網際網路(Internet)大量應用於商業化之後，企業經營模式產生了鉅大的改變，尤其是以應用於資訊傳遞的方法更是徹底。也由於Internet的普及，也使得構築於Internet的資訊應用科技系統更深化於企業經營之中。 台灣的資訊製造產業是全球化最深的產業，該產業本身從訂單到生產到交貨莫不與全球各地的企業習習相關，而速度、彈性與創新更是這些產業所追求的目標。為了達成這樣的目標，因此，企業資源規劃(Enterprise Resource Planning)、電子供應鏈管理(Supply Chain Management)與全球運籌管理(Global Logistics)，對台灣資訊製造產業是相當重要的課題。由於這樣的產業特色，也使得如何應用Internet資訊技術整合供應鏈，促使台灣資訊製造產業的電子供應鏈體系能有效的經營，建構企業的核心能耐，亦是當前企業必須面對的商業策略議題。 本論文之研究方向是以台灣地區資訊製造產業間的電子供應鏈發展為對象，目的在於：1)瞭解電子供應鏈意涵及發展歷程；2)電子供應鏈對企業的效益；3)電子供應鏈的現況分析及其願景；同時以個案研究方式深入探討目前在企業體系的實際運作並由企業願景、企業能耐等構面來分析電子供應鏈應用於企業界的演進階段。 在個案研究部份，本論文是以政府的『產業自動化及電子化推動方案』(簡稱AB計畫)為主要基礎，再由『A、B計畫』中分別篩選足以作為示範應用系統的台灣惠普公司(HP)以及神達電腦公司(MiTAC)作為本論文的研究對象。並以1)電子供應鏈動態發展策略；2)使命願景；3)企業能耐；4)電子供應鏈管理制度；5)電子供應鏈與上下游廠商動態策略分期標準；5)電子供應鏈動態策略演進階段；等五個研究變項建立觀念模型進行實證研究，發展相關命題與建議。 經實證結果發現，電子供應鏈動態發展可歸納為四個階段，每一階段各有其不同之命題與概念發展，四大階段分別為：1)概念醞釀期，主要是建立成員間的共識；2)成員數量累積期，側重於企業實體資訊構架的建置；3)品質控制期，此一時期「品質」是命題的重點；4)策略聯盟期，著重在跨體系間的價值鏈運用。企業願景是貫穿每一階段的核心，企業能耐則是落實企業電子化的趨力。 本論文之研究發現可歸納為以下重要結論：台灣資訊製造業電子供應體系發展能否成功，關鍵是在於B計畫中的衛星體系能否電子化成功。因為B計畫的中心廠商對電子供應鏈的策略目標與組織共識是非常明確的，而且在企業能耐與實力上已經厚基了相當的實力。反而是衛星廠商由於經濟規模之限制需要投入更多的資源輔導。 / The operational approach of enterprises has been changed drastically after the vast commercialization “Internet” applications. In particular, business management must be transformed to the new business model from the traditional design. We find the application of information technologies has become significantly important factors; especially, how to use related information technologies and methodology of the application implementation are the major points of transforming to the new business model. The information industry in Taiwan area is a very profoundly globalizes. When a corporate obtains a international purchased order “PO”, we can find along the process from PO to manufacture and delivery to the buyers, the promotion on time efficiency availability commitment and flexibility are necessary for achieving the goal. Other words, the “e-Business” has become the most important topic on the corporate management of the new digital economy era. The focus of this research is to e verify goals for supply chain management and the establishment of strategic alliance. The purpose of this paper builds a model for supply chain management (SCM) analysis based on the concept of the investigation on current situation of the SCM, the industrial development theories, the literature review on pervious studies, and the case study analysis. The result of the study shows that the SCM dynamic development can be divided into four stages with each stage having its own topics and different conception development. The four stages are as follows: (1) The stage for incubatory conception: the stage to form the consensus on SCM with the whole organization. (2) The stage for the accumulation of physics: this stage constructs to the hardware and software capability. (3) The stage for the quality control: this stage enforces the total quality management (TQM). (4) The stage for the establishment of strategic alliance: this stage enhances of business partnership on SCM and the establishment of a learning organization, followed by the application of value chain, and setup of new strategies for new business model. Generally speaking, the corporation’s vision is the core value that links and integrates all the every stage, and the corporate capability is core competence to implement e-Business and accomplish the performance of SCM. The result of the study suggests the following conclusion: The key successful point of information industry is that its electronics supply chains depends on the implementation of computerize information system built in subsidiary manufactures in Plan B. The central manufacturers in Plan B have clear strategies and vision for their companies alredy. They have also invested a lot of resource, to build their core competence. Significantly, the subsidiary manufacturers need more assistances and resources from governments and central manufacturers due to their economic scale.

