There exists, at this time, surprisingly little historiography on how civil liberties were shaped and developed in practice throughout Canadian history. An examination of the 1946 Royal Commission on Espionage offers several insights into the nature of the immediate post-World War Two civil liberties movement. The commission was formed in response to the defection of a Russian cipher clerk, Igor Gouzenko, in late 1945. The commission investigated the existence of a Russian-led spy ring that had recruited several Canadian civil servants into disclosing secret information. The commission is unique in Canadian history; dominantly due to the fact that it was empowered under the War Measures Act which granted it enormous powers. Everything from a citizen's right to counsel, habeas corpus, protection from state coercion and the right to a fair trial were circumvented. This work attempts to offer a few answers to some important questions about Canadian civil liberties. What were to consequences of the commission's actions? Does Canadian society accept the need to allow a government to violate individual liberties to protect the integrity of the state? Furthermore, the following article will examine the nature of the civil liberties movement following WWII, including the role of the media and civil liberties' organizations in increasing awareness of the vulnerability of individual rights from state abuse. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the enormous potential in which Parliament could act independently in re-defining Canadians' civil liberties while at the same time demonstrating the central role the Royal Commission on Espionage played in stimulating the post-WWII civil liberties movement. The Royal Commission on Espionage is only one black spot in the history of Canadian civil liberties but there remain many questions to be asked about Canadians' willingness to trust and accept that dictates of the state.

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo acompanhar o crescimento da Policia Política no Brasil, articulando-a ao papel desempenhado pela Delegacia Especial de Segurança Política e Social DESPS no combate ao chamado Perigo Estrangeiro, conceito desenvolvido pelas agências de segurança durante o governo Getúlio Vargas, bem como pelas atividades de informação e contra-informação durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.Para alcançar este objetivo acompanhamos as investigações desenvolvidas pela DESPS sobre a comunidade britânica na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, entre 1939 e 1942, baseando-me em documentos produzidos pela Policia Política durante o período relatórios, boletins, cartas e notas que se encontram sob a guarda do Arquivo Público do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, arrolados no fundo DOPS/DPPS. / This dissertation has the purpose of following the growth of the Political Police, articulated to the role played by the Delegacia Especial de Segurança Política e Social - DESPS (Social and Political Special Security Department), fighting the so called "foreign danger" and the information and counter-information activities during the Second World War.So as to rich this aim, it concentrates itself on the investigations developed by the police around the British Community in the city of Rio de Janeiro, between 1939 and 1942, based on documents produced by the own Political Police during their duty period - reports, bulletins, letters and notes - gathered at the DOPS/DPPS files, under the care of the Public Archives of the State of Rio de Janeiro

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo acompanhar o crescimento da Policia Política no Brasil, articulando-a ao papel desempenhado pela Delegacia Especial de Segurança Política e Social DESPS no combate ao chamado Perigo Estrangeiro, conceito desenvolvido pelas agências de segurança durante o governo Getúlio Vargas, bem como pelas atividades de informação e contra-informação durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial.Para alcançar este objetivo acompanhamos as investigações desenvolvidas pela DESPS sobre a comunidade britânica na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, entre 1939 e 1942, baseando-me em documentos produzidos pela Policia Política durante o período relatórios, boletins, cartas e notas que se encontram sob a guarda do Arquivo Público do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, arrolados no fundo DOPS/DPPS. / This dissertation has the purpose of following the growth of the Political Police, articulated to the role played by the Delegacia Especial de Segurança Política e Social - DESPS (Social and Political Special Security Department), fighting the so called "foreign danger" and the information and counter-information activities during the Second World War.So as to rich this aim, it concentrates itself on the investigations developed by the police around the British Community in the city of Rio de Janeiro, between 1939 and 1942, based on documents produced by the own Political Police during their duty period - reports, bulletins, letters and notes - gathered at the DOPS/DPPS files, under the care of the Public Archives of the State of Rio de Janeiro

