After the Industrial Revolution, this feminine performance becomes more representative compare to the mass of workers, and remains increasing in contemporaneity. However, their participation in the working world has always been markedly precarious (partial days, subcontracts, temporary jobs, outsourcing, for instance). In addition to this, women still have a large part of domestic work and parental care, as studies on the Sexual Division of Labor point out. However, there is a contingent of women who remain exclusively in the domestic sphere, hereinafter referred to as housewives, and who exclusively deal with reproductive, invisible and unpaid work. Anchored in this reality, we take as research subjects the housewives of the city of Fortaleza - CE, in order to understand the work reality of these women, who are often âsocioeconomically invisibleâ. The methodology of the research was qualitative, in which were used for data collection the field diary and individual semi-structured interview, which were recorded and transcribed. The analysis of the data was done through the Thematic Analysis, situated within the Content Analysis. We take the theories of the Sexual Division of Labor, within the framework of social sex relations, and the Social Times Theory, besides the optics of the Social Psychology of Work, as theoretical and analytical contributions that supported the analysis of the material erected in the study. As results, we have obtained that the work of the housewives researched occupies the place of centrality in their lives, exerting a structuring and organizing character

O presente trabalho busca conhecer como as mulheres com filhos que trabalham remuneradamente organizam seus tempos para cuidar de sua saúde. Pretende fornecer uma análise comparativa entre dois contextos diferentes, o de São Paulo e o de Barcelona. As duas cidades são tomadas como contextos socioculturais que apresentam divergências e convergências de culturas e práticas, na saúde e no trabalho social e doméstico das mulheres. Analisamos os dados segundo os referenciais do imaginário social e das representações sociais em torno à maternidade, feminismo, tempo livre e cuidado de si para a mulher com filhos. O lazer, o cuidado de si e o ambiente, social e historicamente construído, são fatores decisivos para a saúde integral do ser humano. Neste ponto, a cultura desempenha um importante papel como sistema que promove uma determinada compreensão do mundo, sendo fundamental para explicar nossos modos de viver. Neste sentido, consideramos as relações desiguais e hierárquicas de poder construídas entre gêneros um traço recorrente de culturas mediterrâneas e de diferentes países da América Latina. Realizamos entrevistas semi-estruturadas com mulheres de camada média ou alta da população que trabalham socialmente e cuidam de sua família. Na análise do material empírico foram feitas três tipos leituras: uma primeira de \"impregnação\", uma segunda que compara as entrevistas da mesma cidade e, por último, uma terceira que contrasta os dados das duas cidades. Esses dois últimos tipos de leitura permitem uma interpretação do tipo hermenêutico na análise do material, conduzindo-nos a atingir de maneira mais eficaz o objetivo deste estudo / This study is dealing with the times of women with children -social work, care work and free time. The goal is to identify if they have free time to promote their health, comparing the Spanish (Barcelona) context to the Brazilian (São Paulo) context. These two cities are taken here as sociocultural contexts that show divergences and convergences as far as practices are concerned, this research aims to observe and understand the positions of these women in terms of health and social and domestic women\'s work. The analysis aims deeply explore the social representation and imaginary concepts related to motherhood, feminism, leisure and self-care for women with children. Leisure, self-care and environment, socially and historically constructed, are critical to the overall health of the human being. At this juncture, culture plays an important role as a system that promotes a particular understanding of the world, an essential aspect to explain our ways of living. We consider that the unequal and hierarchical relations of power constructed between genders are a recurring trait of Mediterranean cultures and different countries of Latin America. We conduct semistructured interviews with middle-class or high-income women who work socially and care for their families. As for the analysis of the empirical material produced on the field, three types of interpretations of the interviews were made: a first one called \"impregnation\", a second one that result of the comparison of the interviews from the same city and, finally, a third one that arise from the comparison between the two cities as different socio-cultural contexts. These last two types of reading allows a hermeneutic interpretation of the material analysis, enabling us to achieve this study\'s goal in effective fashion

In this thesis, I draw on the particular experiences of Indian hi-tech immigrants arriving in a growing Canadian technological cluster, the Waterloo Region, located in south-western Ontario. This bilateral pattern of international labour migration between India and Canada reflects both nationsʼ efforts to enhance their economic competitiveness in a global knowledge economy: India as a global exporter and Canada as an importer of knowledge professionals. The stereotypical association of Indian nationals with technology work brings both restrictions and opportunities for Indian hi-tech immigrants navigating a racialised as well as gendered technology labour market in the Waterloo Region. My main aim is to reveal a microcosm of gendered negotiations involving individual economic migrants, their skilled spouses, their employers and the welfare state, particularly in the guise of officials regulating migration and access to childcare. The complex set of individual behaviours, ideologies, attitudes and practices all contribute to the emergence and maintenance of, as well as challenges to, particular gendered divisions of productive and reproductive work among these new entrants to Canada, as they lose the significant employment, social and familial networks and supports that typically are available in India. These Indian newcomer families view their responsibilities to their family to be as significant as their engagement in the Canadian labour market, as well as the advancement of their individual careers. In practice, however, familial responsibilities remain a more significant aspect of womenʼs lives, reproducing gendered divisions of both paid and unpaid work that mirror traditional gender roles and ideologies. The labour market participation of this particular group of Indian hi-tech immigrants, and especially professional immigrant mothers, is limited by the non-recognition of foreign credentials and cultural and/or racial discrimination but perhaps to an even greater extent by the lack of sufficient provisions for reproductive work under Canadaʼs liberal welfare state.

