Today’s business market is highly competitive, therefore companies need to be constantly updated and change the way they operate their business, in order to survive and remain competitive. The situation on today’s market requires that companies have the ability to quickly respond to market changes and new customer demands within short product lifecycles. In order to deal with this new market situation, companies need to improve the integration with other companies within their business. This integration facilitates the companies’ ability to quickly adapt to new market situations and survive on a fast changing market. One of the main underlying concepts of this collaborative commerce is Supply Chain Management (SCM) which integrates and coordinates a company’s processes both internally and externally. Information Technology (IT) could improve the effectiveness of SCM. IT-solutions make the business processes more effective and improves the integration with other actors within the supply chain. The purpose with this thesis is to describe and explain the effects for businesses and the consequences for its processes when implementing a real-time IT-Logistics solution together with identifying the critical success factors. The thesis has been conducted by studying theory regarding supply chain management, business renewal and implementation effects. Further, a case study has been conducted where three actors have been interviewed; a manufacturer (Volvo Powertrain), a subcontractor (Metallfabriken Ljunghäll AB) and a system developer (PipeChain). The analysis of the theoretical framework and the empirical research has contributed with an identification of major effects and consequences when implementing a real-time IT-Logistics solution. Some of the effects are: inventory reduction, higher delivery accuracy, improved relations and increased flexibility. Examples of consequences these effects have caused are: more accurate planning and production, effective production processes as well as an improved delivery process. Additionally, success factors for an implementation have been identified such as mutual trust, understanding of change and evaluation. / Konkurrensen är stor inom dagens affärsmarknad vilket medför att företag ständigt måste vara uppdaterade och förändra deras affärsverksamhet för att kunna överleva och vara konkurrenskraftiga på marknaden. Dagens marknadssituation erfodrar att företag snabbt kan reagera på marknadsförändringar och nya kundkrav vid allt kortare produktlivscyklar. För att företag skall kunna hantera denna nya marknadssituation måste företagen bli integrerade med varandra inom deras affärsområde. Denna integrering underlättar företagens förmåga att snabbt kunna anpassa sig till nya marknadssituationer och överleva på en snabbt föränderlig marknad. Ett utav de största grundläggande koncepten för denna integrering är flödeshantering (Supply Chain Management). Flödeshanteringen integrerar och koordinerar företagets processer både internt som externt. Informationsteknologi (IT) kan förbättra effektiviteten av flödeshanteringen. IT-lösningar skapar effektivare affärsprocesser och förbättrar integrationen med andra aktörer inom företagets försörjningskedja. Syftet med uppsatsen är att beskriva och förklara effekter för affärsverksamheten samt konsekvenser för dess affärsprocesser, vid en implementering av en realtidslogistiklösning. Uppsatsen syftar vidare till att identifiera framgångsfaktorer vid en sådan implementering. Uppsatsarbetet har genomförts genom en litteraturstudie där teori om flödeshantering, affärsförändring och implementationseffekter har behandlats. En fallstudie i uppsatsen har använts där tre aktörer har blivit intervjuade; en tillverkare (Volvo Powertrain), en underleverantör (Metallfabriken Ljunghäll) och en systemutvecklare (PipeChain). Analysen av litteraturstudien och den empiriska undersökningen har bidragit till en identifiering av huvudeffekter samt konsekvenser vid en implementering av en IT-logistiklösning. Några av dessa effekter är: lagerreducering, högre leveranssäkerhet, förbättrade relationer samt ökad flexibilitet. Exempel på konsekvenser dessa effekter har orsakat är: precisare planering och produktion, effektivare produktionsprocesser samt förbättrad leveransprocess. Vidare så har framgångsfaktorer för lyckad implementering identifierats så som ömsesidig tillit, förståelse för förändring samt utvärdering.

