The aim of this study is to highlight inequality among elderly. The study increase the understanding of poverty and financial vulnerability in elderlies life. This study describes what their living conditions look like for themselves and what their financial situation can have in their everyday lives and consequences. The aim is to understand the patterns and paths that lead to financial vulnerability in retirement. Seven retired people in the age between 65-80 years were interviewed. The result shows that there are large differences in income between men and women when retired. Some of the main reasons for this are that the women have worked unpaid by living as housewives and taking a bigger responsibility for children and the home. The unpaid work has had an impact on the income when retired and affected their living conditions. The majority of the respondents answer that planning and limitations are needed to cope up with everyday life as retired person. Some of the respondents have to continue to work extra after retirement to succeed financially. Generally the finances of the elderly are worse after retirement than before and this has negative consequences, it will not get better when they are retired as many of them thought, but they still manage to get their lives to work out even if they have limitations in their everyday life. Gender, individualization and social exclusion are used to analyze the results in the essay.

In the discourse of poverty, there is no scientific consensus on how to measure poverty. In the theory of social exclusion, analyzing poverty goes beyond traditional economic measures of poverty. The theory of social exclusion implies that there is a downward spiral of multidimensional deprivation, creating a vicious circle of social exclusion. According to Jeffrey Sachs, people living in extreme poverty are too poor to accumulate resources to escape poverty, resulting in a poverty trap. The only way to get out of the poverty trap is through investment from outside actors. The aim of this study is to understand what happens with a vicious circle of social exclusion when an outside actor provides such an investment, in this case with a cow.  The results show that investment from outside actors do not disrupt the vicious circle of social exclusion, it is rather a process of which the behavior of the circle changes. When a cow is introduced in the respondent’s lives, they receive resources that help to break unemployment, poverty and social isolation. After introducing the investment from an outside actor, the respondents dispose resources that contributes to inclusion in labor market, monetary resources and social relations, and the cow helps to create a circle of social inclusion

Residents in marginalized areas tend to show a lower level of confidence in the criminal justice system and carry out police reports and testimonies to the criminal justice system to a lesser extent than residents in other areas. In this scientific essay, a qualitative study is conducted to analyze the disinclination to leave testimonies and report crimes in marginalized areas, along with researching possible ways to improve the residents relationship with the criminal justice system. The theoretical framework for this study consists of Žižeks theory of violence, territorial stigma and social exclusion. The sample group for the study is advocates in non-profit organizations operating in marginalized areas. Using a semi-structured interview method, this study’s empirical findings reveals that a critical view of the criminal justice system, lack of confidence in the criminal justice system, ambivalent feelings about the residential area and mass medias stigmatizing effects are believed to cause a reluctance to cooperate with the criminal justice system in marginalized areas. Furthermore, our findings show that an admittance of the existence of racism within the justice system, increased communication, cultural competence, and safe meeting places are believed to improve the relationship between the residents and the criminal justice system.

The thesis is based on examining how authorities and organizations work to counter segregation in Norrby and to integrate citizens into society. To get the question answered, semistructured interviews were used, where different officials from each authority and organization were digitally interviewed about how their workplace works to counter segregation and integrate citizens into society. The theoretical starting points of the thesis consist of habitus, Bourdieu's capital theory, social stratification, the Winston Parva model and finally the integration model. The results show that authorities and organizations work by building trust, giving lectures about the society, creating activities and supporting residents to apply for jobs and enter the labor market. In summary, all authorities work in their own way to create integration and counteract segregation in Norrby. / Uppsatsen bygger på att undersöka hur myndigheter och organisationer arbetar för att motverka segregation på Norrby och för att integrera medborgarna ut i samhället. För att få frågeställningen besvarad användes semistrukturerade intervjuer, där fick olika tjänstemän från respektive myndighet och organisation intervjuas kring hur deras arbetsplats arbetar för att motverka segregation och integrera medborgarna ut i samhället. Uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkter består av habitus, Bourdieus kapitalteori, social skiktning, Winston Parva- modellen och slutligen integrationsmodellen. Resultaten visar att myndigheter och organisationer arbetar genom att bygga förtroende, hålla i föreläsningar, skapar aktiviteter och stöttar invånarna med att söka jobb och gå ut på arbetsmarknaden. Sammanfattningsvis jobbar samtliga myndigheter på sitt sätt för att skapa integration och motverka segregation på Norrby.

The diploma thesis focuses on people who have served their sentences. Specifically, it maps the success in their social integration after release from prison. The theoretical basis of the work lies in the multifactor criminogenetic theories and concepts of social exclusion. Multifactor criminogenetic theories are mentioned as one of the foundations of the penitentiary prediction tool SARPO (Comprehensive Analysis of Risks and Needs of Convicts). This tool is used in the work for better orientation in the needs and risks of people in the process of release. The theoretical anchoring of the work also deals with the problem of recidivism and adaptation after release from prison. And the issue of homelessness in connection with substance abuse and also in connection with crime. Furthermore, attention is paid to the problem of indebtedness, which can complicate the social situation of people after serving a sentence. The factual context of the researched topic is devoted to the causes of the difficult resocialization of released prisoners and to the reasons why recidivists are most often prosecuted. There are also some important statistical data concerning the number of persons imprisoned in the Czech Republic in comparison with EU countries. Attention is also paid to the amendment of the Insolvency Act...

