Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-22T11:22:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Brenda Gomes Carvalho - 2012.pdf: 1987679 bytes, checksum: 63fde171cc8d47f38d2c59890c3a1b90 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-02-22T11:24:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Brenda Gomes Carvalho - 2012.pdf: 1987679 bytes, checksum: 63fde171cc8d47f38d2c59890c3a1b90 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-22T11:24:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Brenda Gomes Carvalho - 2012.pdf: 1987679 bytes, checksum: 63fde171cc8d47f38d2c59890c3a1b90 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-19 / Araucaria angustifolia is a dioecious plant, which is endangered due to their extensive exploitation and reforestation difficulties related to its slow development and lack of methods for determining the sex of the plant before its reproductive age (15 to 20 years). Through analysis of 1H HR-MAS NMR and multivariate analysis was possible to propose a method to predict the sex of the plant still young, by assessing the metabolic profile of fresh leaves. This analysis led to the identification of regions of spectrum with higher influence on differentiation between males and females, although the corresponding metabolites have not been elucidated. / Araucaria angustifolia é uma planta dióica, que se encontra ameaçada de extinção devido à sua extensiva exploração e às dificuldades de reflorestamento, relacionadas ao seu lento desenvolvimento e à inexistência de métodos para a determinação do sexo da planta antes de sua idade reprodutiva (15 a 20 anos). Através de análises de RMN HR-MAS de 1H e análise multivariada foi possível propor um método para a predição do sexo da planta ainda jovem, através da avaliação do perfil metabólico de folhas in natura. Esta análise levou à identificação de regiões do espectro com maior influência na diferenciação entre machos e fêmeas, embora os metabólitos correspondentes não tenham sido elucidados.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGBA.pdf: 7751002 bytes, checksum: 6ec58a5eabb6147b50170358eceefa09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-02 / This present work describes the chemotaxonomic analysis of lichens through the utilization of NMR spectroscopic techniques, HR-MAS and NMR in solution, and IR allied with chemometrics methods. This analysis were carried out with eleven species set of lichens divided in two families and six genera. The HR-MAS NMR spectra together the chemometric, obtained from intact vegetal material, present the discrimination between the families, genera and species and the classification percentage was much satisfactory (70,8%). The analyzed substances include the carbohydrates class of low molecular-weight, the polyols. The NMR in solution analysis, corresponding to crude extracts, present the discrimination between genera and species and the classification was excellent (88,9%). In this analysis, where the secondary metabolites of lichens are evaluated, was realized the identification of some substances in mixture. The analysis by infrared spectroscopy (IR), also obtained from intact material, was detached by the excellent power of samples classification (100% of correct prediction), with discrimination between genera and species. The comparative application of this techniques confirm the results obtained separately, and point for a great potentiality of IR in chemotaxonomic analysis of lichens, due its quickness and low price, however the NMR techniques are more attractive when desire the circumstantial analysis of spectral profile. / O presente trabalho descreve a análise quimiotaxonômica de liquens, a partir da utilização das técnicas espectroscópicas de RMN, HR-MAS e em solução, e IV aliadas aos métodos quimiométricos. As análises foram efetuadas empregando-se um conjunto de onze espécies de liquens, distribuídas em duas famílias e seis gêneros. Os espectros de RMN HR-MAS, obtidos a partir do material vegetal intacto, apresentou, juntamente com a quimiometria, a discriminação entre as famílias, gêneros e espécies e ainda um percentual de classificação muito satisfatório (70,8%). As substâncias analisadas compreendem a classe dos carboidratos de baixa massa molecular, os polióis. As análises de RMN em solução, correspondentes aos extratos brutos, apresentaram a discriminação de gêneros e espécies e a classificação foi excelente (88,9%). Nessa análise, a qual os metabólitos secundários de liquens são avaliados, foi realizada a identificação em mistura de algumas substâncias. A análise por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (IV), obtidas também a partir do material intacto foi destacada pelo seu excelente poder de classificação de amostras (100% de predições corretas), com discriminação entre os gêneros e espécies. A aplicação comparativa dessas técnicas espectroscópicas corrobora os resultados obtidos separadamente, e aponta para uma grande potencialidade do IV em análises quimiotaxonômicas de liquens, dado a sua rapidez e baixo custo, embora as técnicas de RMN sejam muito atrativas quando se deseja uma análise minuciosa do perfil espectral.