Cette thèse est centrée sur les organisations communautaires (OC) de Montréal face au vieillissement et à la précarité des personnes toxicomanes. Elle intègre les perspectives de personnes intervenantes et usagères et elle accorde une place prépondérante à l’analyse de l’action des OC : sans ces derniers, Montréal ne serait pas la même sur le plan des services essentiels. Partout où la pauvreté sévit et où les difficultés se multiplient, des milliers de personnes œuvrent dans les OC, redoublant d’effort et d’ingéniosité quand les moyens manquent. Souvent dans l’ombre, ces personnes font preuve de dévouement afin de maintenir leurs services si importants lorsque vient le temps d’apporter un minimum de réconfort, d’espoir, de soulagement, d’accompagnement et d’aide diverse à celles et ceux qui en ont besoin. Or, l’inventaire de leurs besoins est en fait si long qu’il suppose constamment de nouveaux défis à relever dans l’objectif de répondre adéquatement à un maximum d’entre eux. Ici, l’addition des problématiques vécues de façon concomitante que sont le vieillissement, la précarité et la toxicomanie est une source constante de complications et d’intensification de divers problèmes. D’une part, le vieillissement précoce menace les personnes toxicomanes en raison des effets délétères de l’usage de substances psychotropes. De l’autre côté, les personnes non toxicomanes vieillissantes sont plus susceptibles de devenir physiologiquement dépendantes des médicaments et autres substances à potentiel d’addiction. Les personnes vieillissantes en proie à la toxicomanie sont alors touchées par des problèmes concomitants tels que ceux de la précarité et de l’exclusion. Les ressources axées à la fois sur le vieillissement, la précarité et la toxicomanie sont limitées, souvent inexistantes. Ces problématiques sont la plupart du temps traitées de façon indépendante. Le but de cette thèse est de développer une connaissance et une compréhension à la fois des problématiques propres aux personnes toxicomanes vieillissant en précarité (TVP) et de l’action des OC qui offrent leurs services à cette clientèle. Le travail exploratoire de cette étude, basé sur une approche qualitative, a reposé sur l’interview de quatorze personnes représentant différentes organisations communautaires, ainsi que de seize personnes vieillissantes utilisant les services d’organismes communautaires. Elles sont été sélectionnées selon les besoins des populations à l’étude. Les résultats de l’analyse d’étude indiquent que les personnes TVP représentent en moyenne 80 % de la clientèle des OC participant à cette étude dont sept organisations leur offrant des services hors mission. Malgré le grand nombre des services offerts, les OC désignent de nombreux besoins spécifiques et immédiats pour faire face à une hausse de fréquentation de la clientèle TVP. Les personnes usagères participant à l’enquête étaient âgées de 55 à 74 ans et trois sur quatre furent des hommes. Le groupe d’âge des 55 à 59 ans, souvent le plus à aider, a été plus présent dans l’analyse en profondeur des problèmes. Le profil des capacités fonctionnelles des OC, établi à partir du discours des personnes rencontrées, tend à indiquer que les OC se dotent d’une structure organisationnelle adéquate et bénéficient d’une visibilité croissante auprès du public. Ces organisations éprouvent cependant de grandes difficultés sur le plan des ressources financières et humaines. L’amélioration de la situation des TVP, lorsqu’elle repose sur la réussite de stratégies mises en œuvre portant sur les aspects de finances, sur la gestion du personnel ou sur d’autres aspects du fonctionnement des OC, dépend de la collaboration et l’engagement d’un ensemble d’actrices et acteurs d’une société. Chacun et chacune de ces acteurs— usagers, travailleurs des OC, milieu social du toxicomane, organismes partenaires, entreprises privées et État—possède ainsi une part de responsabilité sur cette question. / This thesis focuses on Montreal’s community organizations facing the aging and precariousness of addicts: perspectives of stakeholders and users. It integrates the perspectives of stakeholders and users. Montreal would certainly not be the same without the essential contribution of its’ Community Organisations (CO). Wherever poverty prevails, where difficulties strike, thousands of people work in these CO and redouble their efforts, too often in the shadows with the means at hand, forcing them to show ingenuity, resourcefulness, and dedication to maintaining their services, the only source of comfort and hope to relieve, help, and support those who need it most. The list of various needs is too long and this poses new challenges for CO which must broaden their range of services in order to attempt to respond adequately to certain problems experienced concomitantly such as aging, precariousness and addiction. On the one hand, premature aging threatens addicts because of the effects of psychotropic substance use. On the other hand, aging non addicts are more likely to become physiologically dependent on drugs and other potentially addictive substances. Aging people suffering from addiction are affected by concomitant problems such as precariousness and exclusion. Resources focusing on aging, precariousness and addiction are limited, or even non-existent, since each of these issues is treated independently. The aim of the study is to develop knowledge and understanding of the issues specific to aging and precarious addicts (APA) and the CO offering their services to this clientele. The field survey of this study, which is based on a qualitative approach, consisted of interviewing 14 representatives of different CO as well as 16 users, all selected according to the predefined characteristics of the research samples. The results of the study analysis indicate that APA people represent on average 80% of the clientele of CO participating in this study, 7 of which offer them services not included in their mission. Despite the large number of services offered, the CO identify many specific and immediate needs to deal with the increase of frequentation by APA customers. The users of the survey are between 55 and 74 years old. 75% are men and 25% are women. The 55-59 age group being significantly representative of the population of APA users seems to be the most problematic. The study confirms what has been underlined in the literature regarding the mental and physical health of people with addiction. The functional capacity profile of the CO, established on the opinions of the interviewees, shows that the CO have a good organizational structure, have increasing visibility with the public, but they experience great difficulties in terms of financial and human resources. The improvement of the APA clientele situation through the success of the strategies relating to the aspects of finance, personnel management, and the other aspects of the functioning of the CO depend on the cooperation and the commitment of several actors of the society: the users, CO’s staff, the addict’s social environment, partner organizations, private companies, and the State.

