A pesquisa trata do estudo e evolução do projeto de plantas de apartamentos na cidade de Curitiba, no período de 1943 a 2004. Considera a emergência de novos modos de vida, relacionando-se com as transformações demográficas da população, com a diversificação dos arranjos familiares, com a influência do ciclo familiar e com o desenvolvimento urbano da cidade. O método desenvolvido se estrutura em três eixos principais, com mapeamento de plantas de apartamentos, análise de pesquisas censitárias e estatísticas, e pesquisa de campo com inquirição a moradores de apartamentos. Para efeito de sistematização do estudo, o intervalo temporal proposto foi dividido em quatro períodos, definidos a partir da identificação de marcos referenciais na história da cidade. A amostra constituída, com total de 115 plantas de apartamentos codificadas, forma uma base de dados que pode servir para pesquisas complementares ou mesmo para novas pesquisas. / The research deals with the analysis and project evolution of plant design of apartment buildings in the city of Curitiba in the period from 1943 and 2004. It also considers the appearance of new ways of life, related to demographic transformations of the population, the diversification of family structures, the influence on the family cycle and the urban development of the city. The method is structured around three main axes, using plant mapping of apartment units, analysis of census surveys and statistics, as well as field research which included the inquiry of apartment dwellers. In order to systematize this analysis, the proposed time interval was divided into four periods, defined from milestone identifications in the history of the city. The sample, consisted of 115 plants encoded, creates a database that can be used in complementary researches or even in new ones.

El éxito en el desempeño de los proyectos de construcción depende de múltiples factores internos y externos y, precisamente, uno de estos principales factores se consigue a través de una adecuada gestión en la planificación de las actividades, la cual tiene como principales objetivos reducir pérdidas, sobre costos y plazos de cronograma. Debido a esto, la industria se encuentra en una constante búsqueda de modelos de gestión que permitan alcanzar dichos objetivos. Es precisamente, el modelo Agile Scrum, concebido en la ingeniería de software, el que surge como una alternativa a la gestión de proyectos tradicionales brindando una mejora exponencial en la comunicación del equipo de proyecto y potenciando la planificación de las actividades con la implementación de un marco iterativo de trabajo que permita la flexibilidad en los cambios de requerimientos, reducción de incertidumbre y confiabilidad en lo planificado. Por ello, surge la necesidad de aplicar y adaptar este modelo dentro del sector construcción con el objetivo de reducir las solicitudes de información (RFI) y No Conformidades en calidad y así contribuir a la mejora en el desempeño del proyecto. / The success of performing in construction projects depends on plenty of internal and external factors. One of them, undoubtedly, is an accurate planning of daily activities, which main objective is the reduction of over costs, time schedule and reworks. As a result, the Construction industry is now on constant search for new project management models which allow the achievement of these objectives. It is precisely, the agile SCRUM model, developed in the software industry, in which arise as an alternative of the traditional project management models. which providing an exponential improvement in communication, increasing reliability of planned activities with the incorporation of iterative framework which provides flexibility in requirement changes and reduction of uncertainty. Therefore, it is necessary the implementation and adapting of this model inside the construction industry with the objective of a reduction of requests for information (RFI) and nonconformities in quality in order to improve the performance of the construction projects. / Trabajo de investigación

The aim of this thesis work is to analyse the trends in heat use among Borlänge Energis district heating customer over the last 20 years. Several reports show that in general the buildings stock get more and more efficient, both in Sweden and other European countries, but will the same trend be seen among Borlänge Energis customer? Data of delivered heat to 324 customers, both single-family houses and multifamily houses, for the period of 1998-2018 is used in this study. The heating that is assumed for domestic hot water is calculated and the heat used for heating is temperature corrected so the heat needed for a normal year could be calculated. The investigated customers are divided into different groups representing various types of buildings with different building years. From this data it’s possible to see trends in heat usage in kWh/building, and year for various types of buildings over the period. Other studies on how trends for heating usage in buildings have report heating usage in kWh/(m2,year). It wasn’t possible in this work to get data of the size of each building, which means that it’s not possible to compare the result from this study with other studies. However, assuming that the building area have been the same and that no extensions of the buildings have been done during the period, the trend in changed heat use should be the same, unless the result is presented in kWh/m2, year and kWh/building, year. The overall results show that there is a reduction in energy use in the buildings in Borlänge during the period 1998-2018. The decrease in heat use are in the order of 0.3 – 0.4 %/year, with larger decrease in multi-family houses. This is considerably less than the decrease of heat use in the buildings stock of 0.9 – 1.2 %/year reported for the entire building stock in Sweden during approximately the same period.