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2111.pdf: 4098526 bytes, checksum: 934a5ed1df0d898498c78f0ae9e109af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-29 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The Biotechnology has made possible the development of genetically modified (GM) organisms, including soybean, main Brazilian agricultural product. These GM specimens has been produced by changing some original characteristics of plant in order to increase productivity and to reduce production costs. However, these novel organisms should be evaluated, in order to verify its safety for environment and human and animal consume. In this context, it is necessary to develop new analytical methodologies for substantial equivalence determination of these novel plants. NMR is an important analytical tool allowing acquisition of a great number of chemical information in a single experiment. Within NMR techniques, HR-MAS makes possible direct acquisition on intact samples (In situ), without any sample treatment. In addition, chemometric analysis is a powerful tool, which allows interpretation of high complex data, such as NMR spectra. In this work, HR-MAS NMR has been employed for acquisition of NMR spectra directly of soybeans and leaves. Application of chemometric analysis on NMR data, has made possible to discriminate samples according to cultivar, geographic origin and mainly genetic origin, as well as to predict the identity of unknown samples by means of classification models. For this, all methodology, including HR-MAS NMR spectra measurements and chemometric analysis, was developed and optimized. Chemometric analysis performed on HR-MAS NMR spectra has also allowed to determine differences on chemical composition among samples, mainly those between traditional and GM specimens, giving important information about substantial equivalence of GM soybean crops. In conclusion, it has been demonstrated that HR-MAS NMR technique together with chemometric analysis is an important tool to be used in metabolomic studies and in quality control of agricultural products. / A biotecnologia tem possibilitado o desenvolvimento de organismos geneticamente modificadas (OGMs), entre eles a soja, principal produto agrícola brasileiro. Permitindo assim, alterar as características da planta, visando aumentar a produtividade e reduzir custos. No entanto, é necessário avaliar os OGMs quanto a segurança alimentar e ambiental. Desta forma, são necessárias metodologias analíticas capazes de atuar na determinação da equivalência substancial destes novos organismos. Dentre as técnicas, a RMN possui um importante atrativo devido ao fato de fornecer um grande número de informações químicas sobre o sistema em estudo, em um único experimento. Além disso, a técnica de RMN HR-MAS possibilita a aquisição de medidas diretamente de materiais intactos (In situ), sem a necessidade de quaisquer etapas de preparo de amostra. Aliada a esta, a quimiometria é uma poderosa ferramenta que permite analisar e interpretar dados de alta complexidade, tais como, espectros de RMN. Neste trabalho, a RMN HR-MAS tem sido empregada para a aquisição de experimentos diretamente de sementes de soja e de folhas da planta. A aplicação de análises quimiométricas sobre os espectros de RMN HR-MAS possibilitou discriminar as amostras de acordo com a cultivar, origem geográfica e, principalmente, origem genética, bem como predizer a origem de amostras desconhecidas através da construção de modelos de classificação. Para isso, toda a metodologia desde a aquisição dos espectros de RMN HR-MAS às análises quimiométricas foi desenvolvida e otimizada. A análise quimiométrica dos espectros de RMN HR-MAS tem permitido também determinar as diferenças na composição química entre as amostras, principalmente aquelas entre espécimens GM e convencionais, fornecendo importantes informações sobre a equivalência substancial da soja GM. Desta forma, a RMN HR-MAS aliada a quimiometria tem se mostrado uma importante ferramenta para atuar em estudos metabolômicos e no controle de qualidade de produtos agrícolas.