Stormwater Management (SWM) or Best management practices (BMPs) treat the stormwater runoff that carries pollutants. Pollutants in the waters and in the stormwater, negatively impact the environment, the ecology, and natural resources. Stormwater Control Measures (SCM) are used in different projects to improve water quality and quantity. This thesis aims to understand the connection between SWMs, the economy, and environmental sustainability. This thesis evaluates the cost-effectiveness of SWMs in Mediterranean climates. The research aims to guide the next project managers to choose better SWMs based on cost-effectiveness, socio-economic, and environmental implications. Various studies suggest that the terms SWM, SWM, and SCM are used interchangeably. The research methodology uses a mix of qualitative and quantitative data analysis The research was conducted in Los Angeles at the request of UCLA. Therefore, it focused on water quality improvement projects in Los Angeles. The costs for the projects, areas, and whatSWMs are used will be acquired through data gathering and personal communication with experts. This thesis compares several projects which include different SWMs. It calculates the cost-effectiveness with two different methods, firstly, the cost per drainage area, and secondly, the cost per pollutant removed. Data is gathered from the city of LA and other secondary data sources to calculate the cost-effectiveness. The calculation results showed that the Glenoaksproject and the Machado lake project were the most cost-effective. Glenoaks utilizes infiltration wells and grass swales, and the Machado lake is a large wetland. Based upon these facts, generally, wetlands and grass swales can be recommended for Mediterranean climates. The expensive total costs of SWMs or their inability to remove pollutants can strongly affect the cost-effectiveness of some projects, and produce a negative impact on the economy. Quantitative assessment of study investigates cost-effectiveness of SWMs and for highlighting its economic impact. For qualitative assessment thematic analysis of 14 sample studies related to stormwater management (SWM) was carried out. Findings reveal that 78% of sample studies reflect the themes associated with the positive economic impact of SWMs. Additionally, the sample studies confirm a 76% positive impact of SWMs on the environment and ecology of the region. Further research with better data and more accurate calculations are needed. It would be beneficial if other factors such as recreation and unquantifiable factors such as the aesthetic improvements and community benefits were incorporated into or considered together with the cost-effectiveness for future projects.

The Master´s thesis deals with the logistics services studies in Sika CZ, Ltd. Company. Considering the fact that the principal activity of the company is trading, it uses logistics as a substantial instrument to achieve the customers’ satisfaction. The main objective of the thesis is to create logical structures of services and project suitable metrics for measuring customers’ satisfaction of the provided services.

In large antenna systems, traditional channel estimation is costly and infeasible in some situations. Compressive sensing was proposed to estimate the channel with fewer measurements. Most of the previous work uses a predefined discrete Fourier transform matrix or overcomplete Fourier transform matrix to approximate the channel. Then, a learned dictionary trained by K-singular value decomposition (K-SVD) was proposed and was proved superiority using orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) to reconstruct the sparse channel. However, with the development of compressive sensing, there are plenty of dictionary learning algorithms and sparse recovery algorithms. It is important to identify the effect and the performance of different algorithms when transforming the high dimensional channel vectors to low dimensional representations. In this thesis, we use a spatial channel model to generate channel vectors. Dictionaries are trained by K-SVD and method of optimal directions (MOD). Several sparse recovery algorithms are used to find the sparse approximation of the channel like OMP and gradient descent with sparsification (GraDeS). We present simulation results and discuss the performance of the various algorithms in terms of accuracy, sparsity, and complexity. We find that predefined dictionaries works with most of the algorithms in sparse recovery but learned dictionaries only work with pursuit algorithms, and only show superiority when the algorithm coincides with the algorithm in the sparse coding stage. / I stora antennsystem är traditionell kanaluppskattning kostsam och omöjlig i vissa situationer. Kompressionsavkänning föreslogs för att uppskatta kanalen med färre mätningar. Det mesta av det tidigare arbetet använder en fördefinierad diskret Fourier transformmatris eller överkompletterad Fourier -transformmatris för att approximera kanalen. Därefter föreslogs en inlärd ordbok som utbildats av K-SVD och bevisades överlägsen med hjälp av OMP för att rekonstruera den glesa kanalen. Men med utvecklingen av komprimerad avkänning finns det gott om algoritmer för inlärning av ordlistor och glesa återställningsalgoritmer. Det är viktigt att identifiera effekten och prestandan hos olika algoritmer när de högdimensionella kanalvektorerna omvandlas till lågdimensionella representationer. I denna avhandling använder vi en rumslig kanalmodell för att generera kanalvektorer. Ordböcker tränas av K-SVD och MOD. Flera glesa återställningsalgoritmer används för att hitta den glesa approximationen av kanalen som OMP och GraDeS. Vi presenterar simuleringsresultat och diskuterar prestanda för de olika algoritmerna när det gäller noggrannhet, sparsamhet och komplexitet. Vi finner att fördefinierade ordböcker fungerar med de flesta algoritmerna i gles återhämtning, men inlärda ordböcker fungerar bara med jaktalgoritmer och visar bara överlägsenhet när algoritmen sammanfaller med algoritmen i det glesa kodningsstadiet.

