Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

We present in this thesis three distinct experiments, studying issues in behavioural economics and finan- cial market. In the first paper, we study the level-k reasoning model in an experimental extension of Arad and Rubinsten (2012) “11-20 Money Request Game”. In the second paper, we introduce an experimental design where traders can buy or sell the rights for performing complex decisional task. The design seeks to test the allocative efficiency of markets. In the third paper, we introduce an Arrow-Debreu market where traders have diverse and partial information about the true state of nature. The design seeks to test the Rational Expectations model’s prediction that all relevant information will be aggregated into market prices.

Bakgrund: Antalet kejsarsnitt ökar såväl globalt som i Sverige. Kejsarsnitt är ett kirurgiskt ingrepp som innebär risker för såväl kvinna som barn. Trots risker önskar förstföderskor att genomgå ingreppet istället för en vaginal förlossning. Barnmorskors professionella stöd är av stor vikt för förstföderskors upplevelse inför, under samt efter sin förlossning. Studien utfördes för att förstå orsakerna till att förstföderskor önskar elektivt kejsarsnitt. Syfte: Var att fördjupa förståelsen kring förstföderskors önskan om elektivt kejsarsnitt. Metod: Kvalitativ innehållsanalys med en induktiv ansats. Datainsamlingen resulterade i 14 bloggar från sökmotorn Google.se som analyserades. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i tre teman: Sökandet efter trygghet inför sin förlossning, Tankar på en vaginal förlossning väcker varierande känslor och Val av förlossningsmetod - en rättighet samt sju subteman. Mest framträdande var känsla av brist på kontroll och otrygghet inför en vaginal förlossning. Möjligheten att få välja förlossningsmetod ansågs vara en mänsklig rättighet. Konklusion: Förstföderskor som önskar elektivt kejsarsnitt sökte trygghet inför sin förlossning. Elektivt kejsarsnitt ingav trygghet då det uppfattades som en mer kontrollerad och säker förlossningsmetod både för kvinnan och barnet. Föreställningen av att genomgå en vaginal förlossning skapade rädsla och obehag. / Background: The number of caesarean sections increases both globally and in Sweden. Although caesarean section is a surgical procedure that involves risks for both women and child, first-time mothers wish to undergo the procedure instead of a vaginal delivery. The midwife's professional support is important for first-time mothers before, during and after childbirth. This study was conducted to understand the reasons why first-time mothers want elective caesarean section. Aim: To deepen the understanding of first-time mothers wish for elective caesarean section. Method: A qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach was used. Google.se was used for data collection, the collection resulted in 14 blogs. Result: The analysis resulted in three themes: The wish for security during childbirth, Thoughts on a vaginal delivery raises a variety of emotions and Choice of birthing method - a right and seven sub-themes. Most prominent was the feeling of lack of control and insecurity for a vaginal delivery. Choice of birthing method was considered a human right. Conclusion: First-time mothers strive for security during childbirth. Elective caesarean section was described as a safe and controlled birthing method. Thoughts on a vaginal delivery raises fear and discomfort for first-time mothers.

Este presente trabalho analisou as expressões de pedidos em japonês usadas pelos nisseis no Brasil, observando as estratégias e as formas de tratamento utilizadas pelos informantes, que têm a proficiência da língua japonesa. Por meio de questionários, em que os informantes responderam como realizariam pedidos em algumas situações, a coleta de dados foi feita nas cidades de São Paulo, Suzano e Mogi das Cruzes, onde há vários eventos de associações japonesas. Considerando estudos e teorias sobre expressões de pedido e cortesia verbal, como de Ide (1986), Kumatoridani (1995), Kabaya (2002, 2003, 2006) e Silva (2008), foram realizadas análises para descobrirmos as principais estratégias e as formas de tratamento utilizadas pelos informantes, e também observarmos os principais fatores sociais que influenciam no desempenho dos informantes quando executam um pedido. Com o resultado da análise, foi constatado que as expressões de pedido realizadas pelos nisseis no Brasil em geral são satisfatórias, porém, em situações em que o grau de ônus gerado é alto, há uma tendência de aumentar a quantidade do uso de expressões de pedido inadequadas. Os fatores sociais sexo e a vivência dos informantes no Japão foram os que mais influenciaram para um melhor desempenho na execução de pedidos, porque as mulheres e os nisseis com vivência no Japão obtiveram um desempenho evidentemente melhor do que os homens e os informantes que nunca moraram naquele país. / This present study analyzed the requests expressions used in Japanese by the second-generation citizen of Japanese ancestry in Brazil, observing strategies and forms of treatment used by informants, who have knowledge of the Japanese language. Through questionnaires, in which the informants answered as realize request in some situations, the data was collected in three cities: São Paulo, Suzano and Mogi das Cruzes, where there are several events of Japanese associations. Bearing in mind studies and theories about requests expressions and politeness, as Ide (1986 ) , Kumatoridani (1995 ) , Kabaya (2002 , 2003, 2006 ) and Silva (2008 ), analysis to discover the main strategies and forms treatment used by informants were executed, and also the main social factors that influence the performance of the informants when fulfill ones request was observed. With the result of the analysis, was showed up that the expressions of request used by the second-generation citizen of Japanese ancestry in Brazil are generally satisfactory, however, in situations, where the level of burden produced is high, there is a tendency to increase the amount of use of inadequate requests expressions. The social factors gender and the experience living in Japan were the most influenced to get better performance in fulfillment of request, because women and the second-generation citizen of Japanese ancestry with experience in Japan evidently obtained a better performance than men and informants who have never lived there.