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-29T16:49:58Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rafael Choze - 2011.pdf: 2895418 bytes, checksum: 6942b3a804e34024bb7cd13f100e5663 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-12-29T16:50:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rafael Choze - 2011.pdf: 2895418 bytes, checksum: 6942b3a804e34024bb7cd13f100e5663 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-29T16:50:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rafael Choze - 2011.pdf: 2895418 bytes, checksum: 6942b3a804e34024bb7cd13f100e5663 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work, a new methodology which allows differentiating conventional and transgenic common beans, grown in greenhouse or under field conditions, based on modifications in chemical composition using 1H HRMAS NMR and infrared is proposed. Through NMR it was possible to identify differences in chemical composition between the beans, according to transgenic or conventional source, especially in aromatic hydrogen region. The 1H, gHSQC and gHMBC experiments conducted to the flavonoids quercetin and myricetin structures, present in higher contents in genetically modified cultivars. Moreover, through 1H HR-MAS NMR was also possible to identify, in mixture, the aminoacids threonine, valine, isoleucine, and lysine, and the oligosaccharides stachyose, raffinose, and verbascose. The NMR spectra of Pérola 5.1 and BRS Pontal 5.1, to which the transgene was received from Olathe 5.1, using crosses and backcrosses, showed the same signal pattern observed in Olathe 5.1 bean. This study also demonstrated that the influence of typical variables from field planting conditions had no significant influence on the ability of separation between cultivars transgenic and conventional. This methodology was corroborated by multivariate data analysis of the 1H NMR spectra. On the other hand, the infrared studies showed less conclusive results. The study of the influence of exposure to air indicated a decrease in the flavonoid myricetin content. For quercetin no change was observed. This study also points out the simplicity of using the HR-MAS NMR technique for food analyses. The measurement is highly simplified because it does not require any pretreatment of the sample apart from the addition of a small amount of D2O necessary to produce homogeneous dough and a field frequency lock. Moreover, due to the high concentration of the sample, measurement time in HR-MAS NMR is very short. / Neste trabalho, propõe-se uma metodologia que permita diferenciar feijões convencionais e transgênicos, cultivados em casa de vegetaçao sob condições controladas ou em campo, baseados em modificações na composição química, utilizando RMN 1H HR-MAS e infravermelho. Através da RMN foi possível identificar diferenças na composição química entre os feijões, segundo sua origem convencional ou transgênica, especialmente na região de hidrogênios aromáticos. Os espectros de 1H HR-MAS, gHSQC e gHMBC conduziram às estruturas dos flavonóides quercetina e miricetina, presentes em maior concentração no feijão geneticamente modificado. Além disso, através da técnica de HR-MAS, foi possível caracterizar os aminoácidos treonina, alanina, valina, isoleucina e lisina e os oligossacarídeos estaquiose, verbascose e rafinose, em mistura. As linhagens BRS Pontal 5.1 e Pérola 5.1, derivadas de cultivares de grande aceitação comercial, BRS Pontal e Pérola, e que receberam o transgene do feijão Olathe 5.1, através de cruzamentos e retrocruzamentos, apresentaram o mesmo perfil de variação química observado para as cultivares Olathe Pinto e Olathe 5.1. Esse estudo demonstrou ainda, que as variáveis edafoclimáticas, típicas de condições de plantio no campo, não tiveram influência significativa sobre a capacidade de separação entre cultivares transgênicos e convencionais. Esta metodologia foi corroborada pela análise multivariada dos dados dos espectros de RMN de 1H. Por outro lado, estudos realizados através da técnica de infravermelho demonstraram que os resultados foram menos conclusivos, quando comparados àqueles obtidos através de RMN. O estudo da influencia da exposição da cultivar ao ar, indicou uma variação no teor do flavonóide miricetina, visualizado pelo decréscimo da intensidade de seus sinais no espectro. Para o flavonóide quercetina, nenhuma variação foi observada. Por fim, esse trabalho aponta para a simplicidade do uso da técnica HR-MAS para análises de alimentos. A medida é extremamente simplificada, pois não requer nenhum prétratamento da amostra além da moagem e adição de gotas de D2O.