[ES] El desarrollo tecnológico, consecuencia de las revoluciones industriales, ha generado que constantemente en los procesos de manufactura se alteren y sustituyan las técnicas de producción, impactando, a su vez, la gestión de flujos de información, financieros y de materiales en las cadenas de suministro. La manufactura aditiva es considerada como una técnica de producción con alto potencial para impactar la configuración y gestión de las cadenas de suministro, dado que supone el aumento de la eficiencia y satisfacción de la demanda por medio de resultados personalizados, ajustados a las necesidades de los clientes, reduciendo tiempos y costos en el almacenamiento, transporte y empaque. Por estas razones, con la presente tesis doctoral se desarrolló un modelo matemático a través de la dinámica de sistemas que permitiera analizar el impacto en las cadenas de suministro que han apropiado el proceso de impresión 3d como uno de sus enfoques de producción. Se inició analizando el desarrollo de la manufactura aditiva (MA) a través del tiempo, para determinar las variables que describen los cambios, el estado de madurez y el nivel de penetración en los sectores económicos; para lograrlo, se realizaron revisiones de literatura y análisis bibliométrico. Posteriormente, se definió como unidad de análisis el sector salud, debido al grado de apropiación de la MA en los procesos de atención. Se realizó la caracterización del estado actual y la propuesta de escenarios que fueron analizados a partir del modelo que simulara el comportamiento de cada escenario. Para los escenarios aditivos se consideró el rol que desempeña el miembro de la cadena que implementa el proceso aditivo y cómo esto altera la estructura, los procesos de gestión y la relación entre los actores. Los resultados demuestran el alto potencial de impacto de la MA, desde los eslabones de producción hasta el acercamiento con el cliente, respecto a la literatura, está emergiendo la investigación respecto al desarrollo de granjas de impresión y estructuras atomizadas. Se describieron los procesos de gestión de la cadena y cómo el proceso aditivo permea en los roles, la dependencia y autonomía que tiene cada miembro; siendo las variables con mayor afectación los costos de producción y distribución, tiempos de espera, respuesta e intervenciones, así como los resultados satisfactorios. Se explica a través del contraste de tres escenarios, uno tradicional y dos aditivos la reducción de, al menos, el 50% del lead time de la cadena, 30% las cantidades de unidades de insumos y 20% la capacidad disponible. En contraste, todavía se evidencian grandes retos para una adecuada implementación, relacionados con el conocimiento, cobertura, poder de adquisición económica y el nivel de respuesta de la producción tradicional. Para futuras líneas de investigación, se señala la vinculación con las demás tecnologías de la industria 4.0, el análisis de cada uno de los procesos de gestión de la cadena y el desarrollo de modelos que permitan la selección de la estructura más apropiada para la inclusión de la MA a partir de simulación de escenarios aditivos, entre otros. / [CA] El desenvolupament tecnològic, conseqüència de les revolucions industrials, ha generat que constantment en els processos de manufactura s'alteren i substituïsquen les tècniques de producció, impactant, a la mateixa vegada, la gestió de fluxos d'informació, financers i de materials en les cadenes de subministrament. La manufactura additiva és considerada com una tècnica de producció amb alt potencial per a impactar la configuració i gestió de les cadenes de subministrament, atés que suposa l'augment de l'eficiència i satisfacció de la demanda per mitjà de resultats personalitzats ajustats a les necessitats dels clients, reduint temps i costos en l'emmagatzematge, transport i empaquetatge. Per aquestes raons, amb la present tesi doctoral es va desenvolupar un model matemàtic a través de dinàmica de sistemes que permetera analitzar l'impacte en les cadenes de subministrament que han apropiat el procés d'impressió 3d com un dels seus enfocaments de producció. Es va iniciar analitzant el desenvolupament de la manufactura additiva (MA) a través del temps per a determinar les variables que descriuen els canvis, l'estat de maduresa i el nivell de penetració en els sectors econòmics; per a aconseguir-ho, es van realitzar revisions de literatura i anàlisi bibliomètrica. Posteriorment, es va definir com a unitat d'anàlisi el sector salut a causa del grau d'apropiació de la MA en els processos d'atenció. Es va realitzar la caracterització de l'estat actual i la proposta d'escenaris que van ser analitzats a partir del model que simulés el comportament de cada escenari. Per als escenaris additius es va considerar el rol que exerceix el membre de la cadena que implementa el procés additiu i com això altera l'estructura, els processos de gestió i la relació entre els actors. Els resultats demostren l'alt potencial d'impacte de la MA, des de les baules de producció fins a l'acostament amb el client, respecte a la literatura està emergint la investigació respecte al desenvolupament de granges d'impressió i estructures atomitzades. Es van descriure els processos de gestió de la cadena i com el procés additiu permea en els rols, la dependència i autonomia que té cada membre; essent les variables amb major afectació els costos de producció i distribució, temps d'espera, resposta i intervencions, així com els resultats satisfactoris. S'explica a través del contrast de tres escenaris, un tradicional i dos additius la reducció de, almenys, el 50% del lead time de la cadena, 30% les quantitats d'unitats d'inputs i 20% la capacitat disponible. En contrast, encara s'evidencien grans reptes per a una adequada implementació, relacionats amb el coneixement, cobertura, poder d'adquisició econòmica i el nivell de resposta de la producció tradicional. Per a futures línies d'investigació s'assenyala la vinculació amb les altres tecnologies de la indústria 4.0, l'anàlisi de cadascun dels processos de gestió de la cadena i el desenvolupament de models que permeten la selecció de l'estructura més apropiada per a la inclusió de la MA a partir de simulació d'escenaris additius, entre altres. / [EN] The technological development, as a consequence of industrial revolutions, has generate that constantly in the manufacturing process, the production techniques has alter and replace, at the same time, it impacts the information flows, the financial flows and the materials flows in the supply chain. The additive manufacturing is considerate as a production technique with a high potential to impact the setting and the management of the demand through the custom results, adjust to the client needs, reducing times and costs of storage, transport and packing. For these reasons, with the present doctoral thesis a mathematic model has been developed through the dynamic of systems, that allowed to analyze the impact of the supply chains that has appropriate the 3d print process as one of its production approaches. The first step was to analyzed the additive manufacturing (AM) development through the time to determine the variables that describes the changes, the state of maturity and the permeation levels in the economic sector, to make it, it was made literature reviews and bibliometric analysis. Later, it was defined as an analysis unit the health care sector due to the appropriation of the AM in the attention process. A characterization of the actual state was made, and the scenario proposal were analyzed from the model that simulates the behavior on each scenario. For the additive scenario, it was considered the role that is performed the member of the chain that implements the additive process and how this alter the structure, the management process and the relation between the actors. The results, show a high potential on the impact of AM, from the production links to the approach with the client, about the literature, it is emerging the investigation of print farms development and atomized structures. The process of the chain management was described and how the additive process permeates the roles, the dependence and the autonomy that each member has; the variables with most affectation is, the production and distribution costs, the waiting times, response and interventions, also the satisfactory results. It is explaining through the contrast of three scenarios, one traditional and two additives, the reduction of, at least the 50% of the chain lead time, 30% the supplies quantity and 20% the available capacity. By contrast, it still evidences great challenges for a proper implementation, related with the knowledge, coverage, economic acquisition power and the response level of the traditional production. For future investigations, it is points out the bonding with the other technologies of the 4.0 industries, the analysis of each one of the management process of the chain and the model development, that allowed the selection of a proper structure for the inclusion of the AM from the simulation of additive scenarios, among others. / Núñez Rodríguez, J. (2021). Modelo para el análisis del impacto de la manufactura aditiva en la gestión de la cadena de suministro [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/180383 / TESIS

L'intérêt en apprentissage machine pour étudier la causalité s'est considérablement accru ces dernières années. Cette approche est cependant encore peu répandue dans le domaine de l’intelligence artificielle (IA) et du droit. Elle devrait l'être. L'approche associative actuelle d’apprentissage machine révèle certaines limites que l'analyse causale peut surmonter. Cette thèse vise à découvrir si les modèles causaux peuvent être utilisés en IA et droit. Nous procédons à une brève revue sur le raisonnement et la causalité en science et en droit. Traditionnellement, les cadres normatifs du raisonnement étaient la logique et la rationalité, mais la théorie duale démontre que la prise de décision humaine dépend de nombreux facteurs qui défient la rationalité. À ce titre, des statistiques et des probabilités étaient nécessaires pour améliorer la prédiction des résultats décisionnels. En droit, les cadres de causalité ont été définis par des décisions historiques, mais la plupart des modèles d’aujourd’hui de l'IA et droit n'impliquent pas d'analyse causale. Nous fournissons un bref résumé de ces modèles, puis appliquons le langage structurel de Judea Pearl et les définitions Halpern-Pearl de la causalité pour modéliser quelques décisions juridiques canadiennes qui impliquent la causalité. Les résultats suggèrent qu'il est non seulement possible d'utiliser des modèles de causalité formels pour décrire les décisions juridiques, mais également utile car un schéma uniforme élimine l'ambiguïté. De plus, les cadres de causalité sont utiles pour promouvoir la responsabilisation et minimiser les biais. / The machine learning community’s interest in causality has significantly increased in recent years. This trend has not yet been made popular in AI & Law. It should be because the current associative ML approach reveals certain limitations that causal analysis may overcome. This research paper aims to discover whether formal causal frameworks can be used in AI & Law. We proceed with a brief account of scholarship on reasoning and causality in science and in law. Traditionally, normative frameworks for reasoning have been logic and rationality, but the dual theory has shown that human decision-making depends on many factors that defy rationality. As such, statistics and probability were called for to improve the prediction of decisional outcomes. In law, causal frameworks have been defined by landmark decisions but most of the AI & Law models today do not involve causal analysis. We provide a brief summary of these models and then attempt to apply Judea Pearl’s structural language and the Halpern-Pearl definitions of actual causality to model a few Canadian legal decisions that involve causality. Results suggest that it is not only possible to use formal causal models to describe legal decisions, but also useful because a uniform schema eliminates ambiguity. Also, causal frameworks are helpful in promoting accountability and minimizing biases.

[pt] Uma quantidade crescente de pesquisas tem investigado o desenvolvimento de modelos de maturidade para a gestão das cadeias de suprimentos com referência especial ao processo de planejamento de vendas e operações (S&OP). Os modelos de maturidade representam etapas através das quais processos são definidos, implementados e melhorados. Metas e benefícios podem ser alcançados nos estágios de maturidade mais avançados do processo. Este estudo avalia o nível de maturidade do processo de S&OP no ambiente complexo de uma empresa da indústria de óleo e gás utilizando uma abordagem multimétodos. Procede a uma revisão sistemática da literatura e um estudo de caso único. Seleciona e aplica o modelo de maturidade de Grimson e Pike (2007) após a descrição do processo de S&OP da empresa através do framework de Thomé et al. (2012b), usando a triangulação entre a análise de documentos, elaboração e aplicação de um questionário e observação direta. Das cinco dimensões de maturidade, quatro (reuniões e colaboração, métricas, tecnologia da informação e integração dos planos de S&OP) encontram-se no Estágio 3 (S&OP padrão) do modelo de Grimson e Pike (2007) e uma dimensão (organização) encontra-se no Estágio 4 (S&OP avançado). Recomenda-se para avançar do Estágio 3 para o 4, ou eventualmente para o 5, a disseminação do processo para todos na empresa como ferramenta de maximização de lucros e avaliar os seguintes pontos: o envolvimento dos principais clientes no processo de previsão; a criação de um manual de S&OP; o estabelecimento de métrica de rentabilidade associada à métrica de eficácia do S&OP; a utilização de sistema integrado e otimizado vinculado ao Sistema de Negócios Integrados - SAP; e a implementação de um processo de planejamento integrado, contínuo e otimizado para demanda e fornecimento, de forma simultânea. Como contribuições práticas espera-se que a empresa possa passar de um estágio para o outro através dos aspectos críticos e pontos fortes identificados, principalmente das ações de melhorias sugeridas. Da mesma forma, espera-se a diminuição de lacunas entre a teoria e a prática atual em campo com estudos de processos de S&OP em ambientes complexos de multiprodutos na indústria de óleo e gás. Recomenda-se para trabalhos futuros a realização de pesquisas que avaliem a maturidade do S&OP em outros ambientes complexos de parceiros deste setor para reforçar a validade externa do estudo. / [en] An increasing number of research has been investigating the development of maturity models for supply chain management with special reference to the Sales and Operations Planning process (S&OP). Maturity models represent stages applied to define, implement and improve processes. Goals and benefits can be achieved at more advanced stages of process maturity. This study assesses the maturity level of the S&OP process in the complex environment of a company in the oil and gas industry through a multi-method approach. It carries out a systematic review of the literature and a single case study. After describing the company s S&OP process through Thomé et al. s (2012b) framework, the authors select and apply the Grimson and Pike s (2007) maturity model using a triangulation between document analysis, the development and application of a questionnaire, and direct observation. Among the five maturity dimensions, four (meetings and collaboration, measurements, information technology and S&OP plan integration) are in Stage three (standard S&OP) of Grimson and Pike s model and one dimension (organization) is in Stage four (Advanced S&OP). In order to advance from Stage three to four, or eventually to five, it is recommended the dissemination of the process to all the workers of the company as a tool for maximizing profits. Additionally, it is recommended to evaluate the following points: the involvement of the main customers in the forecasting process; the development of a S&OP guide; the establishment of profitability measurements associated with the S&OP effectiveness measurement; the use of an integrated and optimized system linked to SAP; and the simultaneous implementation of an integrated, continuous and optimized planning process for demand and supply. As practical contributions, it is expected that, by analysing the critical aspects and strengths identified and implementing the improvement actions suggested by this research, the company will be prepared to move to the next stage. Furthermore, the current research aims to narrow the gap between theory and current practice in the field with studies on S&OP processes in the multi-products complex environment of an oil and gas industry. For future work it is recommended to apply this methodology to assesses the maturity of S&OP in other complex environments in the oil and gas companies to strengthen the study s external validity.

[pt] A crise financeira de 2008 estimulou com que as empresas compradoras e fornecedoras, assim como os bancos, buscassem novas alternativas de financiamento para aumentar a transparência das operações, reduzindo os riscos e o custo do crédito. O foco então passou a ser a gestão integrada da cadeia de suprimentos a partir dos seus fluxos físicos, de informação e financeiros, criando uma relação de ganha-ganha para todos os elos envolvidos na cadeia. O Financiamento da Cadeia de Suprimentos (FCS) é um meio de realizar esta integração dos fluxos, gerar economias e potencializar os ganhos financeiros utilizando a própria cadeia de suprimentos como fonte de recursos. Desta forma, este trabalho foi iniciado a partir da revisão da literatura acerca do FCS, destacando a sua evolução, principais conceitos e soluções de financiamento. Em seguida foi realizado um estudo de caso com o objetivo de compreender e descrever o funcionamento e principais características do programa de FCS de uma empresa de petróleo. A partir da comparação do Ciclo de Conversão de Caixa (CCC) com outras empresas e índices referentes ao setor de petróleo, mostrou-se que o CCC da empresa estudada, em geral, situa-se acima dos demais, sendo o principal fator para este resultado o seu elevado Prazo Médio de Estocagem (PME). Pela análise de indicadores de desempenho financeiro e econômico não é possível concluir objetivamente que o programa de FCS desde a sua implementação, em 2011, até 2019 tenha contribuído para a liquidez e rentabilidade da empresa. É preciso levar em conta questões adicionais como preço do petróleo e defasagem dos preços domésticos em relação aos preços internacionais nas importações de derivados, sendo fatores que tiveram forte impacto sobre o desempenho da empresa no período. Como forma de contribuição adicional para a Gestão da Cadeia de Suprimentos (GCS), a partir da análise DuPont sobre o Retorno Sobre os Ativos Líquidos (RONA) de 2019, foi realizada análise de sensibilidade para avaliar a relação dos componentes do CCC sobre esse indicador. Este trabalho foi realizado sob a perspectiva da empresa de petróleo que é a compradora dentro do programa FCS. Portanto, a principal recomendação para trabalhos futuros é a realização de pesquisas que avaliem o impacto do programa de FCS sobre os fornecedores. / [en] The 2008 financial crisis stimulated buyers and suppliers, as well as banks, to seek new financing alternatives to increase the transparency of operations, decrease risks and the cost of credit. The integrated Supply Chain Management (SCM) based on its physical, information and financial flows became the focus, creating a win-win relationship for all links in the chain. Supply Chain Finance (SCF) is a way of integrating flows, generating savings, and enhancing financial gains using the supply chain as a source of funds. Thus, this work begins with a literature review of the SCF, highlighting its evolution, main concepts and financing solutions. Then, a case study was carried out in order to understand and define the functioning and the main characteristics of an oil company s SCF program. From the comparison of the Cash Conversion Cycle (CCC) with other companies and indexes referring to the oil sector, it was demonstrated that the CCC of the studied company is in general situation above the others, being the high Days Inventory Outstanding (DIO) the main reason for this result. By analyzing financial and economic performance indicators, it is not possible to objectively realize that the SCF program since its implementation in 2011 and until 2019 has contributed to the company s liquidity and profitability, there are issues such as oil prices and the gap between domestic and international prices on imports of oil products had a strong impact on the company s performance in the period. As a form of additional contribution to SCM, from the DuPont analysis on the Return on Net Assets (RONA) of 2019, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to analyze the relationship of CCC components on the indicator. This work was carried out from the perspective of the oil company that is the purchasing company within the FCS program, therefore, the main recommendation for future work is to conduct research that evaluates the impact of the FCS program on suppliers.