Det finns en genomgående känsla i tidigare forskning att med rätt hjälp och stöd är livet mot självständighet för personer med schizofreni en möjlighet. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa sociala exkluderings- och inkluderingsprocesser relaterade till personer med schizofreni och om ett självständigt liv på samma premisser som andra personer är möjligt. Syftet var även att undersöka hur vårdboenden i Sverige arbetar för att stödja personer med schizofreni mot inkludering och självständighet. Metoden i denna studie var kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta informanter. Teman identifieras för att jämföra datan med tidigare forskning och analysera resultat genom teorin om social inkludering och exkludering. Resultatet visar att personer med schizofreni är en starkt exkluderad grupp. Vårdboenden gör sitt yttersta för att inkludera denna grupp, dock ligger fokus främst på återhämtning, hjälp och stöd eftersom denna grupp sällan lever ett självständigt liv. / There is a general feeling throughout earlier research that with the right help and support life towards independence for people with schizophrenia is a possibility. The aim of this study was to shed light on exclusion and inclusion processes related to people with schizophrenia and if independent life on the same premises as other people is possible and how care homes in Sweden work in order to support people with schizophrenia towards social inclusion and independence. For this study a qualitative semi structured interview method was used with 8 participants. Thereafter could themes be identified in order to compare data to research and analyze results through social inclusion and exclusion theories. Results of the study show that people with schizophrenia are a highly excluded group. Care homes do their foremost to include this group, however focus is on recovery, help and support as this group rarely lead an independent life.

Introduktion: För att få tillgång till hälsoinformation och digitalt hälsostöd är det idag nödvändigt att ha tillgång till internet. Hemlöshet är en multidimensionell fråga som är förknippad med dålig hälsa, inklusive kronisk och psykisk sjukdom, funktionella begränsningar, kognitiv nedsättning och eventuell beroendeproblematik, där strukturell hemlöshet blir allt vanligare. Syftet: syftet var att undersöka om det finns ett digitalt utanförskap bland hemlösa och att ge en förståelse kring hinder och möjligheter.  Metoden: som användes var en systematisk litteraturöversikt. Analysmetoden var en induktiv tematisk analys av 20 artiklar. För att hitta relevanta studier använde avhandlingen specifika nyckelord för att söka i PubMed och CINAHL. Resultat: Resultatet lyfte fram sex teman: demografiska kategorier, många hemlösa har tillgång till internet och mobil, instrumentell användning, m-hälsa, hinder och barriärer. Resultatet visade att ålder, kön och utbildning är viktiga faktorer, och bristande utbildning är den största faktorn till digitalt utanförskap. Slutsats: Studien undersökte hur hemlösa påverkas av digitalt utanförskap och fann att bristande utbildning och hög ålder hindrar deras användning av teknik, trots att de har tillgång till internet och mobiltelefoner. Studien visade också att hemlösa sällan använder teknik för hälso ändamål. För att öka inkluderingen av hemlösa på samhällsnivå bör det finnas fler offentliga miljöer och utbildning i teknologisk användning. / Introduction: To access health information and digital health support today, it is necessary to have access to the Internet. Homelessness is a multidimensional issue associated with poor health, including chronic and mental illness, functional limitations, cognitive impairment, and potential addiction issues, where structural homelessness is becoming increasingly common. Aim: The purpose was to investigate whether there is a digital divide among the homeless and provide an understanding of barriers and opportunities. Method: The method used was a structured literature review. The analysis method was an inductive thematic analysis of twenty articles. To find relevant studies, the dissertation used specific keywords to search PubMed and CINAHL. Results: The results highlighted six themes: demographic categories, many homeless have access to the internet and mobile phones, instrumental use, m-health, barriers and obstacles. The results showed that age, gender, and education are important factors, and lack of education is the biggest factor contributing to digital exclusion. Conclusion: The study examined how homelessness is affected by digital exclusion and found that lack of education and advanced age hinder their use of technology, despite having access to the internet and mobile phones. The study also showed that the homeless rarely use technology for health purposes. To increase the inclusion of the homeless at the societal level, there should be more public environments and education on technology use.