Several studies have been conducted and revealed that household is the major energy consumer sector in developing countries like Ethiopia. This study focuses on evaluation of the existing residential energy consumption and projection of the energy demand.   The energy consumption has been studied by conducting survey on 350 households using stratified random sampling technique. Then the analyzed data have been used to model the energy demand and to project the future energy consumption till 2030 using LEAP (Long Range Energy Alternative Planning) simulation software.   The model is done based upon baseline scenario and energy efficiency improvement scenario (mitigation scenario). The total energy consumption in Bahir dar in 2014 is nearly 330 Giga watt hour per year, and of this value about 83.8% is used for cooking and TV, lighting, refrigerator, and water heater consume 7%, 4.5%, 3.5%, 1%  of the total energy and remaining 0.2% is consumed for other auxiliary appliances. The projection of the energy consumption in 2030 will be more 450 Giga-watt-hour with business as usual scenario compared to just less than 350 Giga-watt-hour with mitigation scenario. As the result of the poor consumption efficiency, households that use traditional biomass tend to have more primary energy intensity than household that use electricity. The consumption of electricity is projecting rapidly while charcoal and firewood will still be the significant energy sources. The potential for energy saving is from improving the efficiency of stoves. Comparing with developed countries, for example Sweden, where the energy in dwellings is mostly used for space and water heating and the energy saving mostly target on improving wall insulations, the energy saving on Bahir dar is based mostly on cooking. The findings obtained in this shows options to improve household energy efficiency intervention planning and to enhance the effectiveness of policy interventions. Further studies could be done on modeling of other sectors.

Energy efficiency is an important question to society as well as to individuals and firms. Improving energy efficiency in the building sector is considered an important means to climate mitigation. For real estate owners energy is also a central expenditure item and reducing energy consumption may directly reduce operation costs while at the same time serve as insurance against future energy price increases. Since new buildings only add a few percent annually to the building stock, the potential to reduce total energy consumption primarily lies within the existing building stock. The building stock is ageing and the post-war part of the stock that is in need of renovation is growing. This has been suggested as a window of opportunity to improve energy efficiency, but so far the results have been few. Several factors have been put forward to explain the so called energy efficiency gap – the difference between actual and optimal energy efficiency – one of which is split incentives. What adds to complexity in this case is that distinct differences have been observed in the level of ambition between the real estate companies that have renovated so far. Some companies have undertaken extensive renovation and energy efficiency measures, whereas other companies have done little more than urgent maintenance measures. It seems that real estate owners in general don´t have strong economic incentives to improve energy efficiency in connection to renovation – but what can then explain the differences between strategies? This licentiate thesis examines the incentives among real estate owners to improve energy efficiency, particularly in post-war, multi-family buildings in need of renovation. The purpose is to add knowledge about decisions concerning measures that improve energy efficiency - in terms of incentives, barriers and different motives for real estate owners’ strategies and actions. Results show that real estate owners lack strong economic incentives to invest in energy efficiency in multi-family buildings and the level of investment is dependent on the different motivations, grouped in three levels of ambition, that real estate companies have. One important conclusion is that the heterogeneity between companies that was exposed in the interviews and survey implies that they will not respond similarly to policy stimuli. The heterogeneity should thus be considered when designing policy measures so that public and company resources can be allocated as efficiently as possible, as there are many challenges facing owners of post-war residential buildings. Another conclusion is that from an economic point of view it is important to take the interaction between different measures into account, e.g. between physical measures and measures focusing on changing household behavior. / QC 20110630