Ce travail aborde la question du renseignement militaire de la guerre de succession d’Autriche (1740) au traité de Paris (1763). Le renseignement militaire est d’abord replacé dans la réflexion stratégique de la période qui l’évoque peu tout en soulignent paradoxalement l’importance pour les armées. Les différentes sources de l’information militaire constituent la seconde partie. L’espion d’armée, figure méconnue de la période joue un rôle quotidien auprès des armées d’Ancien Régime. Situé à la marge de la société civile et de la sphère militaire, attiré par le gain mais aussi par le goût de l’aventure, une reconnaissance sociale ou incité par un patriotisme naissant, l’espion prend des risques pour satisfaire un commanditaire. La troisième partie s’intéresse au secret militaire, difficile à préserver et dévoilé dans une logique de réseau, à différentes échelles et selon des organisations plus ou moins complexes. L’espion s’inscrit dans un rapport personnel avec un supérieur dont il est le « client ». L’étude s’intéresse dans un dernier temps à la transmission et la protection du renseignement obtenu. Les risques sont divers (interception postale mais surtout espions ennemis). La conclusion pose la question de l’efficacité du renseignement militaire, peu décisif du fait des contraintes logistiques et de la méfiance généralisée sur les informations et sur les acteurs qui les collectent. Dans une période de structuration de l’armée et de centralisation du pouvoir politique, le renseignement militaire oppose un fonctionnement décentralisé. La nécessité d’une information fiable entraîne une militarisation des civils, transformant ces derniers en auxiliaires de renseignement. / This work tackles the question of the military intelligence from the war of Austrian succession (1740) to the treaty of Paris (1763). The military intelligence is initially replaced in the strategic thinking of the period which evokes it little while paradoxically highlighting its importance for the armies. The various sources of military information are the second part. The army Spy, unrecognized figure of the period, plays a daily role within the armies of the Ancien Regime. Located at the margins of society and the military sphere, attracted by profit but also by the sense of adventure, social recognition or induced by a nascent patriotism, the spy takes risks to satisfy a sleeping partner. The third part focuses on the military secret, hard to preserve and unveiled in logic of networks, at different scales and in a more or less complex organizations. The spy takes part of a personal relationship with a supervisor whom he is the "client." The study examines in a final time the transmission and protection of information obtained. The risks are varied (postal interception but especially enemy spies). The conclusion raises the question of the effectiveness of the military information, not very decisive because of the logistic constraints and widespread distrust about information and the actors who collect them. In a period of structuring of the army and centralization of political power, military intelligence is in contrary a decentralized operation. The need for reliable information leads to a militarization of civilians, transforming them into auxiliary information.

There exists, at this time, surprisingly little historiography on how civil liberties were shaped and developed in practice throughout Canadian history. An examination of the 1946 Royal Commission on Espionage offers several insights into the nature of the immediate post-World War Two civil liberties movement. The commission was formed in response to the defection of a Russian cipher clerk, Igor Gouzenko, in late 1945. The commission investigated the existence of a Russian-led spy ring that had recruited several Canadian civil servants into disclosing secret information. The commission is unique in Canadian history; dominantly due to the fact that it was empowered under the War Measures Act which granted it enormous powers. Everything from a citizen's right to counsel, habeas corpus, protection from state coercion and the right to a fair trial were circumvented. This work attempts to offer a few answers to some important questions about Canadian civil liberties. What were to consequences of the commission's actions? Does Canadian society accept the need to allow a government to violate individual liberties to protect the integrity of the state? Furthermore, the following article will examine the nature of the civil liberties movement following WWII, including the role of the media and civil liberties' organizations in increasing awareness of the vulnerability of individual rights from state abuse. The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the enormous potential in which Parliament could act independently in re-defining Canadians' civil liberties while at the same time demonstrating the central role the Royal Commission on Espionage played in stimulating the post-WWII civil liberties movement. The Royal Commission on Espionage is only one black spot in the history of Canadian civil liberties but there remain many questions to be asked about Canadians' willingness to trust and accept that dictates of the state. / Arts, Faculty of / History, Department of / Graduate

