本研究主要探討台灣漢語兒童在日常家庭對話中，對父母行使請求時的語言表現及禮貌現象，以了解漢語兒童的語用發展歷程與現象。研究的重點主要是在兒童表達請求的言語行為時所使用的語言形式，以及人際關係中會影響兒童禮貌表現的因素及其反應在語言形式的使用情形。透過對兩位以漢語為母語的兒童長期互動的觀察，本研究發現，兒童在表達請求時，採用多元的語言形式，包含祈使句、直述句、帶有語尾助詞的祈使句、以及表達個人慾望或需求的陳述句。考量這些語言形式使用的情境後進一步發現，兒童傾向在一般的日常對話中多以表達個人慾望的陳述句為表達請求的主要語言形式，而在合作互動的情境中，主要的請求語言形式則絕大多數為祈使句；這樣的語言功能分工，在兩歲半左右可以明顯觀察得到。 另外，透過兒童語言形式表達禮貌的觀察顯示，兒童普遍會依照人際互動的一些因素來選擇表達請求時所適用的語言形式，尤以有效性及地位高低為主要的兩個考量因素。觀察中發現，兒童大量使用祈使句及表達個人慾望需求的陳述句來表達請求，而其他的語言型式相對上則少得許多，主要的因素很有可能是這兩類的語言型式，在他們與父母互動中最能有效達到他們的溝通目的。此外，兒童也會依照他們在表達請求時與他們父母間的地位高低來考量請求所要使用的語言形式。儘管觀察結果指出，兒童傾向使用能有效達到溝通互動目的的語言形式來表達他們的請求，必要時，他們也會依照互動雙方的地位關係進行語言形式的微調，這樣的語言表現有明顯的系統性；而這樣的系統性，進而突顯了兒童約略在三歲前即對禮貌在語言形式使用的影響有了初步的系統與了解。 除了句法結構外，兒童也會透過詞彙單位來傳達他們在請求所應注意的禮貌，例如，必要時，他們會使用「幫」、「請」、及「我們」來修飾或削弱請求時可能對對方所造成的影響。這些詞彙的使用在發展上屬於略晚才習得的語言形式。 最後，研究的結果也指出，雖然兒童表達請求時，使用較為間接而有禮的語言形式，未必較能有效地達到他們的溝通目的，但是如果在表達請求的同時，也進一步說明理由者，達到溝通目的的機率則有明顯的增加。另外，從語言形式和表達請求的情境及人際地位的互動中發現，兒童表達請求的基本語言形式極有可能為表達個人的慾望與需求的陳述句，儘管祈使句在所觀察的語料中使用的頻率最高。這樣的論點，不但符合其他文獻中針對兒童語言發展的發現，也貼近兒童語言發展為連續過程的觀點，且也反應了人類語言發展的基本歷程。 / This study aims to investigate Mandarin-speaking children’s requests and their linguistic politeness so as to contribute to the understanding of children’s pragmatic development as well as linguistic development. The present study is mainly concerned with what linguistic devices children utilize to issue requests in spontaneous interactions with their parents and what interpersonal factors may have an influence on children’s uses of request forms. These two issues were discussed through examinations over children’s spontaneous interactions with their parents in family settings. On the basis of the longitudinal data produced by two children, it has been found that when requesting, children draw upon various linguistic devices, primarily including simple imperatives, WANT statements, imperatives with sentence-final particle, and declaratives. Such a variety of request forms can be observed from an early age on, at around two years old, but demonstrates no remarkable development, judged simply by these formal devices used at different ages. When situational contexts are also taken into account, nevertheless, a developmental pattern regarding the request forms is thus revealed. In terms of situational contexts, children are found to use simple imperatives primarily to convey their requests when involved in interactive activities with their parents, whereas they tend to utilize both simple imperatives and WANT statements when having common talks with their parents. Such a division of labor can be noticeably observed when children are about two and half years old. As to children’s linguistic politeness when making requests, the results reveal that children are aware of the influence of certain interactional and interpersonal factors on the appropriate use of linguistic forms. Children are inclined to draw upon comparatively more effective forms to issue their requests, and therefore children by and large request with pure imperatives and WANT statements, since these two request forms may effectively obtain the desirable compliance from their parents. In addition to effectiveness, children may also take interpersonal status and request cost into consideration when judging which request forms to use in the immediate context. Such consideration of