Städer har under sin framväxt planerats på olika sätt. Från rutnätsplaner under 1600-talet till 1900-talets planering som resulterade i sovstäder separerade från arbetsplatserna. När städerna vuxit har de områden som från början låg i utkanten istället hamnat närmare stadens centrum. Gamla industriområden ligger som kilar i stadsbilden och genom att ändra användningen av marken där kan nya bostadsområden växa fram. Dagens forskning visar på att en blandad struktur i bebyggelsen med bostäder, verksamheter och tät gatustruktur är vägen framåt. Är dessutom variationen stor vad gäller typen av bostäder finns det möjlighet att skapa ett område där människor kan trivas över tid och flytta mellan olika bostäder under olika skeden i livet.     Studien utreder hur ett område i Västervik, i studien kallat Lärkstaden, kan planeras för framtidens medborgare. Förslaget täcker en yta på 97 000 kvadratmeter som idag innefattar 12 fastigheter, ett koloniområde och grönområden. Här finns idag småskalig industri och handel. Även en del företag inom byggbranschen har sina lokaler i Lärkstaden och den angränsar till bostadsbebyggelse och grönområden. Genom att rita upp ett förslag på ny utformning undersöks vilka funktioner som kan samsas i Lärkstaden och hur bebyggelsestrukturen blir långsiktig. Förslaget förankras i tidigare forskning genom en litteraturstudie. För att få en större förståelse för platsen genomförs ett antal platsbesök och även intervjuer av personer som genom erfarenheter och kunskap bidrar med tankar och idéer. / Cities have been planned in different ways during their growth. From grid plans during the 17th century through 20th-century planning that resulted in quiet parts of the city that lacked life and vitality separated from workplaces. As the cities grew, the areas that were originally on the outskirts ended up closer to the city center. Old industrial areas are like wedges in the cityscape and by changing the use of the land there, new residential areas can emerge. The research today shows that an area with a mixed structure that contains housing, businesses, and a dense street structure is the way forward. In addition, there are great variations in the type of housing that can be constructed to create an area where people can thrive over time and move between different homes during different stages of life.   The study investigates how an area in Västervik, in the study called Lärkstaden, can be planned for the citizens of the future. The idea covers an area of 97 000 square meters which today includes 12 properties, a plantation area, and green space. Today there is small-scale industry and trade. Some companies in the construction industry also have their premises in Lärkstaden and it is adjacent to residential buildings and green areas. By drawing up an idea for a new design, an investigation has been carried out showing which functions can be shared in Lärkstaden and how it would become sustainable in the long-term as it will have the required mixed structure mentioned above. The idea is anchored by previous research through a literature study. To gain a greater understanding of the area, visits have been made and people have been interviewed through experience and knowledge offer thoughts and ideas. / <p>Betyg 2021-06-04</p>

The work deals with the impact assessment of selected parameters of residential buildings on their energy performance. Within the application of the theory of statistics database of selected residential buildings is analyzed in terms of different features that characterize it. In particular, the thermal insulating properties and individual sub-items in the energy balance are analyzed. Then the measured rate dependence of selected parameters affecting energy performance is examined using correlation and regression analysis. The results are applied in the development of computational tools for evaluating energy flows in the building.

Energy utilization issues are becoming increasingly important around the world. Existing residential and building service sectors represent a large part of total energy utilization, and the corresponding operational costs and environmental impacts are high. Retrofitting is considered an effective way to accelerate the sustainable transformation of the existing building stock. In Sweden, 1945–1975 was a boom period for the construction of residential buildings. After 40–70 years of use, large contingents of buildings need to be systematically retrofitted. In the past, most Swedish buildings were retrofitted individually, and occasionally in small clusters. Cost-effective retrofitting for large-scale implementation has not yet been substantially attained. Standardizing and industrializing the retrofitting process is expected to produce the following benefits: availability of standardized toolkits based on building typologies; simplified and more efficient decision-making process; lower retrofitting costs; shorter project durations; greater resource-efficiency; lower environmental impact; and higher profitability.The overall aim of the present study is to contribute to the knowledge regarding industrialized retrofitting toolkits in Swedish residential buildings and evaluate the various toolkits. More specifically, the study aims to analyze the energy demand saving potential of different retrofitting measures and long-term profits based on the typology of residential buildings. Based on a systematic set of building properties and classification of existing residential types in Sweden, four slab houses (lamellhus) were selected as the major sub-types of building stock for the demonstration cases. The case buildings were constructed between 1945 and 1975 and are currently used as single-family houses, multi-family houses, or apartment blocks. The main approaches applied to model the retrofitting profits were Consolis Energy +, parametric-based sensitivity analysis, and life-cycle-based economic assessment.Based on the theoretical modeling and analytical results from the case studies, it was found that the energy-saving potential is strongly dominated by the building type, which affects the design of retrofitting toolkits and defines life cycle costs. The results show that improving the efficiency of heat recovery in exhaust ventilation systems is an effective retrofitting measure for energy demand savings in the studied building types. However, the efficiency of other measures is highly dependent on the typology of the buildings. From an economic perspective, toolkits that include all of the possible retrofitting measures may not lead to larger expected reduction in LCC compared to standard retrofits that only include the most sensitive parameters. In addition, the impacts of energy price changes to the LCC in the future are highly diverse in different types of residential buildings. Developing systematic retrofitting guidelines for Swedish residential buildings requires both further research and a close collaboration between all stakeholders involved in the retrofitting process. / <p>QC 20131118</p>