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-27T11:23:07Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rodolpho de Campos Braga - 2015.pdf: 15048949 bytes, checksum: 8c5fe5ec8f286e33101963872c33d8d5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-09-27T11:26:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rodolpho de Campos Braga - 2015.pdf: 15048949 bytes, checksum: 8c5fe5ec8f286e33101963872c33d8d5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T11:26:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Rodolpho de Campos Braga - 2015.pdf: 15048949 bytes, checksum: 8c5fe5ec8f286e33101963872c33d8d5 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In view of the alarming scenario of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil and in the world, especially due to the increasing number of cases of drug resistance and due to the few drugs available, it is essential to search for new therapeutic alternatives for this parasitosis. The complete sequencing of the genome of the main species of Leishmania opened great possibilities in understanding these diseases and initiated the post-genomic era of drug discovery against kinetoplastids. In this context, the enzyme 14 a-sterol demethylase (CYP51) of Leishmania is especially involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the main sterol membrane and vital to the parasite. Furthermore, it was recently shown that inhibition of CYP51 of L. donovani is essential for the growth of the parasite, and therefore, is a validated target for the development of new leishmanicidal drugs. The aim of this work was the development and implementation of integrated strategies in medicinal chemistry to identify new bioactive compounds against L. infantum using CYP51 enzyme as molecular target. For this, we compiled, integrated and prepared the largest publicly available data sets related to CYP51 and phenotypic assays for Leishmania infantum amastigotes. Virtual screening models (VS) were constructed and extensively validated and applied to filter over 1 million of commercial compounds. The best models for VS were ROCS (LBDD) and pharmacophore (SBDD), with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) values of 0.86-0.90. The consensus between the two models had greater performance, with AUC of 0.93 and high recognition ability active ligands in the top 1% hits. Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models robust and predictive were generated and validated for L. infantum (amastigote forms). The models were able to discriminate inactive active compounds with correct classification rate (CCR) values of 0.77 to 0.95 when evaluated for the external validation set. After the virtual screening, QSAR models were used to assist in the final selection of the compounds to be experimentally evaluated. This strategy allowed the identification of 12 compounds that were selected and acquired for in vitro assays against Leishmania (L.) infantum (MHOM / BR / 1972 / LD) in promastigote and amastigote forms, and determination of selectivity/cytotoxicity in NCTC in mammalian cells. Of the twelve compounds tested, six of them showed 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values raging from 3.48 to 58.94 μM and were more potent than the standard drug meglumine antimoniate, which is the drug of choice for the treatment of all forms of leishmaniasis. Three most promising compounds (LabMol-007, LabMol-009 and LabMol-012), had activity in leishmanicidal as amastigote and selectivity index promising (IC50 < 5.21 μM and selectivity index > 6.8) and were selected as new hits. We analyzed the parasite metabolic changes in the presence of known CYP51 inhibitors and new inhibitors using HR-MAS NMR 1H . We observed major changes in the energetic metabolism, amino acids catabolism, sterol biosynthesis, purine biosynthesis and thiol-redox system of the parasite. The three hit compounds identified in this work will continue in the drug development process, being necessary to carry out in vivo studies, elucidation of the mechanism of action, hit optimization, as well as the study of pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity. / Tendo em vista o quadro alarmante da leishmaniose visceral no Brasil e no mundo, especialmente devido ao crescente número de casos de resistência e aos poucos medi- camentos disponíveis, é imprescindível a busca de novas alternativas terapêuticas para esta parasitose. O sequenciamento completo do genoma das principais espécies de Leish- mania abriu grandes possibilidades no entendimento desses organismos e iniciou a era pós-genômica da descoberta de fármacos contra tripanossomatídeos. Nesse contexto, destaca-se a enzima 14 a-esterol desmetilase (CYP51) de Leishmania, que é especial- mente envolvida na biossíntese do ergosterol, principal esterol de membrana e vital para o parasito. Além disso, recentemente foi demonstrado que a inibição da CYP51 de L. donovani é essencial para o crescimento do parasito, sendo, portanto, um alvo validado para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos leishmanicidas. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de estratégias integradas em Química Medicinal para a identificação de novas substâncias bioativas contra L. infantum, utilizando a enzima CYP51 como alvo molecular. Para isso, foram compilados, integrados e preparados os maiores conjuntos de dados disponíveis publicamente relacionados a CYP51 e a ensaios fenotípicos para Leishmania spp. Modelos de triagem virtual (VS) foram construídos, exaustivamente validados e aplicados para filtrar uma quimioteca com mais de 1 milhão de compostos comerciais. Os melhores modelos para a VS foram o ROCS (LBDD) e o farmacofórico (SBDD), com valores de área sob a curva ROC (AUC) de 0,86-0,90. O consenso entre esses dois modelos foi superior com valor de AUC de 0,93 e alta capacidade de reconhecimento de ligantes ativos no topo de 1% hits. Modelos de relação quantitativa entre estrutura e atividade (QSAR) robustos e preditivos foram gerados e validados para um conjunto de dados de compostos com atividade contra L. infantum (formas amastigota). Os modelos de QSAR foram capazes de discriminar compostos ati- vos de inativos com uma taxa de acerto (CCR) de 0,77-0,95, quando avaliados utilizando o conjunto de validação externa. Após a triagem virtual, os modelos de QSAR foram usados para auxiliar na seleção final dos compostos a avaliados experimentalmente. Essa estratégia permitiu a identificação de 12 compostos que foram selecionados e adquiridos para realização de ensaios de atividade biológica in vitro contra Leishmania (L.) infantum (MHOM/BR/1972/LD) em formas promastigotas e amastigotas, e determinação de sele- tividade/citotoxidade em células mamíferas NCTC. Dos doze compostos testados, seis deles apresentaram valores de concentração inibitória de 50% (IC50) entre 3,48-58,94 μM e foram mais potentes que o fármaco padrão antimoniato de meglumina, que é o fármaco de primeira escolha para o tratamento de todas as formas de leishmaniose. Três compostos mais (LabMol-007, LabMol-009 e LabMol-012) tiveram atividade em leishmanicida na forma amastigota e índice de seletividade bastante promissores (IC50 < 5,21 μM e índice de seletividade > 6,8) e foram selecionados como novos hits. Analisou-se as alterações metabólicas do parasito na presença inibidores conhecidos de CYP51 e dos novos inibi- dores, empregando-se RMN HR-MAS 1H. Foram observadas alterações principais nas vias de metabolismo energético, catabolismo de aminoácidos, biossíntese de esteróis, metabolismo purinas e no sistema tiol-redox do parasito. Os três hits identificados neste trabalho prosseguirão no processo de desenvolvimento de novos fármacos, sendo necessá- ria a realização de estudos in vivo, elucidação do mecanismo de ação, otimização dos hits, além do estudo de propriedades farmacocinéticas e toxicidade.

La principale limite en chirurgie hépatobiliaire est représentée par l’insuffisance hépatocellulaire (IHC) posthépatectomie (Hx) ou la dysfonction du greffon (EAD) après transplantation (TH). Peu d’études ont évalué le métabolisme du foie dans son ensemble, du fait du manque de technique utilisable en clinique. La métabolomique HR-MAS-RMN pourrait pallier à ce manque. Le but de cette thèse était d’évaluer l’apport de cette technique en chirurgie hépatobiliaire.En TH (n=42), le profil métabolique (PM) prédisait le risque d’EAD et identifiait le lactate et la phosphocholine comme biomarqueurs permettant d’envisager un matching métabolique. Après Hx majeure (n=45), le PM prédisait la survenue d’un décès par IHC. Ce PM différait du profil cirrhotique en décompensation et était compatible avec celui de système cellulaire prolifératif. Une étude préliminaire montrait que le PM prédisait la récidive à 1 an après hépatectomie. Ce travail montre l’intérêt de la métabolomique par HR MAS RMN pour prédire l’issue d’une Hx ou d’une TH dans un temps compatible avec la clinique. Ces données orientent vers la piste de l’intervention métabolique en chirurgie hépatique. / One of the main limits in liver surgery is the risk of liver failure (LF) after hepatectomy (Hx) or graft dysfunction (EAD) after liver transplantation (LT). Few studies have evaluated global liver metabolism, probably due to the lack of clinically relevant techniques. HR-MAS-NMR metabolomics may fulfill this lack and the goal of this work was to evaluate its capacity to predict early outcomes after hepatectomy and LT. In LT (n=42), metabolic profile predicted EAD and lactate and phosphocholine were potent biomarkers providing means for metabolic matching. In liver biopsies harvested at the end of major Hx (n=45), metabolic profile predicted PHLF. The profile at risk of LF differed from that of decompensated cirrhosis but correlated to that of proliferative multicellular systems. A preliminary study showed that the metabolic profile predicted the risk of liver metastases recurrence at 1 year. This work underlines the potential value of HR-MAS-NMR metabolomics in the prediction of short-term outcomes in liver surgery. It provides clues to be further investigated for future evaluation of metabolic intervention in the field of liver surgery.