interpersonal status when determining the appropriate request forms to use may thus reflects children’s awareness of politeness at around the age of three. In addition to syntactic structures, children are also found to draw upon lexical items to show their deference to politeness. Children may use such lexical forms as qing ‘please’, bang ‘to help with’ and women ‘let’s; we’ to mitigate the illocutionary force in their requests. These forms, despite their low frequencies in the data, may thus reveal children’s sensitivity to politeness when making such a face-threatening act as requests. The use of these polite lexical forms also discloses a comparatively late development in linguistic politeness; children may not use such polite forms until they reach the second half of their second year. A late development is also observed in the respect of children’s use of reasons to justify their requests. The results show that children’s justification may generally increase the effectiveness of their requests, but such use is infrequent and only observed at a later age, around the age of three. Finally, the results of the investigation into the data may suggest that WANT statements are highly likely an earlier developed request form and the prime linguistic forms children rely on to issue their requests, given the findings that children tend to request with WANT statements when interacting with parents at a lower status as a child and that children’s use of request forms are prone to the effect of interpersonal status. Such a suggestion may not only conform to the findings in previous studies with regard to children’s linguistic development in requests, but also accord with the general developmental pattern of human languages.

Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία παρουσιάζονται βασικές έννοιες και μέθοδοι για την ασφάλεια ιστοσελίδων και ιδιαίτερα των site με web application προσανατολισμό, χωρίς αυτό να σημαίνει ότι αρκετές τεχνικές προστασίας και σφάλματα που θα εντοπίσουμε δεν μπορούν να συναντηθούν και σε άλλου σκοπού ιστοσελίδες. Αρχικά, γίνεται αναφορά στο τι είναι μια εφαρμογή ιστού (web app) και ποια είναι τα στοιχεία που την αποτελούν. Στη συνέχεια, χρησιμοποιώντας έρευνες, παρουσιάζονται κάποιες από τις πιο “δημοφιλείς” επιθέσεις που γίνονται σε ιστοσελίδες και περιγράφεται πιο διεξοδικά ποια αδύνατα σημεία της δομής των ιστοσελίδων εκμεταλλεύονται. Παράλληλα, γίνεται αναφορά στο πως και με ποια εργαλεία μπορούμε να εντοπίσουμε και να κλείσουμε τα κενά ασφαλείας που τυχόν έχει μία εφαρμογή ιστού. Τέλος, παρουσιάζεται η εφαρμογή που αναπτύχθηκε στα πλαίσια της εργασίας με σκοπό να γίνει επίδειξη συγκεκριμένων επιθέσεων και σφαλμάτων που παρατηρούνται στο διαδίκτυο. / In the following pages basic principals and methods are presented in order to secure websites and web applications. I begin by mentioning what is a web application. Moreover, by using statistics and recent researches from various sources i mention the most common web app attack methods and which vulnerabilities can be found in a web app and how to prevent exploiting, something we can accomplish by using various penetration testing tools. Finally, by using a basic web app some web attacks are shown so that it will become more clear how these attacks work.