Lesbian Detective Fiction: the outsider within is a creative writing thesis in two parts: a draft lesbian detective novel, titled Fatal Development (75%) and an exegesis containing a critical appraisal of the sub-genre of lesbian detective fiction, and of my own writing process (25%). Creative work: Fatal Development -- It wasn’t the first time I’d seen a dead body, but it didn’t seem to get any easier. -- When Dirk and Stacey discover a body in the courtyard of their Brisbane woolstore apartment, it is close friend and neighbour, Kersten Heller, they turn to for support. The police assume Stuart’s death was an accident, but when it emerges that he was about to take legal action against the woolstore’s developers, Bovine, Kersten decides there must be more to it. Her own apartment has flooded twice in a month and the builders are still in and out repairing defects. She discovers Stuart was not alone on the roof when he fell to his death and the evidence he had collected for his case against Bovine has gone missing. Armed with this knowledge, and fed up with the developer’s ongoing resistance to addressing the building’s structural issues, Kersten organises a class action against Bovine. Kersten draws on her past training as a spy to investigate Stuart’s death, hiding her activities, and details of her past, from her partner, Toni. Her actions bring her under increasing threat as her apartment is defaced, searched and bugged, and she is involved in a car chase across New Farm. Forced to fall back on old skills, old habits and memories return to the surface. When Toni discovers that Kersten has broken her promise to leave the investigation to the police, she walks out. The neighbouring – and heritage-listed – Riverside Coal development site burns to the ground, and Kersten and Dirk uncover evidence of a network of corruption involving developers and local government officials. After she is kidnapped in broad daylight, narrowly escaping from the boot of a moving car, Kersten is confident she is right, but with Toni not returning her calls, and many of the other residents selling up, including Dirk and Stacey, Kersten begins to question her judgment. In a desperate attempt to turn things around, Kersten calls on an old Agency contact to help prove Bovine was involved in Stuart’s death, her kidnapping, and ongoing corruption. To get the evidence she needs, Kersten plays a dangerous game: letting Bovine know she has uncovered their illegal operations in order to draw them into revealing themselves on tape. Hiding alone in a hotel room, Kersten is finally forced to confront her past: When Mirin didn’t come home that night, I was ready to go out and find her myself, disappear, and start a new life together somewhere far away. Instead they pulled me in before I could finish making arrangements, questioned me for hours, turned everything around. It was golden child to problem child in the space of a day. This time, she’s determined, things will turn out differently. Exegesis: The exegesis traces the development of lesbian detective fiction, including its dual origins in detective and lesbian fiction, to compare the current state of the sub-genre with the early texts and to establish the dominant themes and tropes. I focus particularly on Australian examples of the sub-genre, examining in detail Claire McNab’s Denise Cleever series and Jan McKemmish’s A Gap in the Records, in order to position my own lesbian detective novel between these two works. In drafting Fatal Development, I have attempted to include some of the political content and complexity of McKemmish’s work, but with a plot-driven narrative. I examine the dominant tropes and conventions of the sub-genre, such as: lesbian politics; the nature of the crime; method of investigation; sex and romance; and setting. In the final section, I explain the ways in which I have worked within and against the subgenre’s conventions in drafting a contemporary lesbian detective novel: drawing on tradition and subverting reader expectations. Throughout the thesis, I explore in detail the tradition of the fictional lesbian detective as an outsider on the margins of society, disrupting notions of power and gender. While the lesbian detective’s outsider status grants her moral agency and the capacity to achieve justice and generate change, she is never fully accepted. The lesbian detective remains an outsider within. For the lesbian detective, working within a system that ultimately discriminates against her involves conflict and compromise, and a sense of double-play in being part of two worlds but belonging to neither. I explore how this double-consciousness can be applied to the lesbian writer in choosing whether to write for a mainstream or lesbian audience.

This essay explores and examines disgust in five literary figures and books based on scent, bodyfluids and abjection. Together with Julia Kristeva's Powers of Horror: An Essay on Abjection and Sara Ahmed's "The Performativity of Disgust" in The Cultural Politics of Emotion, I analyze these books, and my position as a researchsubject. The questions I ask are: What does disgust mean? How do the subject's boundaries shift when things penetrate the body? How are scents, body fluids and disgust expressed in relation to power and the female body? And what does it mean that I stick my reading experiences on the texts I read?   The analysis begins in Mare Kandre's novel Aliide, Aliide and how gaze, power and girlhood are made, as well as how abjection takes place in the intake of milk and larvae. Body in body and body against body are analyzed based on Aliide's disgust in the novel. I discuss how something growing inside is experienced as disgusting and frightening and connect it to the pregnant body and the fetus as abjection. In the second chapter of the analyze, it is Parfymen: berättelsen om en mördare by Patrick Süskind that focuses on the scent of the female body that Grenouille, the main character tries to extract and master. The gaze on the female body and the extraction of fragrance is in focus here and in Nekrofilen by Gabrielle Wittkop, Lucien's desire for the dead body is examined. The body fluids, such as the vomit that the bodies excrete can be read as limits to life and death. In the third and final analysis section, I read these books with affect. I reconnect to my introduction where Ulf Lundell's poems made me feel disgusted. I use Ahmed's concept of performativity to discuss how cannibalism - reading - eating body fluids are connected, and how writing about disgust, is a form om vomiting. I examine my own writing subject and what an affective reading does to literary studies and the research position. In conclusion, I discuss how the universal and the subjective making of disgust effect research.

In 1950, the leader of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Walter Ulbricht, began a policy of connecting foreign threats with domestic policy failures as if the two were the same, and as if he was not responsible for either. This absolved him of blame for those failures and allowed Ulbricht to define his internal enemies as agents of the western powers. He used the state's secret police force, known as the Stasi, to provide the information that supported his claims of western obstructionism and to intimidate his adversaries. This resulted in a politicization of intelligence whereby Stasi officers slanted information so that it conformed to Ulbricht's doctrine of western interference. Comparisons made of eyewitness' statements to the morale reports filed by Stasi agents show that there was a difference between how the East German worker felt and the way the Stasi portrayed their attitudes to the politburo. Consequently, prior to June 17, 1953, when labor strikes inspired a million East German citizens to rise up against Ulbricht's oppressive government, the politicization of Stasi intelligence caused information over labor unrest to be unreliable at a time of increasing risk to the regime. This study shows the extent of Ulbricht's politicization of Stasi intelligence and its effect on the June 1953 uprising in the German Democratic Republic.