Este presente trabalho analisou as expressões de pedidos em japonês usadas pelos nisseis no Brasil, observando as estratégias e as formas de tratamento utilizadas pelos informantes, que têm a proficiência da língua japonesa. Por meio de questionários, em que os informantes responderam como realizariam pedidos em algumas situações, a coleta de dados foi feita nas cidades de São Paulo, Suzano e Mogi das Cruzes, onde há vários eventos de associações japonesas. Considerando estudos e teorias sobre expressões de pedido e cortesia verbal, como de Ide (1986), Kumatoridani (1995), Kabaya (2002, 2003, 2006) e Silva (2008), foram realizadas análises para descobrirmos as principais estratégias e as formas de tratamento utilizadas pelos informantes, e também observarmos os principais fatores sociais que influenciam no desempenho dos informantes quando executam um pedido. Com o resultado da análise, foi constatado que as expressões de pedido realizadas pelos nisseis no Brasil em geral são satisfatórias, porém, em situações em que o grau de ônus gerado é alto, há uma tendência de aumentar a quantidade do uso de expressões de pedido inadequadas. Os fatores sociais sexo e a vivência dos informantes no Japão foram os que mais influenciaram para um melhor desempenho na execução de pedidos, porque as mulheres e os nisseis com vivência no Japão obtiveram um desempenho evidentemente melhor do que os homens e os informantes que nunca moraram naquele país. / This present study analyzed the requests expressions used in Japanese by the second-generation citizen of Japanese ancestry in Brazil, observing strategies and forms of treatment used by informants, who have knowledge of the Japanese language. Through questionnaires, in which the informants answered as realize request in some situations, the data was collected in three cities: São Paulo, Suzano and Mogi das Cruzes, where there are several events of Japanese associations. Bearing in mind studies and theories about requests expressions and politeness, as Ide (1986 ) , Kumatoridani (1995 ) , Kabaya (2002 , 2003, 2006 ) and Silva (2008 ), analysis to discover the main strategies and forms treatment used by informants were executed, and also the main social factors that influence the performance of the informants when fulfill ones request was observed. With the result of the analysis, was showed up that the expressions of request used by the second-generation citizen of Japanese ancestry in Brazil are generally satisfactory, however, in situations, where the level of burden produced is high, there is a tendency to increase the amount of use of inadequate requests expressions. The social factors gender and the experience living in Japan were the most influenced to get better performance in fulfillment of request, because women and the second-generation citizen of Japanese ancestry with experience in Japan evidently obtained a better performance than men and informants who have never lived there.

Today’s software engineering and application development trend is to take advantage of reusable software. Much effort is directed towards easing the task of developing complex, distributed, network based applications with reusable components. To ease the task of the distributed systems’ developers, one can use middleware, i.e. a software layer between the operating system and the application, which handles distribution transparently. A crucial feature of distributed server applications is high availability. This implies that they must be able to continue activity even in presence of crashes. Embedding fault tolerance mechanisms in the middleware on top of which the application is running, offers the potential to reduce application code size thereby reducing developer effort. Also, outage times due to server crashes can be reduced, as failover is taken care of automatically by middleware. However, a trade-off is involved: during periods with no failures, as information has to be collected for the automatic failover, client requests are serviced with higher latency. To characterize the real benefits of middleware, this trade-off needs to be studied. Unfortunately, to this date, few trade-off studies involving middleware that supports fault tolerance with application to realistic cases have been conducted. The contributions of the thesis are twofold: (1) insights based on empirical studies and (2) a theoretical analysis of components in a middleware equipped with fault tolerance mechanisms. In connection with part (1) the thesis describes detailed implementation of two platforms based on CORBA (Common Object Request Broker Architecture) with fault tolerance capabilities: one built by following the FT-CORBA standard, where only application failures are taken care of, and a second obtained by implementing an algorithm that ensures uniform treatment of infrastructure and application failures. Based on empirical studies of the availability/performance trade-off, several insights were gained, including the benefits and drawbacks of the two infrastructures. The studies were performed using a realistic (telecommunication) applicationset up to run on top of both extended middleware platforms. Further, the thesis proposes a technique to improve performance in the FT-CORBA based middleware by exploiting application knowledge; to enrich application code with fault tolerance mechanisms we use aspect-oriented programming. In connection with part (2) the thesis models elements of an FT-CORBA like architecture mathematically, in particular by using queuing theory. The model is then used to study the relation between different parameters. This provides the means to configure one middleware parameter, namely the checkpointing interval, leading to maximal availability or minimal response time.

