Orientador: Mauro Gonçalves / Banca: Júlio Cerca Serrão / Banca: Camila Coelho Greco / Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar se as intensidades do LFEMG e do ponto de quebra são semelhantes e se há diferença no valor do índice, calculando-se o RMS em intervalos referentes a cinco segundos ou ao ciclo de passada e estudar o comportamento da freqüência de passada (FP), amplitude (RMS) e freqüência da atividade eletromiográfica nos período pré (RMS-PRE, FM-PRE) e pós contato (RMS-PRE, FM-POS) dos músculos íleocostal (IC), reto femoral (RF), vasto lateral (VL), vasto medial (VM), bíceps femoral (BF), tibial anterior (TA) e gastrocnêmio lateral (GL), bem como da co-ativação dos músculos RF/BF, VL/BF, VM/BF e GL/TA nos períodos pré (PRE) e póscontato (POS) ao longo de um teste incremental, considerando as intensidades absolutas e quatro intensidades relativas: inicial (IIN), equivalente ao LFEMG (ILF), 15% abaixo (IAB) e 15% acima (IAC) do LFEMG. Onze voluntários foram submetidos a um teste incremental de corrida até exaustão voluntária. Os valores de RMS foram obtidos de duas formas, a cada cinco segundos do intervalo de corrida e a cada ciclo de passada. O LFEMG e o ponto de quebra foram determinados. Não houve diferenças significantes entre os valores dos índices obtidos pelas duas formas de análise nem entre os músculos. Entretanto, foi evidenciado que os valores de LFEMG foram maiores do que os do ponto de quebra apenas quando determinados pelos valores de RMS obtidos nos ciclos de passada. As velocidades relativas obtidas foram 9,2±0,4 km.h-1 na IAB, 10,6±0,7 km.h-1 na LFEMG e 12,3±0,5 km.h-1 na IAC. A partir dos 11 km.h-1 a FP, a RMS-PRE para o músculo IC e a RMS-POS para os músculos VL e VM apresentaram aumento. Nas intensidades relativas, houve aumento dos valores da FP, da RMS-PRE para os músculos BF, TA e GL, da RMS-POS e FM-POS para o músculo GL a partir da ILF. As correlações foram significantes para FP e FM-PRE do VL... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of the present study was to verify whether eletromyographic fatigue threshold (EMGFT) and breakpoint intensities were similar and whether there is differences in the speed value between these indexes when calculated considering five seconds intervals or referent to stride cycle and study stride frequency (SF), amplitude and frequency of electromyographic activity behaviors on pre (PRE) and post (POS) contact periods for iliocostalis (IC), rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius lateralis (GL), and co-activation ratio of RF/BF, VL/BF, VM/BF and GL/TA on PRE and POST periods during an incremental running protocol, considering absolute intensities and four relative intensities: initiail (IIN), equivalent to EMGFT (IFT), 15% below (IBE) and 15% above (IAB) EMGFT. Eleven males performed an incremental running test to exhaustion. RMS values were obtained every five seconds and during stride cycles of each running stage. EMGFT and breakpoint were determined for all muscles. There were no significant differences between two different indexes when calcula values obtained RMS calculation nor among different muscles. However, the EMGFT values were greater than breakpoint values when determined using RMS calculated for stride cycles, with no difference when obtained every five seconds. Relative intensities obtained were 9.2±0.4 km... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Com o crescimento da população, os países, estados e cidades identificam a necessidade de realizar investimentos em infraestrutura, transporte e outros. A proposta do presente trabalho é apresentar uma ferramenta, utilizada para atender a demanda de um edital de licitação, expondo à Companhia de Trens Metropolitanos de São Paulo, um exemplo da parte de um edital internacional para aquisição de um meio de transporte rápido e eficiente. Para tal finalidade, são analisadas e filtradas as informações contidas no edital para realizar a simulação de marcha de uma composição ferroviária, através de um software específico. Por fim, na forma gráfica ilustram-se os cálculos cinemáticos e elétricos do comportamento que o sistema de potência irá desempenhar, mostrando que atende aos requisitos do edital de licitação. / With growing of population, countries, states and cities have identified the necessity to perform investiments in infrastructure, transportation, among others. The purpose of this dissertation is to present a tool, used to meet the request of a bidding document, presenting to Metropolitan Train Company of São Paulo one example of part of an international bidding to an acquisition of a rapid and efficient transportation. For this purpose, information of bidding document are analised and filtered to make a running simulation of a train composition throught a specific software. Finally, one application of this method is presented in a graphical form containing kinematic and electrical calculations of the behavior that power system will perform, showing that system meets the requiriments of bidding document.