[pt] Esta pesquisa explora aspectos culturais atribuídos à cultura nacional brasileira na perspectiva do modelo dimensional de Geert Hofstede encontrados em consultas e conselhos realizados em programas de rádios brasileiras. Os discursos de consultas e aconselhamentos provenientes das transcrições dos programas de rádio são analisados, baseando-se em conceitos do Interculturalismo. A análise das transcrições envolve a segmentação dos discursos transcritos e o apontamento das dimensões culturais encontradas em cada fragmento textual, segundo uma adaptação realizada no modelo dimensional de Hofstede que desmembra as 6 dimensões do autor em 12. A porcentagem de ocorrência de cada dimensão é computada e fluxogramas mapeando as principais ideias presentes em cada discurso, bem como as dimensões correspondente a cada ideia são desenvolvidos. A análise dos dados comprova uma predominância de dimensões já apontadas na pesquisa de Hofstede e seus colaboradores como relacionadas a cultura nacional brasileira, com destaque especial para o individualismo. Entretanto, constatamos que quando a consulta relata um tema mais sério, como o assédio, o quadro dimensional Hofstediano proposto para o Brasil não se sustenta e uma nova configuração dimensional é observada. / [en] This research explores cultural aspects linked to the Brazilian national culture according to the dimensional model of Geert Hofstede found in advice requests and advice produced in Brazilian radio programs. Relying in concepts of Interculturalism, especially Geert Hofstede cultural dimensions model, the research analyses the advice request and advice speeches from transcriptions of the selected programs. The advice request and advice speeches transcribed from the radio programs are analyzed based on Interculturalist concepts. The transcriptions analysis involves the breaking down of the speeches and the pointing out of the cultural dimensions found in each text segment, based in an adaptation made to Hofstede s cultural dimensional model which turns the author s 6 dimensions into 12. The percentage of occurrence for each dimension is accounted for and flow charts displaying the main ideas found in each speech as well as the dimensions related to them are developed. The data analysis attests for top positions for the dimensions previously related to the Brazilian natural culture in the research of Hofstede and his co-authors, with an especial role being played by individualism. Despite the similarities found, we also notice that when the advice request deals with issues of a more serious nature like abuse, for instance, the dimensional panorama proposed by Hofstede to describe Brazil seems to no longer apply and a new dimensional scenario is observed.

Linha de pesquisa: Curr?culos, avalia??o, pr?ticas pedag?gicas e forma??o de professores. / Submitted by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-05-03T14:25:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) maressa_carneiro_melo.pdf: 3083173 bytes, checksum: 1d3d359317036112df43c3c8e4876ea5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-05-03T14:25:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) maressa_carneiro_melo.pdf: 3083173 bytes, checksum: 1d3d359317036112df43c3c8e4876ea5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-03T14:25:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) maressa_carneiro_melo.pdf: 3083173 bytes, checksum: 1d3d359317036112df43c3c8e4876ea5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a abordagem do ensino de pros?dia e, principalmente, dos atos diretivos de ordem e de pedido em Portugu?s Brasileiro nas atividades de quatro materiais did?ticos de Portugu?s Brasileiro como L?ngua Estrangeira utilizados em cursos de Portugu?s como L?ngua Estrangeira no N?cleo de L?nguas da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri at? o ano de 2016. O ensino da pros?dia e dos atos de ordem e de pedido se fazem relevantes para falantes estrangeiros visto que s?o recursos que integram o sistema lingu?stico (SEARLE, 1981) e neles est?o impressos tra?os culturais do Portugu?s Brasileiro (BODOLAY, 2009). Para que o alocut?rio diferencie um ato diretivo de ordem do de pedido ? preciso que ele esteja atento ?s pistas pros?dicas utilizadas pelo locutor, aos pap?is sociais que ocupam no contexto de comunica??o e outros recursos extralingu?sticos que interferem na interpreta??o do enunciado. Assim sendo, tais recursos s?o totalmente exclusivos de uma l?ngua, segundo Marcuschi (2001) e Cruz-Ferreira (2003), tornando essenciais para a comunica??o de um falante estrangeiro. Para atender o objetivo central deste estudo, utilizamos como instrumento de coleta e an?lise a t?cnica de an?lise de conte?do de Bardin (2011). Como resultado principal, verificamos que tanto a pros?dia quanto os atos de ordem e de pedido s?o pouco explorados ou at? ignorados. Quando h? abordagem desses aspectos da l?ngua falada, os estilos de atividades dos materiais n?o utilizam os recursos orais, fazendo o uso da escrita para ensinar oralidade. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The aim of this research is to analyse the approach of teaching prosody and, mainly, of order and request acts in Brazilian Portuguese in the activities of four didactic materials of Brazilian Portuguese as a foreign language used in courses of Portuguese as a foreign Language at N?cleo de L?nguas of Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys up to the year 2016. The teaching of prosody and the acts of order and request becomes relevant for foreign speakers since they are resources that integrate the linguistic system (SEARLE, 1981) and in them are printed cultural traits of Brazilian Portuguese (BODOLAY, 2009). In order for the speaker to differentiate a directive act from an order to a request, he/she must be aware of the prosodic clues used by the speaker, the social roles they occupy in the context of communication and other extralinguistic resources that interfere in the interpretation of the utterance. Thus, these resources are totally unique to a language, according to Marcuschi (2001) and Cruz-Ferreira (2003), making it essential for the communication of a foreign speaker. In order to achieve the central objective of this study, we used, as a collection of data and analysis instrument, the content an analysis technique of Bardin (2011). As a main result we find that both prosody and order and request acts are little explored or even ignored. When there is an approach with deals with these aspects of spoken language, the styles of the materials activities do not use oral resources, making use of writing to teach orality.

The thesis investigates the extent to which cross-border taking of evidence in civil and com-mercial matters in relation to Switzerland, South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Nigeria, and Uganda is allowed. Such evidence-taking is not only governed by the domestic law of the state seeking evidence abroad and that of the state where the relevant means of proof are located, but also by public international law, and more specifically by the concept of sovereignty. The ad-missibility of the cross-border taking of evidence under public international law depends on whether or not evidence-gathering in civil litigation is regarded as a judicial act, which violates sovereignty when performed on foreign territory, or as a purely private act. In the first case, the evidentiary material has to be obtained through channels of international judicial assistance. Such assistance can either be rendered based on the basis of an international treaty, or through courtoisie internationale. No international judicial assistance is necessary in cases of a so-called “transfer of foreign evidence”, provided no compulsion is applied which infringes the sovereignty of the foreign state. The thesis analyses the taking of evidence abroad based on the Hague Evidence Convention, and the Hague Procedure Convention. It further expounds how evidence located in Switzer-land, Botswana, Namibia, Nigeria, and Uganda can be obtained for the benefit of civil proceed-ings pending abroad in the absence of any relevant international treaty. The thesis also exam-ines under what conditions a litigant in civil proceedings in the aforementioned countries may request evidence to be taken on foreign soil. The position of cross-border taking of evidence in civil and commercial matters in the said countries is assessed, and suggestions are made on how such status quo may be improved. The thesis makes an attempt to establish the basic prin-ciples for a convention on evidence-taking in civil and commercial matters between South Af-rica, Botswana, Namibia, Nigeria, and Uganda. The development of such principles, however, is only possible once the similarities and differences in the procedure for the taking of evidence and the means of proof in the relevant laws of the aforesaid countries have been identified. / Public, Constitutional, and International / LL.D.