L’angiographie par fluorescence au vert d’indocyanine (ICG-FA) est une technologie d’imagerie non-invasive ayant été validée pour évaluer la perfusion tissulaire, pour délimiter l’anatomie des voies biliaires extra-hépatiques et pour localiser les ganglions et les vaisseaux lymphatiques. Depuis les années 2000, son utilisation connaît une expansion dans diverses spécialités chirurgicales incluant la chirurgie pédiatrique. Ce mémoire explore les indications actuelles de l’angiographie par fluorescence au vert d’indocyanine en pédiatrie et son introduction lors de résections intestinales pédiatriques à l’aide d’un essai clinique prospectif de faisabilité. Alors que l’utilisation de l’ICG-FA est bien définie en chirurgie adulte, cette technologie demeure peu utilisée en pédiatrie. Une revue systématique avec synthèse narrative portant sur l’utilisation de la technologie en contexte périopératoire chez la population pédiatrique a été menée. La majorité des articles étaient des études de cas et des séries de cas (n=36 ; 56%). Aucun effet indésirable relié au vert d’indocyanine n’a été rapporté. Le risque de biais de sélection et d’information était élevé. Les résultats de la revue systématique indiquent que bien que les indications demeurent limitées en pédiatrie, un intérêt important pour la technologie est noté à travers l’augmentation du nombre de publications sur le sujet. L’ICG-FA est un outil fréquemment utilisé en chirurgie colorectale adulte pour évaluer la vascularisation intestinale. Un essai clinique prospectif de phase II a été mené afin d’établir la faisabilité et l’impact de l’utilisation de l’ICG-FA lors de chirurgies pédiatriques d’urgence et électives nécessitant une résection intestinale. Les résultats de l’étude prouvent que l’introduction de la technologie est faisable, sécuritaire et simple. Par ailleurs, 95% des membres de l’équipe chirurgicale considèrent la technologie sécuritaire. / Indocyanine green fluorescence angiography (ICG-FA) is a validated non-invasive imaging technology used to evaluate tissue perfusion, delineate biliary anatomy, and localize lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels. Since the 2000s, its use has grown in various surgical subspecialties including pediatric surgery. This thesis explores the current ICG-FA indications in pediatric surgical subspecialties and its introduction in pediatric bowel resections by the mean of a prospective feasibility clinical trial. While ICG-FA is well established in adult surgery, the technology remains sparsely used in pediatric surgery. A systematic review with narrative synthesis on the perioperative ICG-FA use in the pediatric population was conducted. Most articles were case reports and case series (n=36; 56%). No adverse event related to ICG occurred. Risk of selection and information biases was high. The results show that pediatric applications of ICG remain currently limited, but significant interest in the technology is seen with the rising number of publications on the subject. ICG-FA is a frequently used tool in adult colorectal surgery to determine intestinal perfusion. A prospective Phase II clinical trial was conducted to establish the feasibility and impact of ICG-FA use during emergency and elective pediatric surgeries requiring bowel resection. The study results indicate that the introduction of the technology is feasible, safe, and simple. They show that 95% of the surgical team agreed that ICG-FA was safe.

This thesis examines the methods used by the Ministerium für Staatssicherheit (MfS), more commonly known as the Stasi, or East German secret police, for extraction of information from citizens of the German Democratic Republic for the purpose of espionage and covert operations inside East Germany, as it pertains to the deliberate brainwashing of East German citizens. As one of the most efficient intelligence agencies to ever exist, the Stasi’s main purpose was to monitor the population, gather intelligence, and collect or turn informants. They used brainwashing techniques to control the people of the GDR, keeping the populace paralyzed with fear and paranoia. By surrounding themselves with a network of informants they prevented actions against the dictatorial communist regime. Using the video testimonies of former prisoners, and former confidential informants who worked closely with and collaborated with Stasi agents, in combination with periodicals and previous historical studies, this work argues that the East German Police State’s brainwashing techniques had long and lasting consequences both for German citizens, and for the psychiatric health of former GDR citizens. The scope and breadth of the techniques and data compiled for use by the Stasi were exhaustive, and the repercussions of their use are still being felt and discovered twenty five years after the fall of the Berlin Wall. This study aims to show the lasting effects brainwashing had on former informants and the Stasi’s victims.