由於民用航空器產業之經濟特性，補貼成為該產業發展之必要支柱，然因補貼係不公平之貿易行為，因此在WTO下曾引發數個民用航空器補貼爭端，包括巴西與加拿大間之區域航空器補貼案及美國與歐盟間之大型民用航空器補貼爭議。有鑑於民用航空器產業之特殊性，本文主要之研究目的在於探究SCM協定下對於民用航空器補貼及出口補貼之認定基準。本文以巴西與加拿大間之區域航空器補貼案小組與上訴機構之判定基準為基礎，輔以其他WTO裁決先例，分析「歐盟─大型民用航空器補貼案」美歐訴狀中之主張，試圖推斷本案小組對於爭端措施可能之裁決、解析過往案例中未曾闡釋之補貼要件，以期能進一步釐清SCM協定補貼及出口補貼要件之認定。 / Because of the economic characteristics of the civil aircraft industry, subsidies in practice are deemed necessary for the development of the industry. Subsidy measures taken by WTO members will distort resource allocations, and may have an adverse effect on other members. In this connection, there are 7 civil aircraft subsidy disputes under the WTO so far, including 3 regional civil aircraft disputes between Canada and Brazil and 4 large civil aircraft disputes between the United States and European Communities. In view of the fact that the civil aircraft industry possesses certain special features, the main purpose of the thesis is to analyze the requirements of determination of civil aircraft subsidies and export subsidies under the SCM Agreement. In order to further clarify the determinations of subsidies and export subsidies under the SCM Agreement, the author will take the findings in the Canada and Brazil disputes and other WTO preceding cases as the basis to analyze the arguments in the United States and European Communities written submissions of European Communities- Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft, try to presume the panel rulings of that case, and explore the subsidy conditions never explained by WTO preceding cases.

Dry etching is an important technique for pattern transferin fabrication of most opto-electronic devices, since it canprovide good control of both structure size and shape even on asub-micron scale. Unfortunately, this process step may causedamage to the material which is detrimental to deviceperformance. It is therefore an objective of this thesis todevelop and investigate low damage etching processes for InPbased devices. An ion beam system in combination with hydrocarbon (CH4) based chemistries is used for etching. At variousion energies and gas flows the etching is performed in twomodes, reactive ion beam etching (RIBE) and chemical assistedion beam etching (CAIBE). How these conditions affect both etchcharacteristics (e.g. etch rates and profiles, surfacemorphology and polymer formation) and etch induced damage (onoptical and electrical properties) is evaluated and discussed.Attention is also paid to the effects of typical post etchingtreatments such as annealing on the optical and electricalproperties. An important finding is the correlation betweenas-etched surface morphology and recovery/degradation inphotoluminescence upon annealing in PH3. Since this type of atmosphere is typical forcrystal regrowth (an important process step in III/Vprocessing) a positive result is imperative. A low ion energy N2/CH4/H2CAIBE process is developed which not onlysatisfies this criteria but also exhibits good etchcharacteristics. This process is used successfully in thefabrication of laser gratings. In addition to this, the abilityof the ion beam system to modify the surface morphology in acontrollable manner is exploited. By exposing such modifiedsurfaces to AsH3/PH3, a new way to vary size and density of InAs(P)islands formed on the InP surfaces by the As/P exchangereaction is presented. This thesis also proposes a new etch chemistry, namelytrimethylamine ((CH3)3N or TMA), which is a more efficient methyl sourcecompared to CH4because of the low energy required to break the H3C-N bond. Since methyl radicals are needed for theetching it is presumably a better etching chemistry. A similarinvestigation as for the CH4chemistry is performed, and it is found that bothin terms of etch characteristics and etch induced damage thisnew chemistry is superior. Extremely smooth morphologies, lowetch induced damage and an almost complete recovery uponannealing can be obtained with this process. Significantly,this is also so at relatively high ion energies which allowshigher etch rates. <b>Keywords:</b>InP, dry etching, ion beam etching, RIBE,CAIBE, hydrocarbon chemistry, trimethylamine, As/P exchangereaction, morpholoy, low damage, AFM, SCM, annealing

L'objectif de ce travail est de proposer un modèle thermodynamique à 25°C qui permette de décrire les principaux produits d'hydratation d'un ciment Portland ordinaire avec et sans matériaux cimentaires secondaires : les hydrosilicates de calcium. La composition riche en aluminium de ces produits de substitution modifie la nature et la composition des hydrates de la pâte de ciment.Nous avons donc étudié le système simplifié CaO-SiO2-H2O, pour lequel nous avons réalisé différentes synthèses de C-S-H dans des conditions de synthèse et d'analyse identiques. Nous avons distingué le cas où la solution d'hydratation est sous-saturée de celui où elle est sursaturée par rapport à la Portlandite.Nous avons ensuite étendu le système simplifié précédent au système CaO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O, pour lequel nous avons réalisé différentes synthèses de C-A-S-H et déterminé le protocole le plus adéquat pour obtenir des hydrates purs.La nature nanoparticulaire et la surface spécifique importante des C-S-H nous ont conduit à développer un modèle thermodynamique qui tiennent compte de réactions de surface. Ainsi, le modèle thermodynamique proposé dans ce travail, inspiré de différents travaux antérieurs du laboratoire, permet de décrire la composition de la solution, la stoechiométrie, et les propriétés de surface des C-S-H à l'équilibre. Ce premier modèle a été étendu aux C-A-S-H, en implémentant dans le modèle précédent des réactions de surface qui permettent de décrire l'incorporation de l'aluminium dans les différents sites possibles.Ce modèle a été appliqué à des cas simples tels que l'étude de la rétention d'alcalins par les C-S-H, et l'évaluation de l'impact de l'incorporation d'aluminium dans les C-S-H sur la répartition minéralogique des hydrates à l'équilibre pour un mélange cimentaire avec une forte teneur en aluminium

<p>Dry etching is an important technique for pattern transferin fabrication of most opto-electronic devices, since it canprovide good control of both structure size and shape even on asub-micron scale. Unfortunately, this process step may causedamage to the material which is detrimental to deviceperformance. It is therefore an objective of this thesis todevelop and investigate low damage etching processes for InPbased devices.</p><p>An ion beam system in combination with hydrocarbon (CH₄) based chemistries is used for etching. At variousion energies and gas flows the etching is performed in twomodes, reactive ion beam etching (RIBE) and chemical assistedion beam etching (CAIBE). How these conditions affect both etchcharacteristics (e.g. etch rates and profiles, surfacemorphology and polymer formation) and etch induced damage (onoptical and electrical properties) is evaluated and discussed.Attention is also paid to the effects of typical post etchingtreatments such as annealing on the optical and electricalproperties. An important finding is the correlation betweenas-etched surface morphology and recovery/degradation inphotoluminescence upon annealing in PH₃. Since this type of atmosphere is typical forcrystal regrowth (an important process step in III/Vprocessing) a positive result is imperative. A low ion energy N₂/CH₄/H₂CAIBE process is developed which not onlysatisfies this criteria but also exhibits good etchcharacteristics. This process is used successfully in thefabrication of laser gratings. In addition to this, the abilityof the ion beam system to modify the surface morphology in acontrollable manner is exploited. By exposing such modifiedsurfaces to AsH₃/PH₃, a new way to vary size and density of InAs(P)islands formed on the InP surfaces by the As/P exchangereaction is presented.</p><p>This thesis also proposes a new etch chemistry, namelytrimethylamine ((CH₃)₃N or TMA), which is a more efficient methyl sourcecompared to CH₄because of the low energy required to break the H₃C-N bond. Since methyl radicals are needed for theetching it is presumably a better etching chemistry. A similarinvestigation as for the CH₄chemistry is performed, and it is found that bothin terms of etch characteristics and etch induced damage thisnew chemistry is superior. Extremely smooth morphologies, lowetch induced damage and an almost complete recovery uponannealing can be obtained with this process. Significantly,this is also so at relatively high ion energies which allowshigher etch rates.</p><p><b>Keywords:</b>InP, dry etching, ion beam etching, RIBE,CAIBE, hydrocarbon chemistry, trimethylamine, As/P exchangereaction, morpholoy, low damage, AFM, SCM, annealing</p>

