Ce mémoire s’intéresse au jeu de rôle numérique, plus spécifiquement le jeu vidéo appartenant au genre du jeu de rôle. Pour comprendre ce genre, il est nécessaire d’en faire l’histoire pour en lire l’évolution à travers le temps. Or, une simple lecture historique ne parvient que très partiellement à restituer un portrait d’ensemble de ce type de jeu vidéo. À partir de notions de genre, de jeu de rôle et d’histoire, ce mémoire dresse un bilan historiographique du RPG ainsi que de ses écritures. Ce bilan permet de dégager les enjeux principaux qui ont articulé l’histoire du jeu de rôle numérique, enjeux qui sont ensuite soumis à une enquête historique. Cette enquête menée sur la critique de jeu vidéo dans des magazines spécialisés entre 1980 et 2006 permet de restituer l’état des lieux à une époque donnée et de le comparer aux écrits des historiens du genre. À la lumière de ces résultats, ce mémoire documente, précise et nuance l’histoire du jeu de rôle telle que construite par les historiens et offre une vision plus actuelle du jeu de rôle numérique d’hier à aujourd’hui. / This master thesis studies digital role-playing games, in this case referring to video games of the role-playing game genre. To do so, it is necessary to study the genre’s history to better understand its evolution through time. However, a historical overview does not fully account for the phenomena of digital role-playing games. Using notions of genre, role-playing games and history, this thesis provides an overview of the history and historiography of role-playing games and its writing. This overview then highlights some major issues which have been integral parts to the genre’s history. These issues are then the focus of a historical study, using video game reviews found in specialized magazines from 1980 to 2006, to situate the state of things in defined points in time regarding role-playing games and compare it to what the genre’s historians have written. This thesis then uses the results obtained to document, clarify, and nuance the history of digital role-playing games built by its historians, and offers a more accurate picture of role-playing video games through their history.

MousePunk är en undersökning som strävar efter att inkludera de två observerbara lek- och spelstilarna i digitala spel, som tydligt skiljer olika personer åt och projektet visar att spelstilarna är beteendemönster som finns omnämnt i moraletiken. Redan hos barn är dessa beteende observerbara i deras sätt att leka. De två olika stilarna är Justice och Care och i jämförelse med andra spel i den valda spelgenren som främst bejakar Justice ger en inkludering av båda spelstilarna en ökad möjlighet för narrativ och spelmekanik. Eftersom de två beteendemönstren dessutom är observerbart uppdelade mellan cis-män och cis-kvinnor är det även inkluderande att balansera dessa spelstilar i ett spel. Därför har projektet behandlat och utrett hur ett CRPG kan se ut om det balanserat bejakar båda beteendestrukterna oavsett genus. Genom att kombinera nyckelprinciper i Justice och Care och destillera ner beteendestrukturerna till drivkrafter hos den enskilda individen har projektet sammanställt en gestaltning som balanserar spelstilarna med varandra. / MousePunk is a study that strives to include the two observable play styles in digital games: Justice and care. It shows that the playing styles are behavioural patterns that are mentioned in morality (this statement is still hanging-needs more substantion). Even in children, these behaviours are observable in their way of playing. In comparison with other games in the chosen game genre that mainly affirm Justice, the inclusion of both game styles provides an increased opportunity for narrative and game mechanics. In addition, since the two patterns of behavior are observably divided between cis-men and cis-women, it is also inclusive to balance these playing styles in a game. Therefore, the project has dealt with and investigated how a computer role playing game (CRPG) can look like if it equally affirms both behavioural structures regardless of gender. By combining key principles in Justice and Care and distilling them down to the driving forces of the individual, the project has put together a design that balances the playing styles with each other.

This paper aimed to discover how player satisfaction is affected by context-aware elements based on physical, real-world factors in an action role-playing game. The possibility of utilizing player modelling to counteract the reduction in player empowerment in a game heavily influenced by external factors was also explored. This was accomplished by creating an ARPG heavily integrated with various weather, and daytime, context data obtained from web-based APIs. Followed by conducting qualitative tests with help of eleven participants during a time period of a week. The evaluated results were presented in a manner of relevance for both context-driven applications as a whole, and for further exploration within game developments utilization of state of the art technology.

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The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the gaming behaviors of married individuals and couples who play Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game(s) (MMORPGs) including gaming addiction, time spent gaming, satisfaction in gaming participation, gaming interaction (between joint gaming spouses), and socio-demographic variables and the subsequent marital satisfaction levels of both individuals in the couple. Hypotheses were generally supported, excluding the hours spent gaming. 685 couples were separated and analyzed according to whether both individuals in the marriage gamed or just one individual gamed (couple-gaming type). Couples in which only one individual gamed (individual-gamer couples) had significantly lower marital satisfaction than all other groups and couples in which both gamed about the same amount of time (equal-gamers) held the highest marital satisfaction of the groups. Prediction models of marital satisfaction were determined for each couple-gaming type. The strongest predictions present in most of the models for marital satisfaction were the frequency that the couple retired to bed at the same time and the frequency that the couple quarreled specifically about gaming. Much MMORPG research has been presented on youth and adults, however to date there is no research on married gamers. Recent research on the video game habits of emerging adults called for further in depth investigation of the implications of video game use in the family formation stage of life.