世紀転換期(1880～1930)ドイツ・バイエルンでのシンティ・ロマ(「ジプシー」)に対する政策の変遷について、当地の警察行政関連の一次史料を用いた実証研究。ナチス期の政策モデルが紆余曲折を経てヴァイマル期に形成された点、ナチス期・ヴァイマル期の政策は、規模や性質の面で隔たっているが、シンティ・ロマと「労働忌避者」を「怠惰」で「反社会的」と見なし、警察権限による労働収容を科すという思想の面で通底している点を指摘している。 / This doctoral dissertation analyzes the relationship between the German society and the minority group, who were called "Zigeuner" (Gypsy; Sinti and Roma), from 1880 to 1930. It also considers the problem of continuity in German history: the reason of enactment of the barbarian law "Zigeuner und Arbeitsscheuengesetz" (i.e., the law against Gypsy and the work-shy in 1926), which was later in Nazi regime applied to social exclusion of "Asoziale" (Asocial). This barbarian law was crystallized because of various social changes such as urbanization, scientific development including racism, nation building with "Freizügigkeit" (freedom of domicile) and reform of social welfare. / 博士(経済学) / Doctor of Economics / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

Radek Vorlíček ABSTRACT The dissertation explores the dynamics of social marginality and dominance in educational settings. It explores social distance dynamics among pupils in elementary school, and its impact on their position in social hierarchy. I focus on social interaction in a group of children, and record the context in which the inclusion or exclusion of non-dominant identities take place. Special attention is paid to the role of schools in the process of boundary constructions. Larger framework of the research is integration, segregation and assimilation tendencies of school systems. The dissertation is based upon long-term qualitative inductive and ethnographic fieldwork. The central method of my fieldwork is observation. To some extent, the research was conducted in the framework of goffmanian interactionism. The data for this study have been collected over a period of ten months in twelve elementary schools located in various regions of the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic. The dissertation is structured in four parts: (1) Introduction, referring to the aim and structure of the dissertation; (2) Methodology, presenting the research process, strategies and methods as well as data analysis, theoretical and methodological discussions, reflexivity and ethical aspects; (3) Elementary schools in...

The strategy reacts to social exclusion of inhabitants of the Cejl district. It supports employment and intends to build a dynamic public space, that is missing in the area. Social urbanism focuses on the interaction of inhabitants between each other and with the spaces, and creates conditions for new workplaces. The massive broken block gets the order. The park defines a system for future development and opens up new possibilities of usage. Thanks to its low cost construction, the park can work immediately. The order created by the park allows the future objects to emerge freely and spontaneously. The design is not definitive, but it works in every phase or combination.

Satisfactory public transportation (PT) should enable people to reach attractive destinations and desired activities fast, comfortably, safely, and affordably. When PT fails to do so it will have negative effects on the overall accessibility in a society. Evaluating a PT system essentially means measuring to what extent the demand from the users is met, and for such an analysis understanding the concept of accessibility is paramount. Whether an individual will experience a high or a low level of accessibility will likely depend on their personal capabilities, as well as on the surrounding environment. Barriers obstructing an individual from using PT could for example be of physical of phycological nature or come in the shape of public space management disproportionally favoring certain groups of society. Low accessibility can thus be linked to social exclusion, since when a person cannot reach important destinations, their chances to participate in society will be subdued. To measure the accessibility of a PT system, and how a PT system affects the overall accessibility of a destination, it is common practice to use indicators that can represent different categories of social exclusion. This approach was the basis for constructing the performance measurement tool called Bus Stop Ranking Algorithm (BSRA) which was created in the QGIS application Graphical Modeler. BSRA calculates the usefulness of bus stops by counting the number of vulnerable groups, the number of workplaces, and the total population within comfortable walking distance from bus stops, as well as comparing travel times by car and bicycle from residential areas to important locations. The tool was ordered by a private PT company which will use it to make decisions regarding e.g., creating new bus stops, or for relocating, removing, or redesigning existing bus stops or bus routes. The Swedish municipality Lidingö was used as the study area to demonstrate how to use BSRA and how to interpret its output. Using equal weights for all indicators, it was discovered that 9 bus stops in the southern part of Lidingö could be regarded as particularly useful compared to the other 207 bus stops in the municipality. Variables such as the space-temporal component, i.e., changes during the day were not used. Socio economic factors such as segregation were also not highlighted, since all indicators had the same effect on the total scores. Adjusting the weights for some indicators could expose underlying dynamics affecting the total scores for the bus stops and help the PT company make design changes where they will be needed the most.