<p>The Small and Medium-size Enterprises are the key bone of the economy of many nations. The usual definition of SME’s, make up 99.8% of the approximately 19 million enterprises of the European Union (ISO, 2002) and Sweden is not an exception. That is why SME’s faces the strategic challenge of achieving sustained profitable growth. To meet this challenge, SME’s must develop capabilities to integrate their systems. Since ICT gives so many advantages to support the Supply Chain, and MRPII software’s have become a very popular tool in the last thirty years; Our purpose is to answer the following research question:</p><p>How can MRP II-type computer systems be used effectively to support the manufacturing and organizational integration?</p><p>The research started with on-site observations and interviews but the development of a model and a survey was needed. After, we linked the research with an already accepted model. The results show how important the human aspect and the accuracy are in the effective usage of an MRP II. It also demonstrates that the MRP II philosophy must be accepted to use the MRP II software profitably. Nevertheless, we modeled the vicious cycle that our case company might deal with, tried to find the root cause and give recommendations to break it.</p> / <p>Små och Mellan- stora företag är många nationers byggstenar. Den vanligaste definitionen av SME´s utgör 99,8% av de uppskattningsvis 19 miljoner företag inom Europeiska Unionen (ISO, 2002) och Sverige är inget undantag. Det är anledningen till att SME´s möter den strategiska utmaningen att uppnå ihållande och vinstgivande tillväxt. För att ta sig an denna utmaningen måste SME´s utveckla förmågor att integrera sina system. Eftersom ICT ger så många fördelar att stödja utbudskedjan, och eftersom MRP II mjukvaror har kommit att bli ett populärt verktyg de senaste trettio åren, kommer vårt syfte bli att svara på följande fråga:</p><p>Hur kan datasystem av typen MRP II användas för att på ett effektivt sätt underlätta integrering av tillverkning och organisation?</p><p>Undersökningen startade med observationer samt intervjuer på plats, men utförandet av en statistisk undersökning och en modell var nödvändig efter det att vi redan hade kopplat ihop arbetet med en redan accepterad modell. Reasultaten visar hur viktig den mänskliga faktorn samt exaktheten är i användandet av en MRP II. Den visar också att MRP II filosofin måste vara accepterad innan man kan använda MRP II mjukvaran på ett fördelaktigt sätt. Likväl har vi illustrerat den onda cirkeln som vårt företag måste försöka ta sig ur, försökt hitta den underliggande orsaken och slutligen att ge rekommendationer för att bryta den.</p>

<p>The Small and Medium-size Enterprises are the key bone of the economy of many nations. The usual definition of SME’s, make up 99.8% of the approximately 19 million enterprises of the European Union (ISO, 2002) and Sweden is not an exception. That is why SME’s faces the strategic challenge of achieving sustained profitable growth. To meet this challenge, SME’s must develop capabilities to integrate their systems. Since ICT gives so many advantages to support the Supply Chain, and MRPII software’s have become a very popular tool in the last thirty years; Our purpose is to answer the following research question:</p><p>How can MRP II-type computer systems be used effectively to support the manufacturing and organizational integration?</p><p>The research started with on-site observations and interviews but the development of a model and a survey was needed. After, we linked the research with an already accepted model. The results show how important the human aspect and the accuracy are in the effective usage of an MRP II. It also demonstrates that the MRP II philosophy must be accepted to use the MRP II software profitably. Nevertheless, we modeled the vicious cycle that our case company might deal with, tried to find the root cause and give recommendations to break it.</p> / <p>Små och Mellan- stora företag är många nationers byggstenar. Den vanligaste definitionen av SME´s utgör 99,8% av de uppskattningsvis 19 miljoner företag inom Europeiska Unionen (ISO, 2002) och Sverige är inget undantag. Det är anledningen till att SME´s möter den strategiska utmaningen att uppnå ihållande och vinstgivande tillväxt. För att ta sig an denna utmaningen måste SME´s utveckla förmågor att integrera sina system. Eftersom ICT ger så många fördelar att stödja utbudskedjan, och eftersom MRP II mjukvaror har kommit att bli ett populärt verktyg de senaste trettio åren, kommer vårt syfte bli att svara på följande fråga:</p><p>Hur kan datasystem av typen MRP II användas för att på ett effektivt sätt underlätta integrering av tillverkning och organisation?</p><p>Undersökningen startade med observationer samt intervjuer på plats, men utförandet av en statistisk undersökning och en modell var nödvändig efter det att vi redan hade kopplat ihop arbetet med en redan accepterad modell. Reasultaten visar hur viktig den mänskliga faktorn samt exaktheten är i användandet av en MRP II. Den visar också att MRP II filosofin måste vara accepterad innan man kan använda MRP II mjukvaran på ett fördelaktigt sätt. Likväl har vi illustrerat den onda cirkeln som vårt företag måste försöka ta sig ur, försökt hitta den underliggande orsaken och slutligen att ge rekommendationer för att bryta den.</p>