Cette thèse présente une approche multicompartimentée en métabolomique appliquée au diagnostic des tumeurs indéterminées de la thyroïde et à la caractérisation de l’effet du fructo-oligosaccharide sous condition de régime hyperlipidique chez la souris. L’objectif était de montrer qu’une telle approche permettrait de visualiser de façon plus globale des modulations du métabolisme induites, et par conséquent, d’améliorer la pertinence des marqueurs discriminants identifiés. Dans le cas de l'analyse nutritionnelle, l’analyse mono-compartimentée des différentes organes/segments intestinaux des souris ont permis de mettre en évidence les voies métaboliques affectées par le régime hyperlipidique mais pas d’observer un effet significatif du prébiotique FOS. Dans le cas du cancer de la thyroïde, l’étude multicompartimentée n’a pas pu être mise en place dans de bonnes conditions (problème de prélèvement d’échantillons). Cependant, l’analyse métabolomique monocompartimentée basée sur l’analyse HR-MAS des ponctions prélevées à l’aiguille fine a mené à une discrimination significative entre les lésions bénignes et malignes avec une prédictivité similaire aux tests moléculaires actuellement disponibles. En parallèle, nous avons exploré la technique HR-MAS à rotation lente dans le but de préserver l’intégrité des tissus au cours des expériences. L’utilisation de cette technique s’accompagne d’un certain nombre d’inconvénients que nous avons contournés en utilisant des séquences RMN particulières, et en mettant en place un protocole robuste de préparation d’échantillons. Enfin, nous avons évalué le filtre T1ρ et son application en métabolomique comme alternative au filtre T2. / This thesis presents a multicompartmental metabolomics approach applied to the diagnosis of indeterminate thyroid tumours and to the characterization of the effect of fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS), a prebiotic, under high fat diet condition in a mouse model. The aim of this project is to show that such approach could lead to a more global visualization of the induced metabolic modulations, and therefore, improve the identified discriminant markers relevance. Regarding the diet study, the mono-compartmental analysis of the different mouse organs/intestine segments enabled us to identify metabolic pathways affected by the high fat diet whereas the effect of FOS could only be characterized for the feces samples collected at day 28. Regarding the thyroid cancer study, the multi-compartmental approach could not have been continued due to sample handling issues. However, the classical metabolomics analysis of the fine-needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) from patients with benign or malignant tumours led to a clear discrimination between both groups with a predictivity similar to that of commercial diagnosis tests. In the meantime, we explored the slow-spinning NMR HR-MAS technique in order to preserve the integrity of the tissues during the experiments. The use of this technique is accompanied by a number of drawbacks that we have avoided using special NMR sequences, and putting in place a robust protocol for sample preparation. Finally, we evaluated the T1ρ filter and its applications to metabolomics as an alternative to T2 filter.

La majorité des méthodes d’analyse et de contrôle actuelles dans l’agroalimentaire sont basées sur une approche ciblée, c'est-à-dire avec une définition en amont des contaminants recherchés, et présentent ainsi le risque de ne pas détecter certaines fraudes ou sources potentielles de contaminations de produits authentiques. C’est autour de cette problématique que le projet Agrifood GPS (Global Protection System), dont fait partie cette thèse, a été initié. Celui-ci a pour objectif principal la mise en place de nouvelles méthodes analytiques de criblage (non-ciblées) afin de garantir l’intégrité des produits analysés. Cette thèse regroupe ainsi les différents résultats obtenus sur des matrices semi-solides (poisson principalement), par RMN Haute Résolution en Rotation à l’Angle Magique (HR-MAS), et sur des extraits de caviar par RMN liquide haute résolution (HR). Ce manuscrit présente, tout d’abord, une méthode de détermination rapide de la fraîcheur et la qualité du poisson basée sur la mesure de deux indicateurs chimiques (le TMA-N et la valeur K) ainsi que les résultats portant sur l’évaluation de la texture du poisson à travers l’étude du temps de relaxation transversale (T2) de l’eau contenue dans les tissus musculaires, ces deux études étant réalisées par RMN HR-MAS. Puis, les résultats des travaux réalisés sur la détermination de l’origine géographique du caviar à l’aide du profil métabolique enregistré par spectroscopie RMN liquide haute résolution et d’analyses statistiques multivariées, dans le cadre de la démarche d’obtention d’une IGP (Indication Géographique Protégée) des producteurs de l’Aquitaine, et sur l’étude de la dégradation du caviar au cours de sa conservation au réfrigérateur sont alors présentés. / Most of the current analytical and quality control methods in the food industry are based on a targeted approach, with an upstream definition of the intended contaminants, and may fail to detect some frauds or contaminations of genuine products. It is around this issue that the Agrifood GPS (Global Protection System), of which this thesis is part of, has been initiated. This project aims at developing new holistic analytical methods (untargeted) in order to ensure the integrity of the foodstuff analyzed. This thesis manuscript gathers the results obtained on semi-solid foodstuffs (mainly fish), by High Resolution Magic Angle Spinning NMR, and on caviar extracts by high resolution liquid-state NMR (HR NMR). First of all, it presents a rapid method to evaluate fish freshness and quality based on the determination of two chemical indicators (the TMA-N and the K-value) and the results of a fish texture study through the measurement of the transverse relaxation time (T2) of water in muscle tissues, both by HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy. Thereafter, are presented the results of the work carried out on the determination of the geographical origin of caviar using the metabolic profile acquired by liquid-state NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis in the context of the PGI (Protected Geographical Indication) status for the Aquitaine producers, and on the degradation study of caviar during its storage in a fridge.