In 2016, the European commission started an investigation with the intention of finding a strategy on how to direct capital towards sustainable investments. This investigation resulted in a framework that contributed with guidelines and key recommendations to different actors within the financial system. These guidelines and recommendations were then followed by a direct action-plan, in which it was emphasized that a harmonized and clear definition of sustainability was necessary to sufficiently apply these propositions on EU basis. Thus, the proposal of the EU Taxonomy (European Commission, 2018b). The new institutional regulation has created certain concerns within the construction and real estate sector, where actors indicate that some or several of the economic activities within the sector might face certain challenges in becoming Taxonomy aligned. As the EU Taxonomy has recently been disclosed, there is still little existing research associated with the new regulation and its potential impact on actors within the market. This study therefore aims to contribute to this research gap by studying the potential challenges companies within the construction- and real estate sector, namely residential developing companies, are facing when the EU Taxonomy enters legislation. This study has been conducted in accordance with a qualitative method, using semi-structured interviews to collect data. Targeted participants in the study have been industry employees within the positions of development managers, sustainable managers, and financial managers, or similar, this to get a grasp of the three important perspectives that relates to the implementation of the EU Taxonomy: the technical-, organizational- and economic perspective.Based on the result of this study there are some identified factors that may cause certain challenges for the residential developer when practically implementing the technical screening criteria outlined in the EU Taxonomy. These factors are associated with residential developers' previous experience of certain sustainable measures, the complex nature of implementing sustainable measures in construction projects and the formation of the EU Taxonomy itself. The challenges facing the residential developer is therefore derived to be both the challenge of understanding the criteria outlined in the new regulation, just as well as realizing these criteriain practice. / År 2016 inledde Europeiska kommissionen en utredning med avsikt att hitta en strategi för hur man riktar kapital mot hållbara investeringar. Undersökningen resulterade i ett ramverk som bidrog med riktlinjer och viktiga rekommendationer till olika aktörer inom det finansiella systemet. Dessa riktlinjer och rekommendationer följdes därefter av en direkt handlingsplan, där det betonades att en harmoniserad och tydlig definition av hållbarhet var nödvändig för att i tillräcklig utsträckning tillämpa dessa förslag på EU basis. Från detta växte förslaget till EU:s nya Taxonomi fram (Europeiska kommissionen, 2018b). Den nya institutionella förordningen har skapat viss oro inom fastighetsbranschen, där aktörer indikerar att flera av de ekonomiska aktiviteterna inom sektorn kan möta viss utmaning vidimplementeringen av de presenterade kriterierna. Eftersom EU:s Taxonomi nyligen har framtagits finns det fortfarande lite existerande forskning relaterat till förordningen samt dess potentiella inverkan på marknadens aktörer. Denna studie syftar därför till att bidra till ökad förståelse för EU:s nya Taxonomi, detta genom att studera potentiella utmaningar som företag inom fastighetsbranschen, närmare bestämt bostadsutvecklingsföretag, står inför när EU:s nyaTaxonomi träder i kraft. Studien genomfördes enligt en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. Deltagare i studien har varit utvecklingschefer, hållbarhetschefer och ekonomichefer, eller anställda med liknande positioner inom fastighetsbranschen. Urvalen syftar till att få en förståelse för de tre viktiga perspektiven som rör implementeringen av EU:s nya Taxonomi nämligen det tekniska, organisatoriska- och ekonomiska perspektivet. Resultatet av denna studie visar på ett flertal faktorer som kan orsaka utmaningar för bostadsutvecklaren vid implementeringen av EU:s nya Taxonomi. Dessa faktorer relaterar bland annat till bostadsutvecklares tidigare kunskap och erfarenhet av olika hållbarhetsåtgärder, bostadsutvecklingsprojekts komplexa natur samt utformningen av Taxonomin. De utmaningar som bostadsutvecklaren står inför är således både utmaningen att förstå de kriterier som anges i den nya förordningen, liksom att realisera dessa kriterier i praktiken.

Climate change is exacerbating natural disasters, and extreme weather events increase with intensity and frequency. This requires an in-depth evaluation of locations across the various U.S. climates where natural hazards, vulnerabilities, and potentially damaging impacts will vary. At the local building level within the built environment, private residences are crucial shelter systems to protect against natural disasters, and are a central component in the greater effort of creating comprehensive disaster resilient environments. In light of recent disasters such as Superstorm Sandy, there is an increased awareness that residential buildings and communities need to become more resilient for the changing climates they are located in, or will face devastating consequences. There is a great potential for specific high-performance building technologies to play a vital role in achieving disaster resilience on a local scale. The application of these technologies can not only provide immediate protection and reduced risk for buildings and its occupants, but can additionally alleviate disaster recovery stressors to critical infrastructure and livelihoods by absorbing, adapting, and rapidly recovering from extreme weather events, all while simultaneously promoting sustainable building development. However, few have evaluated the link between residential high-performance building technologies and natural disaster resilience in regards to identifying and prioritizing viable technologies to assist decision-makers with effective implementation. This research developed a framework for a process that prioritizes residential building technologies that encompass both high-performance and resilience qualities that can be implemented for a variety of housing contexts to mitigate risks associated with climate induced natural hazards. Decision-makers can utilize this process to evaluate a residential building for natural disaster risks, and communicate strategies to improve building performance and resilience in response to such risks. / Ph. D.