Les seniors n'auraient que récemment brisé le « tabou de la jeunesse» (Rochefort, 2004) et ne semblent de facto, plus exclus des pratiques physiques et corporelles. Ainsi , l''augmentation croissante de leur groupe d'âge (Richet-Mastain, 2007), réinterroge les problématiques autour de la corporéité de l'individu vieillissant, de son rapport à l'activité physique mais aussi à son corps de manière générale. L'étude du senior et de sa corporéité, définie par l'« ensemble des traits concrets du corps comme être social » (Berthelot, 1983), constitue un objet de recherche relativement nouveau dans l'horizon de la sociologie contemporaine, et permet d'aborder scientifiquement la complexité du lien que nourrissent les pratiques corporelles avec ce groupe pluriel d'individus portant fréquemment « les stigmates de l'âge » (Lebreton , 2006). De par les enjeux déterminants induits par ce groupe social, et la diversité manifeste de ces mêmes seniors, cette interrogation sur leur corporéité prend de par sa réalité démographique et sociale, toute sa complexité mais aussi toute sa légitimité. Quelles sont alors les raisons de pratiques, et les motivations réelles des seniors s'adonnant à des pratiques corporelles ? Leur corporéité est-elle alors, subie ou choisie ? Quelles sont leurs demandes corporelles et quels sens donnent t-ils à ces dernières ? / Seniors would have only recently broke the "taboo of Youth" (Rochefort, 2004) and seem to excluded from the more physical and bodily practices. Thus, the increasing of their age group (Richet-Mastain , 2007), re-examines the issues surrounding the corporeality of the aging individual, its relation to physical activity , but also to the body in general. The study's senior and his corporeality, defined by "all concrete features of the body as a social being" (Berthelot, 1983) is a relatively new research topic in the horizon of contemporary sociology, and allows to address the complexity of the scientific link nourish body practices with this group of individuals carrying plural frequently "the stigma of age" (Lebreton , 2006). Due to the critical issues arising from this social group, and the apparent diversity of these seniors, this question takes on their corporeality because of its demographic and social reality, its complexity but also its legitimacy . What then are the reasons for practices and the real motivations of seniors engaged in bodily practices ? Their physicality is it then suffered or chosen ? What are their personal demands and what meaning do they give them ?

La médiation est devenue un moyen privilégié pour régler des nombreux conflits, notamment ceux en rapport avec le commerce, et plus particulièrement avec le commerce international. Sur le plan national, les parties en conflit préfèrent souvent ce moyen pour régler leur conflit à chaque fois que la loi ne s’y oppose pas. Ceci est dû à plusieurs raisons dont la plus importante est liée à la lenteur de la justice. Sur le plan international, des nombreux pays, notamment ceux en voie de développement, ne sont en mesure d’attirer des investissements des capitaux étrangers que s’ils considèrent la médiation comme moyen de règlement des conflits. L’avantage de ce moyen réside dans le fait que la médiation est rapide, simple et permet au justiciable d’obtenir ses droits de façon aisée. Ces caractéristiques de la médiation restent valables du point de vue théorique. Mais en pratique, les choses sont plus compliquées et peuvent gêner le déroulement de l’arbitrage, par exemple. Prenons en exemple les conflits civils dont le règlement nécessite souvent la mise en œuvre de certaines actions qui conduisent effectivement à la solution du conflit en question. Cette initiative de mise en œuvre de l’action n’ est pas réservée aux parties de conflits . Mais, l’organisme habilité à résoudre le conflit peut également prendre cette initiative seul, ou à la demande d’une de deux parties . Ces mesures et actions décidées par un tribunal ou par une médiation représentent le facteur temps dans le règlement des conflits. C’est à ce moment-là que peuvent apparaître les difficultés qui sont en rapport soit avec le déroulement du conflit lui- même, soit avec l’exécution du jugement prononcé. Ce moyen pour régler les conflits mérite bien d’être privilégié car, d’une part il peut effectivement mettre fin au conflit et d’autre part il peut avoir les mêmes forces que le jugement d’un tribunal. Pour ces raisons, les protagonistes le préfèrent. Nous avons donc choisi ce sujet du facteur temps dans la médiation pour les raisons suivantes : *illustrer le facteur temps dans la médiation puisqu’il s’agit d’un élément indissociable du sujet du conflit qui fait l’objet de la médiation même ; *Définir la partie qui a en charge le règlement de ce genre de conflits suivant les règles juridiques de références et explorer la complétude de ces règles pour pouvoir ensuite dire dans quelle direction doit être dirigé le règlement du conflit : vers la médiation ou vers la justice ? / Mediation has become a preferred way to resolve many conflicts, including those related to international trade. Nationally, the conflicting party often prefer this method to resolve their dispute whenever the law requires otherwise pas.Ceci is due to several reasons, the most important being the slow pace of justice. Internationally, many