L’excès de glucocorticoïdes lors d’un stress prolongé perturbe la neurotransmission monoaminergique et mène à des troubles de l’humeur et de la mémoire. La Venlafaxine (Vlx) et l’Agomelatine (Ago) sont utilisés pour traiter ces troubles. L’exercice physique volontaire est aussi bénéfique pour la santé mentale. Nous avons analysé 1. les changements de l’humeur induits par le stress en fonction du temps, 2. l’effet de l’exercice volontaire sur l’axe hypothalamo-pituitaire, 3. l’efficacité de l’Ago, de la Vlx et de l’exercice à prévenir les perturbations liées au stress et 4. la localisation des récepteurs MT1 et MT2 chez des souris rapportrices transgéniques. Nous démontrons que le stress induit des dérèglements physiques, émotionnels et comportementaux chez des rats stressés. Le prétraitement par l’Ago, la Vlx et l’exercice préviennent l’anxiété, la dépression et les déficits de mémoire. La cartographie des récepteurs MT1 et MT2 a identifié des sites d’action potentiels de l’Ago. / In long-term stress exposure, excess glucocorticoids disturb the balance of monoamine neurotransmitters leading to mood disorders and memory impairment. Venlafaxine and Agomelatin are currently used to treat these disorders. Voluntary exercise also has beneficial effects on mental health. In this work, we analyzed 1. the time-dependent changes in stress-induced mood disorders, 2. the modulating effect of voluntary exercise on the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis, 3. the effectiveness of Agomelatin, Venlafaxine and exercise to prevent stress-related behaviors and 4. the localization of MT1 and MT2 receptors in transgenic reporter mice. We demonstrate that stress caused physical, emotional and behavioral abnormalities in stressed rats. Pre-treatment with Agomelatin, Venlafaxine and exercise reduced the chronic stress-related behaviors and prevented anxiety, depression and memory deficits. The mapping of MT1 and MT2 receptors identified potential sites of action of Agomelatin.

A interação entre a ingestão aguda de bebida alcoólica, fadiga mental e capacidade de realização de exercício físico é pouco conhecida. Seus possíveis efeitos parecem ter relação com as alterações fisiológicas que ocorrem no sistema nervoso central. Assim o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos da ingestão aguda de cerveja, combinada a uma tarefa de alta demanda cognitiva, sobre o desempenho físico, respostas fisiológicas e psicológicas, durante uma corrida de 30 minutos, realizada como contrarrelógio. Métodos: Dezesseis homens saudáveis e fisicamente ativos, com 25,8 anos (± 5,1) em média, sem qualquer restrição física ou clínica para prática de atividade física, realizaram cinco visitas ao laboratório para realização de uma sessão preliminar para determinação do VO2PICO, seguida de duas sessões de familiarização, e duas sessões experimentais com corrida de 30 minutos. Desta forma, eles realizaram: 1) Sessão preliminar; 2) Corrida após ingestão de cerveja; 3) Corrida após ingestão de cerveja sem álcool (placebo); 4) Corrida após instalação de fadiga mental e ingestão de cerveja; 5) Corrida após instalação de fadiga mental e ingestão de placebo. Após realização da sessão preliminar, os participantes realizaram as sessões 2 e 3 (familiarização), em ordem balanceada entre elas, sendo seguidas sequencialmente das sessões 4 e 5 (experimentais), em ordem balanceada entre elas. Para as análises de comparação entre pré e pós tarefa cognitiva e medidas de desempenho utilizou-se um teste T-Student. Para as comparações múltiplas das variáveis fisiológicas e psicológicas durante a corrida, entre as condições, utilizou-se um modelo misto com correção de Bonferroni. Resultados: Os participantes apresentaram aumento significante no tempo de reação durante o teste cognitivo, e na sensação de fadiga entre os momentos antes e após teste cognitivo, para indução de fadiga mental. O desempenho físico na corrida apresentou diferença significante, e a associação da fadiga mental à ingestão de cerveja também reduziu a distância final e a velocidade média em 12 dos 16 participantes. A economia de corrida apresentou uma tendência a significância, sugerindo possível potencialização da fadiga mental após ingestão de cerveja, tornando os indivíduos menos econômicos para realização do mesmo modelo de exercício. Para as variáveis fisiológicas e psicológicas ambas apresentaram efeito do tempo. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que a ingestão aguda de cerveja afeta o desempenho físico e altera a economia de corrida, indicando que, com baixas doses ofertadas de cerveja, na presença ou ausência de fadiga mental, ambos desempenho e economia de corrida são piorados em corrida de 30 minutos / The interaction of acute alcoholic beverage intake and exercise capacity is little known. It is possible effects appear to be related to the physiological changes that occur in the cardiovascular system, as well as in the central nervous system. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute beer intake, combined with a task of high cognitive demand, on physical performance, physiological and psychological responses, during a 30-minute run, performed as a time trial. Methods: Sixteen healthy and physically active men, with a mean age of 25,8 years (± 5,1) on average, without any physical or clinical restrictions to practice physical activity, performed five visits to the laboratory for a preliminary session to determine VO2PEAK, followed of two familiarization sessions, and two experimental sessions with a 30-minute run. In this way, they performed: 1) Preliminary session; 2) Running after ingesting beer; 3) Running after drinking non-alcoholic beer (placebo); 4) Running after installation of mental fatigue and beer intake; 5) Running after installation of mental fatigue and placebo intake. After the preliminary session, the participants performed sessions 2 and 3 (familiarization), in a balanced order between them, being followed sequentially from sessions 4 and 5 (experimental), in a balanced order between them. For the comparative analyzes between pre and post cognitive task and performance measures a Student\'s T-test was used. For the multiple comparisons of the physiological and psychological variables during the race, among the conditions, a mixed model with Bonferroni correction was used. Results: Participants presented a significant increase in reaction time during the cognitive test, and in the sensation of fatigue between the moments before and after the cognitive test, to induce mental fatigue. The physical performance in the race presented a significant difference, and the association of mental fatigue with beer intake also reduced the final distance and the mean velocity in 12 of the 16 participants. The running economy presented a tendency to significance, suggesting possible potentiation of mental fatigue after beer intake, making individuals less economical to perform the same exercise model. For the physiological and psychological variables, both had an effect of time. Conclusion: These results indicate that acute beer intake affects physical performance and alters running economy, thus indicating that with low doses of beer offered in the presence or absence of mental fatigue, both performance and running economy may be impaired 30 minutes running

O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o impacto de oito semanas de um programa de treinamento de força sobre a estratégia de prova e o desempenho de corredores de longa distância durante uma prova contrarrelógio de 10 km. Antes e após a fase de intervenção com o programa de treinamento de força, dezoito corredores recreacionais divididos nos grupos treinamento (GT) (n = 9) e controle (GC) (n = 9) foram submetidos aos seguintes testes: a) antropometria e teste progressivo até a exaustão voluntária, b) teste com velocidade submáxima constante, c) simulação de uma prova de 10 km para análise da estratégia de prova, d) teste de drop jump, e) teste de wingate, f) teste de uma repetição máxima (1RM) e g) teste de tempo limite. A atividade eletromiográfica dos músculos vasto medial e bíceps femoral foi medida durante o teste de 1RM. No GT, a magnitude de melhora para o 1RM (23,0 ± 4,2%, P = 0,001), drop jump (12,7 ± 4,6%, P = 0,039), e velocidade de pico na esteira (2,9 ± 0,8%, P = 0,013) foi significativamente maior em relação ao GC. Este aumento do 1RM para o GT foi acompanhado por uma tendência a uma maior atividade eletromiográfica (P = 0,080). A magnitude de melhora no desempenho na prova de 10 km foi maior (2,5%) no GT que no GC (-0,7%, P = 0,039). O desempenho foi melhorado principalmente devido a velocidades mais elevadas durante as últimas sete voltas (últimos 2800 m) da prova de 10 km. No entanto, não houve diferenças significativas antes e após o período de treinamento para o padrão de estratégia de prova utilizada, consumo máximo de oxigênio, ponto de compensação respiratória, economia de corrida e desempenho anaeróbio para ambos os grupos (P > 0,05). Em conclusão, estes resultados sugerem que, embora um programa de treinamento de força não altere a estratégia de prova adotada, ele oferece um potente estímulo para combater a