[pt] Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as especificidades do dito abandono escolar de meninas da rede pública de ensino. A partir do diálogo com autoras/es feministas, descoloniais e antirracistas, buscamos deflagrar as persistências da lógica colonial, essencialmente racista e patriarcal, na modernidade/colonialidade e seus efeitos na vida de meninas e mulheres das classes subalternizadas. Analisamos que a produção do fracasso e/ou do abandono escolar de meninas, assim como o de meninos, na maioria das vezes tem relação com as desigualdades econômicas e raciais que estruturam nossa sociedade. No entanto, no caso das meninas, por terem historicamente, pela ordem patriarcal, suas capacidades reprodutivas e sexuais como alvo de controle e exploração, seu afastamento da escola apresenta razões peculiares. Elas se relacionam com divisão sexual do trabalho, que coloca o trabalho reprodutivo e o trabalho doméstico como funções naturais e prioritárias do denominado sexo feminino, posicionando outras atividades em lugar de menor importância. Operando na colonialidade, a educação também pode desempenhar um papel importante neste processo. Ao (re)produzir discursos e práticas que reforçam os papéis sexuais, perpetua a ideia de que a escolarização é secundária para as meninas, contribuindo para o abandono escolar. / [en] This research aims to analyze the specificities of the so-called school abandonment of girls from the public school system. Based on the dialogue with feminist, decolonial and anti-racist authors, we seek to trigger the persistence of colonial logic, essentially racist and patriarchal, in modernity/coloniality and its effects on the girls and women from subalternized classes lives. We analyze that girls failure and / or abandonment, as well as boys, are most often the product of the economic and racial inequality that structures our society. However, in the case of girls, who historically have, in the patriarchal order, their reproductive and sexual capacities as a target for control and exploitation, their withdrawal from school has peculiar reasons. They are related to the sexual division of labor, which places reproductive work and domestic work as natural and priority functions of the so-called female sex, placing any other activity in a less important place. Operating in coloniality, education can also have an important role in this process. By (re)producing discourses and practices that reinforce sexual roles, it perpetuates the idea that schooling is secondary for girls, contributing to school abandonment.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a centralidade do trabalho nas demandas de cuidado e reprodução social nos marcos da sociedade capitalista, considerando as dimensões de gênero-raça-classe no trabalho do cuidado. Busca aprofundar os dilemas do trabalho reprodutivo no contexto da sociedade capitalista sob as novas morfologias do trabalho; compreender as abordagens sobre trabalho reprodutivo nas teorias feministas marxistas; e analisar os impactos das diferentes formas de explorações-opressões das mulheres no campo do trabalho do cuidado. A questão norteadora desta pesquisa é que o trabalho do cuidado, por ser exercido majoritariamente por mulheres, não é tratado em grande parte da literatura clássica como trabalho. Tendo em vista os determinantes históricos da exploração-opressão de gênero-raça-classe as mulheres são levadas a experimentarem mais profundamente as condições de subalternização e feminização da pobreza, o que se intensifica com a maior presença delas no trabalho do cuidado. A metodologia utilizada foi pesquisa bibliográfica sobre trabalho do cuidado de forma remunerada/não remunerada nos espaços domésticos, junto aos dados produzidos pela Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio Contínua (PNAD Contínua) do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) no período compreendido entre 2017 e 2022, período em que foram disponibilizados os relatórios anuais. Os dados levantados mostram a inserção das mulheres no trabalho do cuidado com recortes de raça, idade, escolaridade, localidade, condição no domicílio, atividades desenvolvidas, remuneração e condições do trabalho (se possuem ou não carteira assinada). Explicitam a dinâmica do trabalho do cuidado no período estudado, permitindo observar aspectos da divisão sociossexual e racial do trabalho. / [en] This dissertation aims to analyze the centrality of work in the demands of care and social reproduction within the framework of capitalist society, considering the dimensions of gender-race-class in care work. It seeks to delve deeper into the dilemmas of reproductive work in the context of capitalist society under the new morphologies of work, understand the approaches to reproductive work in Marxist feminist theories, and analyze the impacts of different forms of exploitation-oppression of women in the field of care work. The guiding question of this research is that care work, as it is mostly carried out by women, is not treated in much of the classical literature as work. Considering the historical determinants of gender-race-class exploitation-oppression, women are led to experience more deeply the conditions of subalternization and feminization of poverty, which is intensified with their greater presence in care work. The methodology used was bibliographical research on paid/unpaid care work in domestic spaces and data produced by the Continuous National Household Sample Survey (Continuous PNAD) of the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) between 2017 and 2022, period in which the annual reports were made available. The data collected shows the insertion of women in care work with details of race, age, education, location, status at home, activities carried out, remuneration and working conditions (whether or not they have a formal contract). They explain the dynamics of care work in the period studied, allowing us to observe aspects of the sociosexual and racial division of work.

The gender division of care work and housework is a product of numerous factors, both individual and national. By using the ‘Equal Gender Division of Labour’ (EGDL) indicator developed by Dearing (2016a), this thesis assesses correlations between parental leave policy and division of reproductive labour in 27 countries. OLS regression was used to test the hypothesis and determine correlations. By controlling for the correlations of individual attitudes, the thesis attempted to isolate the effects of parental leave policies. The results indicate that parental leave policies which promote gender equality are positively correlated with men’s larger shares of care work and housework. When control variables are added, the results demonstrate how parental leave policy is directly correlated with men’s larger share of care work. As for men’s share of housework, the thesis suggests that the original correlations are due to the effect of individual attitudes, which may also be impacted by parental leave policy.