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Opportunities to be and remain healthy are unequally distributed across socioeconomic groups and emerge and widen throughout childhood and adolescence. This thesis seeks to answer if social relationships are one of the mechanisms that operate in the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health among Swedish adolescents, using the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey round 2009/10. It also aims to clarify which aspect of social relationships – its structure or function - matters more for health. Network structure includes its size and frequency of contact, and network function refers to resources received from those in the network, such as social support. The research questions guiding the thesis are: (1) Is higher socioeconomic status associated with higher self-rated health and wellbeing among Swedish adolescents? (2) Does the structure and the function of the child’s social relationships mediate in the associations in question 1? (3) Which aspect of social relationships (structure or function) mediates the associations in question 1 to the largest extent? Research questions are addressed by a mediation analysis using regression models to explore which indicators of social relationships mediate the associations between SES and health and wellbeing. Results showed a positive association between SES and health and wellbeing, and mainly three significant mediators were found which indicated that children with higher SES receive higher social support from their parents and peers and have a larger network which in turn lead to better health and wellbeing. Finally, results indicated that it is the function of social relationships rather than the structure that mediates to the largest extent.

This research is set within the context of the Kenyan Public Universities, where with the changing student population dynamics, students are increasingly choosing to combine parenting with studies. Many of these student parents both male and female have had to negotiate the academic requirements as well as the burden of parenthood. Such a study is important at this time of privatization and liberalization of higher education in order to open up public discourse on the provision of higher education and the effect on the socio-economic status of the students. Using qualitative research analysis based on socio-educational, socio cultural as well as socio-economic status (SES), a study was designed and conducted with the question posed: What are the socio-educational approaches of public universities with respect to student parents. Eighteen (18) interviews of ten (10) university officials and eight (8) student parents formed the research sample. Qualitative research questions were prepared in an in-depth interview guide and a focus group questioning route. Data revealed that there are students both male and female who are actively parenting in the public university and that they face role conflict and financial challenges which impacts on retention and completion rates of students in the public university. The research argues that there is need to create awareness of socioeconomic status (SES) in the university approach to inclusiveness of all students as well as student parents. Recommendations based on this study should be helpful as guidelines for a model on guidance for student parents as well as documentation of a clear policy on approaches or support for student parenthood in the public university. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Early in the ship design process, naval architects must often evaluate and compare multiple hull forms for a specific set of requirements. Analytical tools are useful for quick comparisons, but they usually specialize in a specific hull type and are therefore not adequate for comparing dissimilar hull types. Scale model hydrodynamic testing is the traditional evaluation method, and is applicable to most hull forms. Scale model tests are usually performed on the largest model possible in order to achieve the most accurate performance predictions. However, such testing is very resource intensive, and is therefore not a cost effective method of evaluating multiple hull forms. This thesis explores the testing of small scale models. It is hypothesized that although the data acquired by these tests will not be accurate enough for performance predictions, they will be accurate enough to rank the performance of the multiple hull forms being evaluated.

La sagesse politique est de faire vivre un gouvernement libre, et une puissance armée. Etude portant sur l'organisation de la force armée dans la pensée constitutionnelle, et son action dans la pensée politique depuis l'an III (1795) à 1962, sur une période de 167 ans, sa déclinaison dans l'iconographie politique, à l'aune de la politique, portant sur les dix régimes politiques- souverains et républicains - au travers des guerres et évènements sociétaux. La conclusion rappelle l'obéissance des armées au pouvoir civil pour la période considérée, une interaction du politique et des armées et ouvre une perspective nouvelle, dans la relation politique-armées, exposant un aperçu sur les grandes puissances économiques, dans leurs rapports politique-armées. / Political wisdom is to live a free government, and military power. Study on the organization of armed force in the constitutional thought, and action in political thought since the year III (1795) to 1962, over 167 years, its variation in the political iconography to yardstick of politics, on the ten-political sovereign and republican regimes - through wars and societal events. The conclusion reminds the obedience of armies of the civil power for the period, an interaction of political and armed and opens a new perspective in the political-military relationship, exposing an overview of the major economic powers in their relations policy-armies.