Globalisation has made logistics more important than ever in developing countries. If one business function raises their costs on a service, the end customer will usually pay the price in the store. When the end customers cannot afford the end price on a product, they will turn to other alternatives. This thesis examines how process management would affect the local population within the Dominican Republic. By beginning to question why some functions exist the effect will be economically visible in a DuPont according to the theories. Supply chain management seeks to manage the whole processes from A to Z in the most efficient way possible. The study was conducted during 8 weeks in the Dominican Republic. Eleven managers were interviewed to see how important SCM is for DR. The conclusions of the study is that Supply Chain Management is very important for DR. Well managed supply chains allow higher quality goods such as medicine and food to be accessed at a lower price by the local population. By targeting the economical position of working capital in a process an organisation can reach an increased ROI without the use economical means (increase the income/delivery service or reduce the costs). / MFS study financed by the Swedish International Development cooperation Agency, SIDA

Introduction: Nowadays beverage companies must focus on maintaining healthy finishedgoods inventory stocks in order to be able to decrease inventory costs, meet customerrequirements and to obtain competitive advantage. However many beverage SMEdon’t have an accurate planning and forecasting to manufacturing inventories. Thereforethey often face the problem of optimization in inventory management due to several differentreasons. As a result, company loses its competitiveness. Thus, there is a need tocoordinate Inventory activities of beverage SMEs to improve inventories’ planning. The purpose of this study is to analyze how inventory management is organized in a small Chinese beverage company. Frame of reference: This research is based on the theoretical framework relates with InventoryManagement (IM) and Retailer-managed inventory (RMI), vendor-managed inventory(VMI) and Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment (CPFR).Empirical Data were collected through personal interviews and organization documents. Methodology: The research strategy for this paper is a single case study. This strategy allows investigating topic in its real life context. The inductive approach is used for this research based on qualitative data. The major source of data collection was semi-structured interviews and the company's documents. For analyzing data categorization approach was applied. Conclusion: The study found that inventory management theories presented in scientificliteratures are used in practice. To achieve better inventory management for beverageSMEs, the authors summarize four importance parameters based on literatures and findings.The authors also provide some suggestions based on the importance parameters inthe conclusion to optimize the case company’s inventory management.

Ce mémoire de thèse traite de la caractérisation de microfils et nanofils semi-conducteurs dopés individuels par microscopie à émission de photoélectrons X (XPEEM) complétée par des techniques de champ proche : microscopie à sonde Kelvin (KFM) et microscopie capacitive à balayage (SCM). L'objectif est d'évaluer l'apport des méthodes locales de surface " sans contact ", grâce à la mesure du travail de sortie local et de l'énergie de liaison des niveaux de coeur, pour l'étude des phénomènes liés au dopage dans ces objets, comme par exemple l'uniformité longitudinale. Nous mettons d'abord en évidence l'importance de la préparation des échantillons pour la mise en oeuvre des techniques citées: méthodes de transfert des fils, adéquation du substrat, influence des caractérisations pré-analyse. Nous présentons ensuite deux principales études de cas en lien avec une problématique technologique : les microfils de nitrure de gallium dopés Si (diamètre 2 μm) pour applications dans l'éclairage à l'état solide, et les jonctions p-n à nanofils de Si (diamètre 100 nm) pour la nanoélectronique basse puissance. Dans le premier cas, nous avons mis en oeuvre la SCM pour l'identification rapide de l'hétérogénéité axiale du dopage n, puis avons utilisé l'imagerie XPEEM spectroscopique avec excitation synchrotron pour, d'abord, estimer le travail de sortie local et la courbure de bande en surface; puis élucider les modes d'incorporation du silicium en surface qui pointent notamment sur la sensibilité des conditions d'élaboration dans la part du dopage intentionnel (Si en sites Ga) et non intentionnel (Si sur sites lacunaires en azote). Des mesures complémentaires sur sections radiales et longitudinales de fils, par microscopie Auger et spectrométrie ToF-SIMS montrent une incorporation du Si limitée à la surface des microfils. Concernant les jonctions p-n à nanofils de silicium étudiées après retrait partiel de l'oxyde de surface, nous avons mis en relation des résultats obtenus indépendamment par KFM et par XPEEM. Ils mettent en lumière une très faible différence de travail de sortie local entre partie n et partie p, et qui semble en partie expliquée par un ancrage du niveau de Fermi en surface.