En raison de leurs propriétés uniques, des nanoparticules industriellement fabriquées comme les nanotubes de carbone (NTC) ont révolutionné le domaine de la nanotechnologie. Il apparait nécessaire de développer des techniques d’investigation in vivo basées sur les propriétés intrinsèques de ces particules et permettant un suivi longitudinal pour évaluer leur risque après inhalation accidentelle par voie respiratoire. Un protocole d’IRM pulmonaire non-invasive utilisant l’hélium-3 hyper polarisé sous respiration spontanée a été développé en complément d’un protocole d’IRM systémique proton pour permettre la détection des NTC grâce à l’effet de susceptibilité magnétique induit par les impuretés de fer, associées aux nanotubes après leur exposition intra pulmonaire. Combiné avec l’IRM pulmonaire proton et des analyses en microscopie optique et électronique à différents temps d’investigation, ce protocole d’imagerie multimodale permet d’évaluer la biodistribution et l’impact biologique des NTC bruts après exposition intra pulmonaire.Une accentuation des réactions inflammatoires (granulomes multifocaux, dépôt de fibres de collagène…) avec le temps et la dose administrée a été observée.De l’évaluation de l’impact biologique des NTC après une exposition intra pulmonaire vers leurs applications biomédicales, les nanotubes de carbone avec leurs propriétés physicochimiques fascinantes et leur forme spécifique laissent entrevoir des applications potentielles en nanomédecine. La bio distribution et le profil pharmacologique des différents types de NTC ont été évalués longitudinalement par IRM et dosage dans le sang et les organes cibles après une injection intraveineuse, et leur impact biologique sur le métabolisme du foie a été examiné ex vivo par RMN haute résolution à l’angle magique (HR-MAS). Aucun signe de toxicité aiguë (variation du métabolisme du foie) n’a été observé et les analyses statistiques conduits sur les spectres RMN (tests PCA) ne montrent aucune différence entre les échantillons analysés et donc l’absence de discrimination entre les différents groupes par rapport aux animaux contrôles. / As novel engineered nanoparticles such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are extensively used in nanotechnology due to their superior properties, it becomes critical to fully understand their biodistribution and effect when accidently inhaled. There fore, development of animaging technique which allow longitudinal in vivo follow-up of SWCNT effect based on their intrinsic properties is highly desirable. Non invasive free-breathing hyperpolarized 3He lung MRI protocol was developed complementary to proton systemic MR protocol to allow monitoring SWCNT based on their intrinsic iron impurities after intrapulmonary exposition. Combined toproton lung MRI and ex vivo optical and electron microscopy at different time points, this protocol represents a powerful multimodality imaging techniques which allows a full characterization of the biodistribution and biological impacts of iron containing SWCNT. SWCNT was found to produce granulomatous and inflammatory reactions in a time and dose dependent manner with their bio persistenc eafter intrapulmonary exposition.From biological impact evaluations after intrapulmonary exposition towards biomedical applications, SWCNT hold promise for applications in nanomedicine field with their distinct architecture and their novel physicochemical properties. The biodistribution and pharmacological profile of various well-dispersed pristine and functionalized SWCNT were assessed in blood and target tissues after their intra venous administration by longitudinal in vivo susceptibility weighted MRI and their potential effect on liver metabolism by ex vivo HRMAS 1H NMR. No presence ofacute toxicological effect (variation in liver metabolism) was observed confirmed by the absence of clustering in NMR spectra using Principal Component Analysis (specific biomarkers of toxicity).