L'économie circulaire (EC) émerge depuis les années 2000 dans le débat public, en opposition à l'économie linéaire, modèle dominant aux limites économiques et écologiques reconnues. Cette thèse constitue une première confrontation opérationnelle de l'EC à un système socio-écologique dépendant de la pêche, le Pays de la Cornouaille en Bretagne. Le système est délimité dans sa façade maritime avec la pêche côtière, seule considérée comme production locale.L'approche est systémique, multidimensionnelle et dynamique. L'analyse comporte trois volets : le premier sur l'amont du circuit en mer, le deuxième sur l'aval du système à terre et le dernier sur le système complet. Premièrement, le coût caché des rejets est visualisé via une analyse comptable de flux de matière ("Material Flow Cost Accounting" MFCA) adaptée à la pêche, proposé comme outil pertinent pour améliorer la performance économique et environnementale des pêcheurs. Deuxièmement, l’analyse de flux révèle une forte dépendance des activités à terre vis-à-vis des importations et exportations de bioressources halieutiques malgré un apport significatif de la pêche côtière à l'économie locale. Troisièmement, des scenarii sur le sous-système Sardine, du "business as usual" a l'EC, servent à proposer une trajectoire alternative de développement basée sur un "panier" de biens et services territorialises et la construction d'une valeur territoire à partir de ressources halieutiques locales. Pour atteindre cette EC durable, il s'agira d'optimiser l'utilisation des ressources locales et diminuer les externalités négatives, en plus d'aller vers une gouvernance partagée, adaptée à l'échelle du système socio-écologique considéré. / The years 2000 have favored the emergence of "Circular Economy" (CE) in the public debate, as opposed to the "linear economy", the dominant model that led to acknowledged economie and ecological limits. Our work is a first attempt to address the CE to a fishery-dependent socio-ecological System, the Cornouaille region in Brittany. The approach is systemic, multidimensional and dynamic. It implies the identification of marine boundaries, in which only Coastal fisheries are considered as a local production. The analysis is conducted along three main axes: an analysis of the upstream part at sea (fishing), an analysis looking at the downstream value chain, on land, and a third looking at the whole System. First, a Material Flow Cost Accounting (MFCA) analysis adapted to fisheries is proposed as a relevant tool to improve economy and environmental performance of fishers, providing evidence of hidden costs of fish discards.Second, the fish bioresource flow analysis indicates a strong dependency on importation and exportation flows to maintain land-based activities depending on sea products, albeit evidence of a significant contribution of Coastal fisheries to the local economy. Third, the exploration of the sardine sub-system through scenarii, ranging between from "business as usual" to those lined with CE, shows an alternative development trajectory, based upon a potential "basket of goods and services", a "territorial value", specifically linked to local fisheries. To achieve such a sustainable CE, we would need to not only aim at a more efficient use of local marine resources and decrease negative externalities, but also advocate for a shared governance, suited to the scale of the considered localised socio-ecological System.