Social policy challenges in terms of structural social changes, consisting of economic, political and social conditions, shed light on integration policy difficulties in the Swedish welfare state. The aim and purpose of this qualitative study was to analyze, based on organizational isomorphism, how representatives from a selected football organization in Sweden understand football as an integrative tool and how they work with integration of children and adolescents through their certified academy. Also, in which ways the organization obtains legitimacy for their integrational work.  The results and analysis of the study shows that inclusion and exclusion through football academies is a complex and comprehensive task. It is presented mainly through the understanding of football as a logic, where football is presented as a promoter of integration and as a force for good, even though the main focus of the organization and thereby academy is to produce successful football players.

Although the global population is older than ever before, older persons' health is not necessarily included in policy planning. This study aimed to study how older people were included, excluded, and framed in Agenda 2030. Through qualitative content analysis, the sub-targets and indicators of Agenda 2030 were categorised and analysed. Seven categories were located; Poverty relates to age, Violence relates to age, Political inclusion relates to age, Elderly as a vulnerable group, Health of children and fertile women prioritised, Sexual health, and Youth seen as an investment. By analysing the manifest and latent material, this study showed that older persons are not prioritised in the SDGs and that when they are included, they are framed as vulnerable. While older persons are explicitly included in some ways (such as in political inclusion), they are also excluded from many sub-targets and indicators of Agenda 2030. This study argues that in order to not “leave the elderly behind”, more needs to be done to include older persons and to age disaggregate the data. / <p>Betyg i Ladok 220617.</p>

[pt] Esta tese tem como objetivo compreender os relacionamentos íntimos e amorosos entre casais em situação de rua na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, buscando conhecer as suas trajetórias de vida a partir da perspectiva dos diferentes fatores socioeconômicos e culturais, que produzem esse fenômeno social na contemporaneidade, e como essas questões afetam a sociabilidade e a afetividade. Constituem ainda objetivos desta tese, descrever e tipificar o perfil das relações conjugais e que formas de alianças são estabelecidas; descrever a dinâmica conjugal e como se organiza na rua, isso envolve as questões do cotidiano, as estratégias de sobrevivência e a vida sexual; identificar qual a relevância da conjugalidade no contexto da rua e os sentimentos, as emoções e as expectativas dos casais. As narrativas, a observação participante e os registros de imagem extraídas do trabalho etnográfico constituem recursos privilegiados de leitura do modus operandi de vida desses sujeitos e suas percepções acerca da vida amorosa. A análise do conjunto do material etnográfico revelou que os relacionamentos íntimos e amorosos, em seus diversos arranjos, efêmeros ou duradouros, fazem parte da rotina da População em Situação de Rua, subvertendo qualquer questionamento se a rua é o local adequado e apropriado para essa experiência. Entre os casais pesquisados, os vínculos amorosos e conjugais construídos na rua se mostram relevantes e contribuem no processo de resgate e fortalecimento da autoestima, ante a solidão e o isolamento que a rua produz. A definição dos tipos de conjugalidade foi construída a partir das narrativas dos casais e está ancorada em sentimentos de amor, companheirismo, camaradagem, amizade, solidariedade e apoio mútuo. Essas relações apresentam como características comuns: a fusionalidade, pouco espaço para a individualidade e a tensão cotidiana gerada pela preocupação com a sobrevivência. / [en] This thesis aims to understand the intimate and loving relationships between homeless couples in the City Rio de Janeiro, seeking to understand their life trajectories from the perspective of different socioeconomic and cultural factors that produce this contemporary social phenomenon and how these issues affect sociality and affectivity. It still constitutes objectives of this thesis are also to describe and typify the profile of marital relationships and what forms of alliances are established; describe marital dynamics and how they organize themselves on the street, this involves everyday issues, survival strategies and sexual life; identify the relevance of conjugality in the context of the street and the feelings, emotions and expectations of couples. The narratives, participant observation and image records extracted from ethnographic work constitute privileged resources for reading the modus operandi of these subjects lives and their perceptions about love life. The analysis of all the ethnographic material revealed that intimate and loving relationships, in their various arrangements, ephemeral or lasting, are part of the routine of the Homeless Population, subverting any question as to whether the street is the appropriate place for this experience. Among the couples researched, the loving and marital bonds built on the street are relevant and contribute to the process of rescuing and strengthening self-esteem, in the face of the loneliness and isolation that the street produces. The definition of types of conjugality were constructed from the couples narratives and are anchored in feelings of love, companionship, fellowship, friendship, solidarity and mutual support These relationships have a common characteristic: fusionality, little space for individuality and the daily tension generated by concerns about survival.