fadiga durante as últimas partes de uma corrida de 10 km, resultando em um melhor desempenho total / The aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of an 8-week strength-training program on performance and pacing strategy adopted by runners during a self-paced endurance running. Eighteen endurance runners were allocated into either strength training group (STG, n = 9) or control group (CG, n = 9) and performed the following tests before and after the training period: a) anthropometric measures and maximal incremental treadmill test, b) running speed-constant test, c) 10-km running time trial, d) drop jump test, e) 30-s Wingate anaerobic test, f) maximum dynamic strength test (1RM), g) time to exhaustion test. Electromyographic activity of vastus medialis and biceps femoris was measured during 1RM test. In the STG, the magnitude of improvement for 1RM (23.0 ± 4.2%, P = 0.001), drop jump (12.7 ± 4.6%, P = 0.039), and peak treadmill speed (2.9 ± 0.8%, P = 0.013) was significantly higher compared to CG. This increase in the 1RM for STG was accompanied by a tendency to a higher electromyographic activity (P = 0.080). The magnitude of improvement for 10-km running performance was higher (2.5%) for STG than for CG (-0.7%, P = 0.039). Performance was improved mainly due higher speeds during the last seven laps (last 2800 m) of the 10-km running. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between before and after training period for pacing strategy, maximal oxygen uptake, respiratory compensation point, running economy, and anaerobic performance for both groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, these findings suggest that, although a strength-training program does not alter the pacing strategy, it offers a potent stimulus to counteract fatigue during the last parts of a 10-km running, resulting in an improved overall running performance

Title: Activation of RunTour running series sponsorship Objectives: The main purpose of this master thesis is to create suggestions and recommendations for the future sponsorship activation of selected RunTour partners, as a follow-up on the presentation and analysis of their activation in 2018. As a secondary objective can be considered the systematic processing of sponsorship activation, which Czech literature still does not offer. Methods: In methodological terms, a case study was chosen that draws on observation of the author at the RunTour running races and especially on interviews with competent representatives of selected partners. Document analysis and interview with the event organizer were used to analyse the running series and sponsoring companies profile. Results: Given the descriptive nature of the research, it is not easy to summarize the results of the thesis. However, it can be stated that all three selected partner companies are aware of the importance of the sponsorship activation and have been clearly open to suggestions and recommendations of the author. Despite the different size of companies, it was generally recommended to establish mutual cooperation between partners. From sponsorship activation suggestions, which have the greatest potential for implementation in practice,...

資訊工業為我國主要之策略性工業，1996年資訊產業的整體產值正 式超越德國， 成為僅次於美、日的世界第三大生產國。我國軟體業發 展，遠不如硬體工業， 這種不均衡的現象，極可能會妨礙資訊產業整 體的成長；且展望未來世界資訊工 業的發展趨勢，軟體工業所扮演的 角色將愈益重要，因此如何迅速提昇軟體工業 之產值，使得我國整體 軟硬體工業能均衡發展，相輔相成，實是當前最重要的一 個課題 。 一個公司的營運係由一連串的活動所構成，透過這些活動提 供給顧客最終的 產品或服務，進而賺取合理的利潤。隨著公司成長， 及各階段營運目標的改變， 公司營運活動的重心亦會轉變，因此，一 個成功且有效的管理者應知道如何將管 理重心放在現階段最重要的工 作上，因此研究公司在各階段的主要營運活動將有 助於瞭解公司各階 段之主要工作與任務，以發現公司現階段的管理重心，並對未 來公司 經營的問題與困難即早因應，並研擬妥的善對策。 因此，本 研究先針對軟體產業特性，參酌文獻及專家學者的意見，將軟體業主要 營運活動分為七大項：產品生產、市場行銷、客戶服務、技術及產品研發 活動( 以下簡稱研發活動或研究發展活動)、人才培訓、財務及融資管 理(以下簡稱財務 融資活動)、及租稅管理。然後再以問卷方式蒐集業 者，對公司現階段經營中， 各營運活動重要程度的意見，及為劃分公 司成長各階段所需的基本資料：公司 成立時間、資本額、營業額、營 業額成長率、員工人數、組織結構、組織正式化 程度、及管理權集中 程度等八項。此外，本研究的結果分為軟體公司成長階段的 決定 、各成長階段營運活動 重要順序、及各活動在各階段重要順序等三部份 ，分 別敘述如下： 一、軟體公司成長階段的決定 研究軟體公司 成長過程是本研究最主要的目的之一，因此根據本研究分析結果，以 公司年最近三年的營業額、營業額成長率、員工人數、組織正式化程度、 管理權集 中化程度等五項變數，將軟體公司劃分為四個成長群的模式 ，最能解釋我國軟體公 司的成長過程，分別命名為創業、生存、擴張 、與成熟四階段。 二、各階段營運活動重要順序 經過統計檢定後 ，四個階段中，發現創業及擴張兩階段的營運活動重要性有顯著差 異 結果，其中創業階段營運活動的重要順序為，最重要的活動為客戶服務與 市場行 銷活動；產品生產、研究發展、財務融資、及租稅管理等四項 營運活動次之；人才 培訓活動最不重要。擴張階段營運活動的順序為 客戶服務、市場行銷、及產品生產 活動是最重要的三項營運活動、研 究發展、租稅管理、及人才培訓則是較不重要的 活動。 三、營運 活動在各階段的重要順序 若依活動的觀點看各活動在各階段的重要性 ，得到七項活動中有五項活動，最重要 的時候皆在擴張階段，表示此 一階段的軟體公司正處於轉型階段，需投入較多的資 源，所以大部份 活動的重要性都較其他階段重要；此外，研究發展活動最重要的階 段 在成熟階段，這點和依階段觀點看各活動重要性的結論相同。 造 成各營運活動在各擴張階段重要性差異的原因，可由各主要活動因素分析 後，因 素對各階段差異性的檢定中知道，大部份活動經因素分析後， 均可找到造成該活動 階段性差異的主因，其中，產品生產活動的因素 是溝通合作因素，市場行銷活動是 商品多樣化及商展因素，研究發展 活動是委託研發因素，人才培訓活動是自行培訓 或留住人才因素， 財務融資活動是外部融資與資金調度因素，軟體公司掌握這些因 素變 動的脈絡，更可確切地掌握各階段管理應著重的重點。 / To find the most improtant activities in every progress of software company, we use five characters of software company to define its growth stage, and they are illustrated as following points (1)the time period since copmany was setuped (2) total capital of copmany(3) total sales value (4) the growth rate of sales (5) the total numberof employees. After literature review and expert interview, we found that major activity of software company are production、marketing、customer service、 research、employee training、finance、and tax activity. After used cluster analysis , we gained that there are four stages, thoseare Begin、Survival、Growth、and Maturity, in the progress of software company. To gain the important sequence of each activity in every stage , we use ANOVA method to test the distinct difference among thoes activities. Following points are the consequences. 1、 The Begin stage: The most important activities in Begin stage are customer services and marketing activity, and there are four activities in the second place, those are research、finance、tax、and production , and employee traning is in the third place. 2、The Survival stage : There are no difference among seven activities in Survival stage. 3、The Growth stage : The most important activities in Begin stage are customer services、 marketing activity, and production activity, and there are four activities in the second place, those are research、tax、and employee traning. 4、The Maturity stage : There are no difference among seven activities in Maturity stage.

<p>The most important aspects of nuclear medicine imaging systems such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) or Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) are the spatial resolution and the sensitivity (detector efficiency in combination with the geometric efficiency). Considerable efforts have been spent during the last two decades in improving the resolution and the efficiency by developing new detectors. Our proposed improvement technique is focused on the readout and electronics. Instead of using traditional pulse height analysis techniques we propose using free running digital sampling by replacing the analog readout and acquisition electronics with fully digital programmable systems.</p><p>This thesis describes a fully digital data acquisition system for KS/SU SPECT, new algorithms for high resolution timing for PET, and modular FPGA based decentralized data acquisition system with optimal timing and energy. The necessary signal processing algorithms for energy assessment and high resolution timing are developed and evaluated. The implementation of the algorithms in field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and digital signal processors (DSP) is also covered. Finally, modular decentralized digital data acquisition systems based on FPGAs and Ethernet are described.</p>

Nous établissons une nouvelle décomposition des surmartingales, additive dans l'algèbre Max-Plus. Elle consiste essentiellement à exprimer toute surmartingale quasi-continue à gauche de la classe (D) comme une espérance conditionnelle d'un certain processus de running supremum. Comme application, nous montrons comment la décomposition Max-Plus permet en particulier de résoudre le problème Américain d'arrêt optimal sans avoir à calculer le prix de l'option. Ensuite, nous donnons quelques exemples illustratifs basés sur des processus de diffusion uni-dimensionnels. Une autre application intéressante concerne l'assurance de portefeuille. Nous proposons en effet une nouvelle approche au problème classique de maximisation d'utilité, avec garantie Américaine. Pour cela, nous nous ramenons à un problème général de martingales, sous contrainte de dominer un obstacle, ou de façon équivalente son enveloppe de Snell, à toute date intermédiaire. L'optimisation est relative à l'ordre convexe sur la valeur terminale, de manière à minimiser le rôle de la fonction d'utilité. Nous montrons l'optimalité de la "martingale Max-Plus" et nous traitons un exemple explicite dans le cadre d'un Brownien géométrique. Par ailleurs, nous exploitons les liens entre les martingales d'Azéma-Yor et la décomposition Max-Plus pour résoudre certains problèmes d'optimisation de portefeuille sous contraintes d'état et d'autres relatifs aux options Américaines perpétuelles. Nous retrouvons en particulier, d'une manière élémentaire, la plupart des résultats classiques sur les frontières Américaines de processus de Lévy. Le dernier chapitre propose de nouvelles méthodes numériques pour valoriser les contrats Swing.