1) Cette enquête fait le point sur et infirme la théorie de la nouvelle classe ouvrière, qui suite aux progrès de l'automation aurait été composée de techniciens et ingénieurs et presque plus d'ouvriers manuels, même très qualifiés, en vogue dans la seconde moitié des années 60. Selon cette pseudo-théorie, les techniciens, techniciens supérieurs devaient être plus combatifs, plus portés aux revendications gestionnaires que les ouvriers d'avant 1968. En fait, d'après cette enquête menée dans les établissements industriels de la période, les plus automatisés, les plus " presse-bouton " : production assurée à distance, à partir de salles de pilotage, essentiellement par un seul " pilote ", ici dans les centrales électriques les plus " en pointe ", entre autres , dans les premières centrales nucléaires, le contenu des revendications, les attitudes des salariés de base, s'inspiraient encore, pour l'essentiel, des valeurs du mouvement ouvrier. 2) Elle a recouru et mis en valeur, une notion ignorée des sociologues du travail (qui devaient avant tout inventer des néologismes pour " faire savants "), mais au cœur du langage du mouvement et des militants ouvriers (qui a eu, lui aussi, ses " théories spontanées ") : celle de climats sociaux, froids ou chauds et le déclenchement d'une grève que l'auteur a pu observer sur place, (ce qui la distingue de la plupart des sociologues du travail français, puisque, pour l'analyse des conditions salariées, ceux-ci recouraient essentiellement aux informations fournies par les délégués et militants syndicaux, ce qui a pu valoir des distorsions dans l'interprétation des opinions et attitudes de base), notamment pendant la délicate " baisse de charge " de la puissance des centrales électriques, sujet de délicates négociations avec la direction, sinon de conflits éventuellement lourds de conséquences sur l'axe des turbines et la sécurité nucléaire. Ce volet de l'enquête, imprévu et improvisé, une fois les enquêteurs arrivés sur le terrain, a été qualifié de " sauvage " puisque non-programmé et non-envisagé dans le plan académique de l'enquête centrée sur les changements dans les conduites et comportements salariés induits par une automatisation très avancée (dans les usines presse-boutons). Il a permis de souligner le contraste entre les données recueillies par questionnaire (réponses plutôt sages et raisonnables) puis analyses statistiques et celles observées sur le vif lors de situations critiques, éventuellement explosives.

本研究主要透過回溯方式探究幼兒弱勢因素、家庭社經、學前經驗、家長參與對幼兒就學準備度之影響；另，探究就學準備度對日後學習成就之影響及就學準備度對日後學習成就預測之重要領域能力，並比較弱勢及非弱勢幼兒之差異。 本研究透過問卷調查法，以弱勢幼兒為主要探究對象，以立意取樣方式選取南投縣草屯鎮及信義鄉352位三年級學童樣本回收率為71%。將教育弱勢幼兒定義為：偏遠地區、原住民、新移民子女及中低收入戶，樣本中弱勢學童占60.8%。研究工具分為三部分：(一)學童一、二及三年級學業成績，其中一年級學業成績採計五科作為就學準備度五領域之替代指標；二年級及三年級上學期成績則作為幼兒日後學習成就短及長期之替代指標。(二)兒童自評之生活適應問卷作為長期學習成就之另一替代指標。(三)透過自編之幼兒背景問卷、幼兒及小學時期家長問卷了解幼兒之基本資料及家長參與情形。本研究所使用的統計方法包含：描述性統計、交叉表分析、卡方分析、Pearson相關分析、T檢定、單因子變異數分析、線性迴歸及多元階層迴歸分析。 研究主要結論如下：(一) 弱勢因素對幼兒就學準備度有顯著之負項影響其影響可延伸至小學三年級。(二) 曾就讀幼兒園、就讀私立幼兒園對幼兒就學準備度及其日後學習成就有顯著正向影響，其影響可延伸至三年級。(三) 家庭社經、家長參與對幼兒就學準備度及其日後學習成就有顯著正向影響。(四) 就學準備度及學前因素為影響就學準備度之主要因素；弱勢因素及就學準備度為影響幼兒就學準備度及幼兒日後學習成就之主要因素。(五)弱勢幼兒就學準備度對日後短期及長期學習成就之預測力，較非弱勢幼兒高。(六) 弱勢幼兒就學準備度之數學及語文領域能力，能有效預測其日後二年級及三年級上學期之整體學業表現。(七) 非弱勢幼兒之幼兒就學準備度數學及語文領域能有效預測其二年級上學期之整體學業表現。 / The main purpose of this study is trying to figure out how disadvantaged factors, family Social Status, preschool experience and parental involvement will affect children’s school readiness and their later achievement. And try to find the connection between school readiness and later achievement, looking for the important school readiness area that can predict later achievement. Also try to compare the difference of above answers between disadvantaged and advantaged children’s. Ex-post-factor research and questionnaires investigate are used. Using purposive sampling, choosing Sinyi and Caotun 2 township of Nantou County, 352 3rd grade student are involved, and Effective response rate is 71%.There are 60.8%of sample are educational disadvantaged student. 3 main research tools are used：1. 1st grade’s academic score of 5 subject are using as the substitutes of school readiness performance;2nd grade’s academic score of all subject as substitutes of short-turn later achievement; 3nd grade’s academic score of all subject as substitutes of long-turn later achievement. 2. A children answered life adaptation questionnaire as another substitutes of long-turn later achievement.3. Using a self-edited student background and 2 parental involvement questionnaires. Data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, Crosstabs, Chi-square test, Pearson’s product-moment correlation, Spearman's rank correlation, t-test, linear regression, and multiple hierarchical regression analysis. The main finding of the study： 1. Disadvantaged factors have negative effects toward children’s school readiness and their later achievement. 2. Having the experience of preschool and going to private preschools have positive effects toward children’s school readiness and their later achievement. 3. Family social status and parental involvement have positive effects toward children’s school readiness and their later achievement. 4. Disadvantaged and preschool factors can and strongly predict children’s school readiness; disadvantaged factors and school readiness can strongly predict children’s later achievements. 5. School readiness can effectively predicts short and long-turn later achievements, and the effect is more significant on disadvantaged children. 6. Disadvantaged children’s school readiness of math and reading can strongly predict their short and long-turn later achievements. 7. Advantaged children’s school readiness math and reading can strongly predict their short-turn later achievements.