This dissertation reports on an investigation of corrective feedback provided by instructors to learners in sixteen online asynchronous and synchronous interactions. The overarching objective of this study was to examine the provision of corrective feedback in computer-mediated communication (CMC) environments. This study also sought to examine the frequency of corrective feedback types and the relationship between learner error and corrective feedback provision. Finally, this study investigated what types of corrective feedback led to repaired learner responses.Over the course of one university semester, the instructors and students in four second-semester Spanish courses participated in bulletin board and chat room discussions and a detailed analysis of the transcripts revealed that instructors do provide learners with corrective feedback in online asynchronous and synchronous environments. The results also reveal that corrective feedback is more prevalent in the asynchronous environment than in the synchronous environment. A total of six corrective feedback typesexplicit correction, recasts, metalinguistic feedback, clarification request, elicitation, and repetitionwere found in these environments. All corrective feedback types were present in the asynchronous environment while repetition was not observed in the synchronous environment. The results indicate instructors overall preference for explicit correction in the asynchronous environment and preference for recasts in the synchronous environment. In the synchronous environment, different types of learner errors are followed by different types of corrective feedback. Recasts most often follow grammatical and lexical errors, while an opportunity to negotiate form is most often provided for multiple errors.

ITC/USA 2012 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Eighth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 22-25, 2012 / Town and Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, California / As the integrated Network Enhanced Telemetry (iNET) program prepares for developmental flights tests, refinements are being made to the Radio Access Network Standard that ensures interoperability of networked radio components. One key aspect of this interoperability is the definition of Telemetry Network System (TmNS) RF Data Link Layer functionality for conducting efficient communications between radios in a TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) channel sharing scheme. This paper examines the overall structure of the TmNS RF Data Link Layer and provides an overview of its operation. Specific topics include Medium Access Control (MAC) scheduling and framing in the context of a burst-oriented TDMA structure, link layer encryption, the priority-enabled Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) protocol, high-level network packet and link control message encapsulation, payload segmentation and reassembly, and radio Link Layer Control Messaging.

Une personne est injustement condamnée à l'emprisonnement. Elle est victime d'une erreur judiciaire. Plusieurs causes peuvent être à l'origine d'une telle injustice mais malheureusement il est difficile de le prouver. Le système de justice pénale au pays n'est pas à l'abri des condamnations injustifiées et plusieurs innocentes victimes en ont payé le prix. Or, comment une victime d'erreur judiciaire peut-elle prouver son innocence et ainsi recouvrer la liberté à laquelle elle a droit? Certes, l'aveu du coupable ou la découverte d'une nouvelle preuve peuvent servir de moyens de reconnaissance factuelle d'une condamnation injustifiée. Toutefois, certains obstacles procéduraux comme les délais d'appel, les règles d'admissibilité de la preuve nouvelle ou encore le mécanisme de correction des erreurs judiciaires prévu aux articles 696.1 et suivants du Code criminel peuvent compliquer le scénario. Avant le 4 juin 2002, cette dernière procédure était visée par l'article 690 du Code. Toutefois, suite à de nombreuses critiques ainsi qu'à une consultation publique orchestrée par le gouvernement canadien, des modifications législatives ont été apportées à cette procédure. Mais celles-ci sont-elles suffisantes? Nous pensons que certaines des modifications sont grandement appréciables. Cependant, la structure d'évaluation des dossiers et de recommandation des dossiers au ministre de la Justice mériterait la mise en place d'un comité formé d'avocats indépendants pour conseiller ce dernier. Cela est nécessaire afin de réduire à néant tout conflit d'intérêts potentiel de la part du Ministre et d'assurer la transparence du processus en cause. / A person is unjustly condemned to imprisonment. He or she is victim of a wrongful conviction. Many causes can lead to such an injustice but unfortunately, it is hard to prove. The country's criminal justice system makes no exception to wrongful verdicts of guilt and many innocent people have paid the priee. Thus, how can a person victim of a wrongful conviction prove his innocence and recover his rightful freedom? Of course, the confession of the true guilty person, the discovery of new evidence or a special inquiry commission are all ways of recognizing factually an unjust guilty verdict. However, certain procedural obstacles such as appeal delays, rules of admissibility of new evidence or even the procedure for correcting wrongful convictions provided under article 696.1 and following of the Criminal code, can complicate the scenario. Before June 4, 2002, the latter procedure was provided under article 690 of the Code. However, following great criticism as well as a public consultation orchestrated by the Canadian government, legislative modifications were brought to that procedure. Are the modifications made to the procedure sufficient? We believe that some of them are greatly appreciable. However, the evaluation and case recommendation structure to the Minister deserves the creation of a committee constituted by attorneys fully independent of the Minister able to advise him or her. This is necessary in order to fully reduce any potential conflicts of interest by the Minister and would ensure transparence of the process in question. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Maîtrise en droit (L.L.M.)"

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal