Construction of a laboratory lesson for upper secondary school in the area of Liquid Chromatography, including carrying through the laboratory lesson in a class Laboratory lessons constitute an important part of science education. There are different sorts of laboratory lessons. In some laboratory lessons the students themselves are active, and in others the teacher demonstrates an experiment for the students. Some laborative work can be defined by the teacher while other can give the students an opportunity to plan an investigation themselves.   A new laboratory lesson, on the area of Liquid Chromatography, for upper secondary school has been made. In the laboratory lesson chocolate is analysed regarding the content of caffeine and theobromine. The laboratory lesson has been carried out in a class, to see what the students know about solubility, dilution, chromatography and analytical procedure after they have gone through the laboratory lesson. To get information about the students knowledge a questionnaire study was done. Teachers also have been interviewed, for their opinion about laboratory lessons as a part of science education.   All students showed some knowledge about solubility, and most students also had knowledge about chromatography even if they described different aspects of it. Dilutions was not a problem for most of the students. Many students also showed an understanding of the analytical procedure. For the teachers interviewed laborative work was an important part of science education.   Key words: Liquid chromatography, laboratory lesson, upper secondary school, chocolate, theobromine, caffeine, questionnaire study, and interviews.     Advisor:  Margareta Sandahl, Lund University Olle Eskilsson, Kristianstad University Degree project 30 credits in Chemistry/Educational Science 2008/2009 Department of Chemistry, Lund University School of Teacher Education, Kristianstad University

Syftet med denna studie är att, utifrån ett matematikdidaktiskt perspektiv, undersöka hur derivata introduceras i gymnasiets kurs Matematik C. Vi har i huvudsak fokuserat på didaktik och kognitiv utveckling. I en genomgång av relevant litteratur har vi tagit del av teorier och resultat från tidigare forskning inom samma område. Litteraturen försöker besvara frågan om hur lärare på bästa sätt kan överbrygga kognitiva hinder och ge elever en djupare förståelse kring de matematiska sammanhangen. Vårt material består av kvalitativa intervjuer med lärare från två skolor och ett antal läroböcker. Genomgången av intervjumaterialet har resulterat i fyra teman att använda som grund för hela studien: allmänt lärande, matematiklärande, derivatbegreppet samt visualisering. De lärare vi intervjuar vill alla stimulera elevers intresse för mer avancerad matematik. I princip följer alla, både lärare och läromedel, samma ”mall” när de introducerar derivata. Man knyter gärna an till vardagshändelser och begrepp som till exempel hastighet. Den litteratur vi använder, har många förslag och synpunkter på vilket sätt matematikundervisning bör bedrivas på denna nivå. I vissa avseenden skiljer sig dessa från hur intervjumaterialet visar att det verkligen går till. Vår förhoppning är att studien ska bidra till att både vi själva och andra får idéer om utveckling av undervisningen.

I vårt examensarbete har vi genusgranskat två läroböcker som används i gymnasieskolan. Den ena heter Escalade 1 och används i steg 1 i franska och den andra heter Give ’n’ Take: Reader och används i engelska kurs A på yrkesprogrammen. Frågan vi har ställt oss är hur bilden av mannen respektive kvinnan förmedlas i både bild och text i läroböckerna samt om böckerna lever upp till de krav som styrkdokumenten ställer på jämställdhet mellan könen. Vi har kommit fram till att läroböckerna bevarar den traditionella begränsningen som finns på grund av kön där mannen framhålls på bekostnad av kvinnan vilket förmedlar en bild av att mannen och kvinnan inte är lika mycket värda och inte heller har samma möjligheter. Dessutom framställs kvinnan som mer emotionell än rationell och mannen saknar till stor del känsloregister. Det här resultatet gör att ovan nämnda läroböcker inte lever upp till de krav på jämställdhet som styrdokumenten ställer. / In our survey we have investigated gender roles in two textbooks used in upper secondary school: Escalade 1, used for beginners in French and Give ‘n’ Take: Reader, used in English A course in the vocational programs. The aim with the essay is to examine how men and women are depicted in the texts as well as in the pictures and find out if the textbooks correspond to the part of the curriculum dealing with equality between the sexes. The result of our survey reveals that the textbooks preserve the traditional gender roles where the man is the norm. Consequently, focus is set on him at the expense of the woman. This result suggests that men and women do not have the same status, rights and opportunities. Furthermore, the woman is described as more emotional than rational and the man, more or less, lacks feelings. The outcome of our survey makes it clear that these textbooks do not respond to the equal rights and opportunities of the sexes that the curriculum demands.

During my practice as a teacher trainee at an upper secondary school it became clear to me that many pupils have difficulties with algebra. Also in a report from the National Agency for Education (1999) you can see that the students algebra knowledge get worse and worse. I was surprised to find that many pupils seemed to get stuck on the level of attainment for the senior level of the nine-year compulsory school. As I have not studied anything about difficulties in algebra during my training to become a qualified teacher I would like to get to know more about this. I also examine why you have to study algebra in upper secondary school. In my examination I have besides studying research used an empirical study. The empirical study consists of four interviews with upper secondary school teachers in mathematics. The result of my assignment can be summarized with that algebra gives you general solutions to problems, gives you larger poosibility to manage higer studys and its an important tool in other subjects in Upper Secondary School. The typical mistakes students do depends especially on fault due to lack of arithmetic skills. / Under mina praktikperioder på gymnasieskolan som lärarstudent kom jag i kontakt med många elever som hade det svårt med algebra. Även i en rapport från Skolverket (1999) fastlås gymnasieelevers allt sämre algebrakunskaper. Jag förundrades över att många elever verkade ha fastnat på högstadiets kunskapsnivå. Då jag inte har fått någon undervisning om elever med svårigheter i algebra i min lärarutbildning, vill jag lära mig mer om detta. Jag undersöker också varför man läser algebra på gymnasieskolan. I min undersökning har jag förutom litteraturstudier använt mig av en empirisk studie. Den empiriska studien består av intervjuer med fyra gymnasielärare i matematik. Resultatet av mitt arbete kan sammanfattas med att algebra ger generella lösningar på problem, ger större möjligheter att klara av högre studier och att det är ett viktigt verktyg i många andra ämnen i gymnasieskolan. De typiska fel som gymnasieelever gör beror främst på fel p.g.a. aritmetiska färdigheter saknas.

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In a public government inquiry that was released in March 2008 a proposal about reintroducing a final degree in upper secondary school was presented. A final degree has not been a part of the upper secondary school science 1968. Why was the system with a final degree abounded and why do the government want to reintroduce it? Research in pedagogy has through the years presented numbers of theories about assessment. In last decades a great part of the discussion has been focused on formative assessment. In formative assessment the assessment is used as a pedagogy tool. The purpose is to help the student develop their learning process and to learn to work independently. The contrary to formative assessment is assessment which only purpose is to summarise and control the level of knowledge a student possesses. The public government inquiry that led to abolish of a final degree in upper secondary school in 1968 shared many thoughts with theories about formative assessment. Forty years later the government has grown sick of all the formative assessment, which they think has led to a “muddled” school. The public government inquiry presented in 2008 wants to reintroduce a final degree and create a school where the student’s knowledge is orderly controlled and summarised.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka hur några lärare inom matematik och naturorienterande ämnen (NO) använder sig av IT i sin undervisning i år 7 - 9, deras motiv till användandet av IT som undervisningsverktyg samt om det fanns något som de upplevde begränsade eller på annat sätt påverkade deras användning av IT.Intervjuer gjordes med fyra lärare från två olika skolor. Hur ofta lärarna använde sig av IT i sin undervisning skiftade beroende på ämne. Vanligast var användningen inom NO-ämnena. Lärarna använde IT för att introducera ett arbetsområde, att söka information på Internet, att illustrera något med hjälp av en film eller att själva filma ett händelseförlopp. De kunde också skapa minnesanteckningar under lektionen samt samtala och resonera med eleverna om den internetinformation som de funnit. Orsakerna till att lärarna använde IT var att genom en varierad undervisning underlätta elevernas inlärning, att hjälpa (läs)svaga elever och att spara minnesanteckningarna från lektionen för att kunna använda senare. Andra skäl var att informera via hemsidan, att visa eleverna på andra, pedagogiska, användningssätt för datorer samt att lära eleverna vara källkritiska. Det som enligt lärarna påverkade hur mycket de använde sig av IT var framförallt den tid de hade till förfogande, samt om de hade en fungerande IT-utrustning. Även deras intresse för och kunnighet i IT-teknik spelade in liksom hur "fångade" eleverna blev av IT-tekniken. / The purpose of this study was to investigate how some teachers in Mathematics and Science subjects use IT in their lessons for grades 7-9, their motives for using IT as a teaching tool, and if there was anything that they feel restricted or otherwise affected their use of IT. Interviews were conducted with four teachers from two different schools. How often the teachers used IT in their teaching varied depending on the subject. IT was most commonly used in the science subjects to introduce a new area of study, searching for information on the Internet, to illustrate something with the help of a film or filming their own sequence of events. The IT-information was also discussed and examined with the pupils, and a memorandum of the lesson could also be created. The reasons the teachers' used IT was to facilitate the pupils' learning as a way to diversify their teaching methods, to aid pupils with reading difficulties and to save the notes from the lesson for later use. Other reasons were to provide information through their homepage, to show other possibilities and pedagogical ways of using a computer and to teach the pupils to become critical of Internet sources. The greatest influences on the teachers' use of IT were, according to them, how much time they had and whether the IT equipment was in working order. The teachers also indicated that their own ability in IT, and how intrigued the students became in IT, played a role.

This degree project has three aims. First, it will investigate students’ attitudes towards reading novels in English and how their motivation for reading differs whether they attend vocational or university-preparatory programs.  In order to investigate this, a total of 73 students were asked to participate in the implementation of a questionnaire. Second, this degree project sets out to study if there are differences in how four teachers approach reading novels in English and third, it will study how these four teachers motivate their students in their studies. This part of the investigation was conducted by performing qualitative interviews with each of the teacher informants. The theoretical framework of this degree project has its basis in the theories regarding cultural capital by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. The results show that there are clear divisive lines between the attitudes and the motivation of students depending on which program they attend and that these divisions can be attributed in part to students’ social background. The results also indicate that teachers are aware of these differences and approach reading novels in the classroom accordingly.

Detta examensarbete studerar lyssnandet på högstadiet i en skola i en medelstor kommun i Sverige. Arbetets syfte har varit att undersöka hur lärare och elever når fram till varandra i klassrummet. Empirin samlades in på en multikulturell skola utifrån tre syftesfrågor som behandlade lärarens ledarskap, elevernas uppmärksamhet på läraren samt lärarens uppföljning av elevernas eget arbete, i klassrummet. Tillvägagångssättet för insamling av empirin utgjordes av en etnografisk ansats som inbegrep dels strukturerade observationer av elever och lärare i klassrummet, dels semistruktrurerade, kvalitativa intervjuer och samtal med berörd lärare. Informanterna bestod av sammanlagt fyra klasser i årskurs sju och åtta samt deras respektive lärare, två kvinnor och en man med vardera cirka tio års erfarenhet som lärare på högstadiet. Resultatet i denna studie visar att lärarna var flexibla i sitt sätt att bemöta eleverna, samt att anpassa undervisningen efter rådande omständigheter. Samtliga lärare upplevde dock ett visst motstånd från många elever när det gällde elevernas förmåga eller vilja att lyssna och ta emot information, i synnerhet i helklass eller grupp. De kvinnliga lärarna upplevde till större del jämfört med den manliga läraren att eleverna överlag lyssnade okoncentrerat. Utifrån observationerna gav eleverna å sin sida bevis på olika handlingar, vilka pekade på fler svårigheter än förtjänster med att lyssna och förstå det läraren sade; svårigheter som lärarna bekräftade i intervjuerna. Svårigheterna fick en del elever att framstå som tämligen ointresserade av skolarbetet, vilket resulterade i negativ påverkan på deras utnyttjade lektionstid. Resultatet från lärarnas uppföljning av elevernas arbete visade olika former av individuell stöttning, exempelvis genom individuellt anpassade arbetsuppgifter, vilket eleverna dessvärre ofta avvisade. I denna studie framkommer också att lärarna gärna skulle samtala med kollegor om undervisningen i klassrummet, men att andra diskussionsämnen tar överhanden. Hur viktigt är lyssnandet för kommunikation och samspel egentligen? Ettt oväntat resultat framträdde, i och med att det inte låg i detta arbetes syfte, viz. att i studien åskådliggjordes en möjlig könsidentifiering mellan kvinnlig lärare-flicka, samt mellan manlig lärare-pojke. Detta samtidigt som alla tre lärarna uppgav att de inte medvetet gjorde någon åtskillnad på flicka-pojke i klassrummet.