countries, particularly those in developing countries, are able to benefit from investments of foreign capital that they consider mediation as a dispute resolution means .l'avantage this means is that that mediation is a fast, simple and allows litigants to obtain their rights easily. These characteristics of mediation are still valid théorique.Mais perspective in practice, things are more complicated and may interfere with the conduct of mediation if, in his objet.Prenons example civil conflict whose resolution often requires implementation certain actions that actually lead to the solution of the conflict in question. This initiative implementation of the action is not limited to parts of conflits.Mais, the body authorized to resolve the conflict can also take this one initiative or at the request of one of two parts. These measures and actions decided by a court or mediation are the time factor in conflict resolution. It was at this time that may appear difficulties are related either the conduct of the conflict itself Even either the conduct of the implementation of the judgment delivered.

Linha de pesquisa: Curr?culos, avalia??o, pr?ticas pedag?gicas e forma??o de professores. / Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-04-26T18:17:38Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) maressa_carneiro_melo.pdf: 3083173 bytes, checksum: 1d3d359317036112df43c3c8e4876ea5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-04-27T14:59:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 9 bytes, checksum: 42dd12a06de379d3ffa39b67dc9c7aff (MD5) maressa_carneiro_melo.pdf: 3083173 bytes, checksum: 1d3d359317036112df43c3c8e4876ea5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T14:59:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 9 bytes, checksum: 42dd12a06de379d3ffa39b67dc9c7aff (MD5) maressa_carneiro_melo.pdf: 3083173 bytes, checksum: 1d3d359317036112df43c3c8e4876ea5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017 / Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM) / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a abordagem do ensino de pros?dia e, principalmente, dos atos diretivos de ordem e de pedido em Portugu?s Brasileiro nas atividades de quatro materiais did?ticos de Portugu?s Brasileiro como L?ngua Estrangeira utilizados em cursos de Portugu?s como L?ngua Estrangeira no N?cleo de L?nguas da Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri at? o ano de 2016. O ensino da pros?dia e dos atos de ordem e de pedido se fazem relevantes para falantes estrangeiros visto que s?o recursos que integram o sistema lingu?stico (SEARLE, 1981) e neles est?o impressos tra?os culturais do Portugu?s Brasileiro (BODOLAY, 2009). Para que o alocut?rio diferencie um ato diretivo de ordem do de pedido ? preciso que ele esteja atento ?s pistas pros?dicas utilizadas pelo locutor, aos pap?is sociais que ocupam no contexto de comunica??o e outros recursos extralingu?sticos que interferem na interpreta??o do enunciado. Assim sendo, tais recursos s?o totalmente exclusivos de uma l?ngua, segundo Marcuschi (2001) e Cruz-Ferreira (2003), tornando essenciais para a comunica??o de um falante estrangeiro. Para atender o objetivo central deste estudo, utilizamos como instrumento de coleta e an?lise a t?cnica de an?lise de conte?do de Bardin (2011). Como resultado principal, verificamos que tanto a pros?dia quanto os atos de ordem e de pedido s?o pouco explorados ou at? ignorados. Quando h? abordagem desses aspectos da l?ngua falada, os estilos de atividades dos materiais n?o utilizam os recursos orais, fazendo o uso da escrita para ensinar oralidade. / Disserta??o (Mestrado Profissional) ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Educa??o, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2017. / The aim of this research is to analyse the approach of teaching prosody and, mainly, of order and request acts in Brazilian Portuguese in the activities of four didactic materials of Brazilian Portuguese as a foreign language used in courses of Portuguese as a foreign Language at N?cleo de L?nguas of Federal University of Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys up to the year 2016. The teaching of prosody and the acts of order and request becomes relevant for foreign speakers since they are resources that integrate the linguistic system (SEARLE, 1981) and in them are printed cultural traits of Brazilian Portuguese (BODOLAY, 2009). In order for the speaker to differentiate a directive act from an order to a request, he/she must be aware of the prosodic clues used by the speaker, the social roles they occupy in the context of communication and other extralinguistic resources that interfere in the interpretation of the utterance. Thus, these resources are totally unique to a language, according to Marcuschi (2001) and Cruz-Ferreira (2003), making it essential for the communication of a foreign speaker. In order to achieve the central objective of this study, we used, as a collection of data and analysis instrument, the content an analysis technique of Bardin (2011). As a main result we find that both prosody and order and request acts are little explored or even ignored. When there is an approach with deals with these aspects of spoken language, the styles of the materials activities do not use oral resources, making use of writing to teach orality.

Dans la vie sociale, les besoins sont regardés comme un préalable nécessaire à la définition d’un projet ou à la création d’un service. Pourtant s’ils apparaissent évidents, naturels, ils sont l’objet d’une construction sociale. Cette recherche se propose d’étudier le processus de fabrication des besoins sociaux dans la politique d’accueil des jeunes enfants en France en partant des questions suivantes : comment les besoins adviennent-ils sur la scène publique, dans quelle mesure sont-ils pris en considération, comment sont-ils exprimés ? Trois déterminants des besoins ont été au cœur de l’analyse : le politique, l’individu et le marché. Nous avons montré que les besoins sociaux reçoivent plusieurs formes de « mise en visibilité » pour exister publiquement mais que cette politisation aboutit partiellement à les faire reconnaître comme un vrai problème. Par ailleurs, la reconnaissance des besoins sociaux passe par leur transformation en une « demande sociale ». Dans le secteur de la petite enfance, cette expression est rendue difficile parce que la photographie des besoins qui ressort des enquêtes est très hétérogène, mais aussi en raison de l’existence d’une non-demande (le non-recours au service), et à cause des situations « d’imprévisibilité » dans lesquelles se trouvent les parents par rapport à leur mode d’accueil. Enfin, les besoins sont étroitement liés à ceux qui les couvrent. Dans le cadre du nouveau marché des crèches d’entreprise, un déplacement s’opère : les besoins des familles sont mis en arrière-plan au profit de ceux des entreprises et des collectivités financeurs et potentiels clients des services. Ceci étant, les entreprises de crèches continuent à faire exister les besoins des familles, autrement, de manière plus quantitative, notamment par les plates-formes de réservation de places et par la promotion de deux figures du parent, celle du « salarié-parent » et celle du « parent-prospect ». / In social life, needs are considered as a necessary prerequisite to the definition of a project or the creation of a service. Though they seem obvious and natural, they result from a social construction. This research sets out to study the making process of social needs regarding child care policy in France from the following questions : how do needs arise on public scene, to what extent are they taken into consideration, how are they expressed ? Three determinative were at the heart of our analysis : politics, market and the individual. We have shown that social needs acknowledge several forms of “visibiliting” so as to exist on public scene but that actually this politicization partially succeeds in making them recognize as a real problem. On the other hand, the recognition of social needs goes through their transformation into one social request. In child care field, this expression turns out to be difficult, because the picture of the needs which emerge from surveys is very heterogeneous, owing to the existence of no-requesting (no-resorting to services), because of some situations of “unpredictability” in which parents cope with child minding. Finally, needs are closely linked to those who cover them. Within the context of the firm child care centres’ new market, a transfer has occurred : families’ needs have been relegated to the background to the profit of the firms and local communities’ ones :services’ financing and potential customers. Yet, market continues making families ‘ needs exist but differently, in a more quantitative way, in particular through child care centres’ websites and also by the promotion of both new faces of the parent : “salaried-parent” and “prospect-parent”.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElianeCAS_DISSERT_PARCIAL.pdf: 4868532 bytes, checksum: cee2a6447d0e4207010d47540d37caee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-22 / In administrative settings of public institutions, many activities are conducted through writing practices. Concerning this, writing is always connected to an activity we intend to perform. Among those practices, the genre request consists of an instrument through which the requirer addresses to an institution in order to request something under the support of legislation. Considering our work experience in a public institution of higher education, we elected - as object of our research - the genre request produced by undergraduates within the administrative domain of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) due to its importance in this context. For this, the theoretical framework adopted refers to the socio-rethorical conception of genre studies, which understands the genre as forms as rhetorically typified action (MILLER, 2009a; SWALES, 1990; BAZERMAN, 2009). Regarding methodology, it is a research associated to a qualitative approach (BODGAN; BIKLEN, 1994; CHIZZOTTI, 2010) whose discussion inserts into the field of Applied Linguistics. The data were generated from samples of requests and their users replies in questionnaires, interviews and verbal protocols of writing. The data analysis is based on the ethnographic methods of genre analysis postulated by Devitt, Reiff and Bawarshi (apud JOHNS et al., 2006). These analyses indicated that the requests are not always fully accomplished due to a lack of comprehension about the genre and its rhetorical situation on the part of the producers. It must probably happen - among other reasons - because these students may not have understood that several factors, such as: context, audience and purpose, affect the text production. We believe that one possibility to make the practice of this genre more efficient is to develop a more simple and practical way of elaborating requests, taking the needs imposed by the rhetorical situation as a basis / No ambiente administrativo das institui??es p?blicas, muitas atividades s?o realizadas atrav?s de pr?ticas de escrita. Nesse dom?nio, a escrita est? sempre ligada a uma atividade que se deseja realizar. Dentre essas pr?ticas, o g?nero requerimento consiste em um instrumento atrav?s do qual o requerente se dirige a uma institui??o, a fim de solicitar algo sob o amparo de uma legisla??o. Considerando nossa experi?ncia de trabalho em uma institui??o p?blica de ensino superior, elegemos como objeto de nossa pesquisa o g?nero requerimento produzido por graduandos no dom?nio administrativo da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte devido ? sua import?ncia nesse contexto. Para tanto, os aportes te?ricos adotados referem-se ? concep??o sociorret?rica dos estudos de g?nero textual, que compreende o g?nero textual como forma de a??o retoricamente tipificada (MILLER, 2009a; SWALES, 1990; BAZERMAN, 2009). Quanto ? metodologia, trata-se de uma pesquisa associada ? abordagem qualitativa (BODGAN; BIKLEN, 1994; CHIZZOTTI, 2010) cuja discuss?o se insere no campo da Lingu?stica Aplicada. A gera??o dos dados deu-se a partir de exemplares de requerimentos e dos dizeres dos usu?rios do g?nero em question?rios, entrevistas e protocolos verbais de escrita. As an?lises dos dados se apoiam nos m?todos etnogr?ficos de an?lise de g?nero postulados por Devitt, Reiff e Bawarshi (apud JOHNS et al., 2006). Essas an?lises indicam que os requerimentos nem sempre se realizam plenamente devido ? falta de compreens?o do g?nero e de sua situa??o ret?rica por parte dos produtores. Provavelmente, entre outras raz?es, isso deve acontecer por esses alunos n?o terem compreendido que v?rios fatores afetam a produ??o de textos, como o contexto, a audi?ncia e o prop?sito. Acreditamos que uma possibilidade de tornar a pr?tica desse g?nero textual mais eficiente seja desenvolver um modo de elabora??o dos requerimentos mais pr?tico e simples, tomando como base as necessidades impostas pela situa??o ret?rica