Wie sollen Rechtssysteme auf Regeln reagieren, die Provider von Netzgemeinschaften wie Facebook oder World of Warcraft Nutzenden auferlegen? Das positive Recht gibt hierauf keine verlässliche Antwort. Erst ein Verständnis der Legitimität der Regeln ermöglicht ein Austarieren des Verhältnisses zwischen den Regelwerken von Netzgemeinschaften und Rechtssystemen. Nach Literaturstimmen sollen die Regeln durch außerrechtliche Mechanismen (z.B. direktdemokratische Verfahren), eine gerichtliche Kontrolle nach verfassungsrechtlichen Kriterien oder Zivilverfassungen legitimiert werden. Es ist aber zweifelhaft, ob Netzgemeinschaften legitime außerrechtliche Mechanismen schaffen können, ob sie wie Staaten behandelt werden sollten und ob Zivilverfassungen entstehen werden. Die Arbeit schlägt ein alternatives Modell vor: Im deutschen Zivilrecht zeichnet sich ein Legitimitätsmodell für private Regeln ab, das auf Regeln von Netzgemeinschaften anwendbar ist und als transnationale Schablone dienen kann. Danach werden die Regeln durch die Zustimmung und das Wohl der Nutzenden legitimiert. Letzteres gewährleistet ein Ausbeutungsschutz der Nutzenden in Form einer gerichtlichen Kontrolle. Die Anwendung des Modells führt zu folgenden Erkenntnissen: 1. Geschriebene Regeln sind schwach durch Zustimmung legitimiert. Eine gerichtliche Kontrolle nach vertragsrechtlichen Kriterien (bei Regelungen des Austauschverhältnisses zwischen Providern und Nutzenden) oder grundrechtlichen Kriterien (bei Verhaltensregeln) verleiht ihnen zusätzliche Legitimität. Die Kontrollintensität hängt von der Höhe des Ausbeutungsrisikos und der Existenz von legitimen außerrechtlichen Mechanismen ab. 2. Code-Regeln (z.B. Newsfeed- Algorithmen) sind auch nur schwach durch Zustimmung legitimiert. Gerichtliche Kontrollmöglichkeiten, die sie gegenüber Nutzenden legitimieren, müssen noch geschaffen werden. 3. Geschriebene und Code-Regeln sind illegitim gegenüber Nichtnutzenden, weil sie nicht auf deren Zustimmung beruhen. / How should legal systems respond to rules that virtual community providers such as Facebook or World of Warcraft impose on users? To answer this question, we must look beyond black letter law. Only an understanding of the legitimacy of these rules allows us to balance out their relationship with legal systems. Current scholarship theorizes their legitimacy as follows: Non-legal mechanisms (e.g. direct voting systems), judicial review according to constitutional principles, or digital civil constitutions may legitimize the rules. Yet, three points remain doubtful: whether virtual communities can develop legitimate self-governance mechanisms, whether they should be treated like states, and whether digital civil constitutions will effectively emerge. This work proposes an alternative legitimacy model: German private law reflects a legitimacy model for private rule-making applicable to rules of virtual communities which can serve as a transnational template. This model suggests that the rules can derive legitimacy from two sources: user consent and the common good of users, the latter ensured by judicial review protecting users against exploitation. This leads to the following key findings: 1. Written rules of virtual communities are weakly legitimized by user consent but derive additional legitimacy from judicial review. Contract law standard applies to rules that govern the bilateral exchange relationship between providers and users. General rules of conduct for users are checked against fundamental rights. The required intensity of review depends on the risk of user exploitation and the presence of legitimate self-governance mechanisms. 2. Rules embedded in computer code (e.g. newsfeed algorithms) are poorly legitimized by user consent. Judicial review procedures legitimizing them towards users still need to be established. 3. Both written rules and rules embedded in computer code are not legitimate towards non-users since non-users have not consented to them.

In conclusion, the results of the theoretical and empirical parts of the work, as well as conclusions on the hypotheses put forward, the practical significance of the study. Part of the research results is reflected in the article of the Higher Attestation Commission “Analysis of communicative strategies of personnel in roleplaying”, as well as at the conference “Psychology: from theory to practice”. / В работе исследуется взаимосвязь коммуникативных стратегий и игровой результативности хоккеистов