This research is set within the context of the Kenyan Public Universities, where with the changing student population dynamics, students are increasingly choosing to combine parenting with studies. Many of these student parents both male and female have had to negotiate the academic requirements as well as the burden of parenthood. Such a study is important at this time of privatization and liberalization of higher education in order to open up public discourse on the provision of higher education and the effect on the socio-economic status of the students. Using qualitative research analysis based on socio-educational, socio cultural as well as socio-economic status (SES), a study was designed and conducted with the question posed: What are the socio-educational approaches of public universities with respect to student parents. Eighteen (18) interviews of ten (10) university officials and eight (8) student parents formed the research sample. Qualitative research questions were prepared in an in-depth interview guide and a focus group questioning route. Data revealed that there are students both male and female who are actively parenting in the public university and that they face role conflict and financial challenges which impacts on retention and completion rates of students in the public university. The research argues that there is need to create awareness of socioeconomic status (SES) in the university approach to inclusiveness of all students as well as student parents. Recommendations based on this study should be helpful as guidelines for a model on guidance for student parents as well as documentation of a clear policy on approaches or support for student parenthood in the public university. / Educational Studies / D. Ed. (Socio-Education)

Enligt Skolverket har ca 5 % av alla elever en särbegåvning som gör att de lär sig i så mycket snabbare takt än sina klasskamrater, att de kan vara i behov av anpassad undervisning. Internationellt finns det forskning kring ett identification-gap inom gifted education. Den här kvantitativa studien ämnar undersöka om detta även är fallet i Sverige och hur undervisningen anpassats för dessa elever i de naturorienterande ämnena och teknik. Frågeställningen är: Hur många procent av eleverna i NO- och teknikundervisningen i årskurs 6 är identifierade med särbegåvning? samt Hur många av de identifierade eleverna får anpassad undervisning i NO och/eller teknik. Även variablerna socioekonomisk status, elevers kön samt praktiska- och teoretiska områden finns med i undersökningen. Metoden som användes var enkät med fasta svarsalternativ som skickades till NO- och tekniklärare i en svensk stad. Svarsfrekvensen var 40 %. Studien visar att 79 % av lärarna som svarade inte hade någon elev i sin NO- och/eller teknikklass som identifierats som särbegåvad. I genomsnitt var 0,7 % av de svarande lärarnas eleverna identifierade och 0,6 % fick anpassad undervisning på grund av särbegåvningen. Den låga identifikationsgraden gjorde att flera av studiens frågor blev obesvarade, även om resultaten redovisas. 100 % av de svarande lärarna vill ha mer information om särbegåvade elever i NO och teknik. Slutsatsen dras att viljan finns men en stor del av lärarna, 79 %, i nuläget inte vet tillräckligt för att kunna identifiera elever som särbegåvade i NO- och teknik och anpassa undervisningen därefter.