The purpose of this dissertation is to study the vocational and career education in upper secondary school and to answer the question if and how this education contributes to the socialization of the younger generation to the various sectors and positions of working life. The ambition was also to acquire more general knowledge of the mechanisms generating different classroom discourses. The main problem thus deals with how and why an objective reality, in this case the working world, is transformed into various teaching situations and how and why it grows into different classroom discourses. In accordance with the theoretical frame of reference, career education is regarded as a transmission of ideologies and as part of the social reproduction process. By analogy with this approach the training effects have been studied in terms of transmitted opinions and notions in various aspects of education and working life. For a period of one year we observed the instruction in social studies and vocational teaching in four different course programmes of upper secondary school. The empirical studies also include interviews with teachers and students in nursing and metalwork course programmes, in economics, in social sciences and in natural sciences as well as employees in the metalwork and health-care sector. The main aim was to study the notions of education and working life of various interested parties in relation to the notions transmitted in the course programmes. The results show that there are great differences in vocational teaching in the different course programmes, in spite of the fact that the content of this teaching is supposed to be almost identical according to the curriculum. In an attempt to explain the formation of education we have formulated a "content-related steering group theory". In simplified terms this means that the content of education is characterized by certain predominant structures of thought characteristic of both the social field (sector) and the social stratum (level) towards which the education is primarily directed. The predominant structures of thought are brought into the classrooms through the students' individual and historical relations with the world of work. These structures then function as a generating and controlling mechanism for the classroom discourse. The teacher will, more or less unconsciously, adjust the content of his or her teaching to the predominant structures of thought of the selection of students forming his or her class. Our analysis ends in the assumption that the differences in structures of thought between students in various course programmes are reinforced during the time spent in upper secondary school - not so much as a result of the education itself, but more as a result of the different social environments of different student categories to which the education is adapted. / digitalisering@umu

Studiens huvudsakliga syfte är att få kunskap kring om och hur elever i skolår 9 stimuleras till reflektion i matematikundervisningen. Den tidigare forskning som presenteras i litteraturgenomgången visar på reflektionens betydelse i lärprocessen och ger riktlinjer för vilka aktiviteter som uppmanar till respektive hämmar elevers reflektion. Genom en kvalitativ fallstudie, med i huvudsak lektionsobservationer som utgångspunkt och med efterföljande lärarintervjuer som stöd, har syftet uppnåtts genom att kartlägga den aktivitet som förekommer i praktiken. Undervisningsaktiviteter som kan uppvisa en positiv respektive negativ effekt på elevers möjlighet till reflektion har vid bearbetning och analys av materialet kunnat urskiljas. Resultatet visar att trots att lärare är positivt inställda till metakognition och ett reflekterande arbetssätt förekommer endast i vissa fall tillfällen då eleven stimuleras till reflektion och denna får ske. Vanligt förekommande i lärares undervisning är situationer som skulle kunna fungera som reflektionsstimulerande om de ges utrymme och reflektionen följs upp. Studiens resultat kan bidra till att påminna och göra lärare medvetna om vilka aktiviteter som stödjer reflektion samt förmedla vikten av att eleverna redan i grundskolans tidigare år undervisas om och utsättas för en undervisningspraktik som kontinuerligt kräver förekomsten av reflektion. / Research presented in the literature study show the significant value of reflection in the learning process. The overview also highlights activities that encourage and inhibit students’ reflection. The aim of this study is to examine whether and how students in Swedish school, grade 9, are stimulated to use reflection in mathematics education. This was conducted through a qualitative study, with essentially lesson observations as the main method and teacher interviews as supporting method. Teaching activities that may have a positive or negative effect on students’ ability to reflect have been identified in the process and analysis of the research material and are presented in the result chapter. The results show that although teachers express a positive view on metacognition and reflective approach, such situations occur to a limited extent. Common in teachers’ lessons are sequences that could stimulate reflection if appropriate actions as follow up had been taken. The result of the study could make teachers aware of what kind of activities that support reflection. It may also convey the importance of the fact that pupils need to be taught and subjected to a teaching practice that continually requires the presence of reflection.