The dissertation analyses the system of social assistance in the Czech Republic in the period between 1990 and today. The topic focuses on the social benefit system of help for socially weak citizens. The dissertation is anchored on the concept of inequality and poverty, theory of social segregation, the homophily principle and the principle of solidarity. The main objective is to evaluate the current social benefit system and formulate suggestions for eliminating its weaknesses and limitations. For obtaining the empiric information mainly qualitative methods were used, analysis of documents and half- structured interviews with both clients and experts of the social need system. The analysed variables are provided social benefits, their structure, amount, the importance of social work and institution of the system. Since 1990 the number of the social benefits as well as the amount paid have diminished. In the system the social work was professionalised, and that not only in case of the institutions responsible for realisation of payment of the social benefits, but also in case of non-profit organizations. Despite the fact the system is capable of and does react to the changes in society, the clients remain in its care on a long-term basis. The solution of their unfavourable social situation requires...

Children growing up in the environment of social exclusion acquire values and habits which weaken and aggravate their integration into the school environment. The lack of success of such children at school is followed by limited educational and professional aspirations which reduce possibilities of their social integration. The governmental conception of social integration and involved experts consider the area of education crucial for prevention of social exclusion transfer from generation to generation. The actors involved in the process of education of socially excluded children are NGOs which provide social services supporting and strengthening educational and professional aspirations. The thesis focuses on the influence of schools on educational - professional aspirations of socially excluded children. The coordination of activities and cooperation of one particular NGO, schools and local authorities in the area of education and their involvement in strengthening of educational - professional aspirations are analysed on the case of regional capital - the City of Pilsen. Based on the analyses of research results, the thesis also proposes a system of coordination of activities between schools and NGOs in the area of education of socially excluded children. Keywords: educational - professional...

This thesis is focused on the phenomenon of the social exclusion to the specifications of socially excluded children. My target was to answer these questions: How children threatened by social exclusion spend their free time? Are they satisfied with these ways and do they feel any limitations to spend a free time in different way? The theoretical part I focused on the theoretical definitions of the concept of social exclusion and other theoretical related concepts like integration, social inclusion or culture of poverty. Further I was dealing with definition of free time and in addition I described briefly a town called Neratovice where children participated in my research live, visit the school or do some leisure activities. For the research, I selected a quantitative research method - four semi-standardized interviews with children threatened by social exclusion at the age of 6-11 years. In addition children drew a time schedule of their common week day and weekend day. In practical part I analyzed the data from research, compare it with the data from other researches and suggest some recommendation based on these data in theoretical context published in theoretical part. Key words: social exclusion, integration, social inclusion, culture of poverty, Gypsy, free time, leisure activities, children

Subject of this thesis is to evaluate effectivity of Strategic plan of social integration in the town of Jáchymov. Thesis is focused on the process of planning and effectivity of measures suggested in Strategic plan. Beside the main focus it also assesses the overall social situation of Jáchymov. It collects and describes activities aiming on social integration. It describes and evaluates the process of design and implementation of strategic plan. Connection of both areas provides a better insight into the whole topic. Based on the results of research this thesis provides possible measures to improve the quality of planning process of social services and to improve the living conditions of Jáchymov's inhabitants. This thesis can serve as a guideline to initiate proceses associated with social services planning or community activities planning. Key words: Jáchymov (Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic) Strategic planning and strategic plan, Community planning Social integration Social services

Empirical data have indicated that a considerable amount of the world's population, 45.3 million in the United States, live in deplorable conditions, some of which are created by social exclusion. Social exclusion is a disenfranchisement experienced by individuals and families living in poverty conditions created by circumstances such as lack of education, lack of economic sustenance, unemployment, poor health, and other social ills. Mentoring is a multidimensional skills-development opportunity for disadvantaged youth, aspiring new professionals, employed individuals being promoted, and instructor-student relationships. There is the possibility that mentoring could be useful for other societal groups as well, particularly social excluded adults. The purpose of this phenomenological research was to examine and gain an understanding of mentoring as experienced by social excluded adults in a small Midwest city. The theoretical framework included the theory of mentoring as postulated by Kram, Bandura's social cognitive theory, the social exclusion theory by Bourdieu, and the social capital theory by Muddiman. Social excluded adults between 25 and 50 years of age were interviewed regarding their mentoring experience. Ten research participants were interviewed. A NVivo assessment was used to analyze data. The study revealed that mentor and protégé relationships among social excluded adults yielded similar positive results as in other mentored groups. The significant social change provided by this study is that outcomes of the mentoring experiences will provide policy makers and nonprofit services providers with important data to create programs that more adequately meet the needs of social excluded adults.