We study the interconnections between the spin Benjamin-Ono (sBO) and half-wave maps (HWM) equations, a pair of nonlinear partial integro-differential equations that have recently been found to permit multi-soliton solutions, where the time evolution of the constituent solitons can be described in terms of the well-known, completely integrable, spin Calogero-Moser (sCM) system. By considering a symmetry transformation of the sCM dynamics we are led to introduce a scale parameter into the sBO equation, yielding what we call the rescaled sBO (rsBO) equation, which has both the sBO and HWM equations as special cases. Together with the addition of a new constant background term in the multi-soliton ansatz for the sBO equation, this allows us to formulate a theorem for the rsBO equation that unifies and generalizes previously known soliton theorems for the sBO and HWM equations. The theorem offers a new perspective on these equations; we use it to show the emergence of HWM dynamics in a certain background-dominated limit of the sBO equation, and to suggest a generalization of the HWM equation. Along the way we discuss basic properties of the new multi-soliton solutions, and how to construct them. We spend some time proving that indeed all previously known multi-soliton solutions of the HWM equation are given by the new theorem, and not just a subset. We discuss, and state a conjecture about, possible physical interpretations of the sBO equation. Finally, we apply the same ideas to the spin non-chiral intermediate long-wave (sncILW) and non-chiral intermediate Heisenberg ferromagnet (ncIHF) equations, find that they are related in the same way as the sBO and HWM equations, and formulate a unified theorem for their multi-soliton solutions. For ease of exposition we keep the discussion to hermitian solutions of the sBO and sncILW equations and $\bb R^3$-valued solutions of the HWM and ncIHF equations, though readers familiar with the subject will have no problem generalizing to the non-hermitian and $\bb C^3$-valued cases. / Vi studerar kopplingarna mellan sBO- (spin Benjamin-Ono) och HWM- (half-wave maps) ekvationerna, två ickelinjära partiella integrodifferentialekvationer som nyligen visat sig tillåta multisolitonlösningar, där tidsevolutionen av ingående solitoner kan beskrivas av det välkända, fullständigt integrerbara sCM- (spin Calogero-Moser) systemet. Genom att undersöka en symmetritransformation av sCM-dynamiken leds vi att introducera en skalparameter i sBO-ekvationen, vilket ger upphov till vad vi kallar för rsBO- (rescaled sBO) ekvationen, som har både sBO- och HWM-ekvationerna som specialfall. Tillsammans med införandet av en ny konstant bakgrundsterm i multisolitonansatsen för sBO-ekvationen så låter detta oss formulera en sats för rsBO-ekvationen som förenar och generaliserar tidigare kända solitonsatser för sBO- och HWM-ekvationerna. Satsen ger ett nytt perspektiv på dessa ekvationer; vi använder den för att påvisa uppkomsten av HWM-dynamik i en viss bakgrundsdominerad gräns av sBO-ekvationen, och för att föreslå en generalisering av HWM-ekvationen. Längs vägen diskuterar vi grundläggande egenskaper hos de nya multisolitonlösningarna och hur man konstruerar dem. Vi lägger lite tid på att bevisa att mycket riktigt alla tidigare kända multisolitonlösningar av HWM-ekvationen ges av den nya satsen, och inte bara en delmängd. Vi diskuterar, och formulerar en konjektur kring, möjliga fysiska tolkningar av sBO-ekvationen. Slutligen tillämpar vi samma idéer på sncILW- (spin non-chiral intermediate long-wave) och ncIHF- (non-chiral intermediate Heisenberg ferromagnet) ekvationerna, finner att de är relaterade på samma sätt som sBO- och HWM-ekvationerna, och formulerar en förenad sats för deras multisolitonlösningar. För att förenkla presentationen håller vi diskussionen till hermiteska lösningar av sBO- och sncILW-ekvationerna samt $\bb R^3$-värda lösningar av HWM och ncIHF-ekvationerna, men läsare bekanta med ämnet bör utan besvär kunna generalisera till de icke-hermiteska och $\bb C^3$-värda fallen.

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