<p>Syfte: Vi kommer i denna promemoria försöka skapa en förståelse för hur det är att driva ett nystartat företag samt vad som påverkar företagaren/företaget under de första åren.</p><ul><li>Vad tycker företagare att de kan stöta på för utmaningar under de första åren?</li><li>Hur utvecklas ett företag och vad kan hända i det under de första åren?</li></ul><p>Metod: Det är den kvalitativa metoden och det hermeneutiska synsättet som har använts i denna uppsats. Vidare har vi arbetat med primärdata insamlad från intervjuer på ett induktivt arbetssätt. Teorin har insamlats från litteratursökning på högskolan i Gävles bibliotek samt genom internetsökningar. Analysen har skett genom en jämförelse mellan empiri och teori. Sedan har diskussionen om analysen samt slutsatser redovisats i efterföljande kapitel följt av egna kommentarer samt lärdomar.</p><p>Resultat & slutsats: Vi har genom uppsatsen sett att empiri och teori delvis stämmer överrens med varandra. Dock har vi kommit fram till att empirin inte helt stämmer överrens med det teoretiska materialet om entreprenörskap. Det viktigaste vi har kommit fram till är att läran om entreprenörskap bäst erhålls genom empiriska studier i stället för teoretiska.</p><p>Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Begränsningar i uppsatsen är bland annat att forskningen endast representerar ett mindre urval företagare samt teoretiska källor. För framtiden vill vi se en djupare och mer omfattande forskning för att se om våra slutsatser trots begränsningarna är korrekta.</p><p>Uppsatsens bidrag: Inom uppsatsens problemområde ser vi att praktisk kunskap är mycket mer givande än teoretisk, när man driver ett företag. Uppsatsen visar för utbildningsorganisationer samt intresserade att den teori som finns i dagsläget ej är komplett. Med det menas att utbildning inom företagande bör ske av företagare och inte genom teori och/eller av praktiskt okunniga inom området.</p> / <p>Aim: In this study we are going to try to create an understanding of how a new corporate can be operated and how it/the owner can be affected during the first years.</p><ul><li>What challenges does corporate owners think they can be exposed of during the first years?</li><li>How does a corporate develop and what can happen during the first years?</li></ul><p>Method: We used the qualitative method and the view of hermeneutics in this essay. Further on we worked with primary data based on interviews in an inductive way of investigation. The theory was collected from the library of the University of Gävle with help of their search engine and through searching the internet. Analyzing has been conducted through a comparison between empirical and theoretical data. The discussions about the analyze and the final result have later on been shown in the following chapters followed by our own comments and what we've learned.</p><p>Result & Conclusions: From writing this essay we've seen that empirical and theoretical data partly tells the same. Our final results have shown us that empirical and theoretical data of entrepreneurship doesn't correspond to each other. The most important aspect of entrepreneurship is given through empirical studies instead of theoretical studies.</p><p>Suggestions for future research: Some of the limitations in this essay are that the research only represents a minor selection of corporate and theoretical sources. For future studies we want to see a deeper and wider research to see if our conclusions, though the restrictions, are correct.</p><p>Contribution of the thesis: Within the approach of the essay we have seen that practical knowledge is more giving than theoretical, when running a corporation. For educational organizations and those who are interested in the subject, the theoretical data that is known today aren't complete. With that said the education to be an entrepreneur should be led by those who are running a company and not through theoretical data and/or not by those who lack competence.</p>