The research reflects on the Feast of Bom Jesus dos Navegantes there is 130 years in the city of Alagoas Penedo with the realization of one of the most significant fluvial processions of the São Francisco River. The overall objective was to examine the relationship of the sacred and the profane and understand the festive arrangement production processes, while emptying the real meaning of the feast, fills people, the place and outside it, in moments of celebration. Analysis guided the qualitative approach favored source documents, interviews and observations about the history and the party floor with empirical work in the festivities of the years 2013 and 2014. The memory of respondents - loyal, party-goers and organizers - was useful for the assessment of changes in the Feast of the Bom Jesus dos Navegantes. We identified these 130 years of festivities two arrangements that are distinguished by the insertion of activities and the duration of the party, namely the sacred and the profane Arrano arrangement. It was found that the party historically functions as complex socio-cultural entity, producer and bearer of an identity that you will be given the intentions and practices of those who organize it. It is evident that those who weave the party building, year by year, always promote a singular form. The Penedense people over the 130 years the party has taken turns in the task of building the parties and keep the tradition. Each party bears the mark of time and technique that is available to society at every time. / A pesquisa traz reflexões sobre a Festa de Bom Jesus dos Navegantes que ocorre há 130 anos na cidade alagoana de Penedo com a realização de uma das mais significativas procissões fluviais do rio São Francisco. O objetivo geral buscou analisar a relação do sagrado e do profano e compreender os processos de produção do arranjo festivo que, ao mesmo tempo em que esvaziam o real sentido da festa, o enche de pessoas, do lugar e de fora dele, nos momentos de comemoração. A análise pautada na abordagem qualitativa privilegiou fontes documentais, entrevistas e observações sobre a história e o chão da festa com trabalho empírico nos festejos dos anos de 2013 e 2014. A memória dos entrevistados – fiéis, festeiros e organizadores - foi útil para a apreciação das mudanças ocorridas na Festa do Bom Jesus dos Navegantes. Identificamos nesses 130 anos de festejos dois arranjos que se distinguem pela inserção de atividades e pela duração da festa, quais sejam o arrano sagrado e o arranjo profano. Constatou-se que a festa, historicamente, funciona como entidade sociocultural complexa, produtora e portadora de uma identidade que lhe vai sendo atribuída pelas intenções e costumes daqueles que a organizam. Evidencia-se que aqueles que tecem a construção da festa, ano a ano, a promovem sempre de uma forma singular. O povo penedense ao longo dos 130 anos da festa tem se revezado na tarefa de construir as festas e manter a tradição. Cada festa traz consigo a marca do tempo e da técnica que está à disposição da sociedade em cada tempo.

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This thesis examines the development the cult of St Margaret at Dunfermline as a royal cult from 1070, the moment when St Margaret married King Malcolm III at Dunfermline, to 1420, the year of the burial of Robert duke of Albany who was the last royal member to be buried at Dunfermline. Scholars have focused on the life of St Margaret and her reputation or achievement from the biographical, institutional and hagiographical point of view. Although recent historians have considered St Margaret as a royal saint and Dunfermline as a royal mausoleum, they have approached this subject with relatively simple patterns, compared to the studies of the cults of European royal saints and their centres, in particular, those of English and French Kingdoms which influenced Scottish royalty. Just as other European royal cults such as the cults at Westminster and St-Denis have been researched from the point of view of several aspects, so the royal cult at Dunfermline can be approached in many ways. Therefore, this thesis will examine the development of Dunfermline Abbey as a royal cult centre through studying the abbey and the cult of St Margaret from the point of view of miracles and pilgrimage, lay patronage, and liturgical and devotional space. The examination of St Margaret’s miracles stories and pilgrimage to Dunfermline contribute to understanding these stories in the context of the development of the cult. The study of lay patronage explains the significance of royal favour and non-royal patrons in relation to the development of the cult, and how and why the royal cult developed and declined, and how the monks of Dunfermline promoted or sustained the cult of the saint. Lastly, the research of the liturgical and devotional space provides an explanation of the change of liturgical space from the point of view of the development of the cult.

This study aims to examine how Rome understood 'the Other' in the context of Roman plundering of sacred sites. It analyses specifically the Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia, and how it was affected by the destruction of Corinth in 146 BCE, and the second Jewish temple at Jerusalem, and how the Romans went about destroying it in 70 CE. This study combines archaeological and written sources with iconography, to get as full an image as possible of Roman pillaging. For Isthmia the sources are mainly archaeological, from the excavations made by the University of Chicago. For Jerusalem the source is the ancient text Bellum Judaicum, by Flavius Josephus. The theory is that of 'the Other', as presented by Erich Gruen in his work Rethinking the other in antiquity, which is applied to the many questions in the discussion. The result of this study shows that Romans frequently sacked sacred sites of other peoples and used the artworks from them to beautify their own cities. They used the history and tradition of the Other for their own gain, to create a certain image of themselves. Further, this study finds that Rom considered itself the main power in the Mediterranean during these periods of antiquity.

Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis examines the material correlates of religious behaviour. Religion is an important part of every culture, but the impact religion has on structuring material culture is not well understood. Archaeologists are hampered in their reconstructions of the past because they lack comparative methods and universal conventions for identifying religious behaviour. The principal aim of this thesis is to construct an indicator model which can archaeologically identify religious behaviour. The basis for the proposed model stems directly from recurrent religious phenomena. Such phenomena, according to anthropological and cognitive research, relate to a series of spatio-temporally recurrent religious features which relate to a universal foundation for religious concepts. Patterns in material culture which strongly correlate with these recurrent phenomena indicate likely concentrations of religious behaviour. The variations between sacred and mundane places can be expected to yield information regarding the way people organise themselves in relation to how they perceive their cosmos. Using cognitive religious theory, stemming from research in neurophysiology and psychology, it is argued that recurrent religious phenomena owe their replication to the fact that certain physical stimuli and spatial concepts are most easily interpreted by humans in religious ideas. Humans live in a world governed by natural law, and it is logical that the concepts generated by humans will at least partially be similarly governed. Understanding the connection between concept and cause results in a model of behaviour applicable to cross-cultural analysis and strengthens the model’s assumption base. In order to test the model of religious behaviour developed in this thesis it is applied to a regional archaeological matrix from the Blue Mountains National Park in New South Wales, Australia. Archaeological research in the Blue Mountains has tentatively identified ceremonial sites based on untested generalised associations between select artefact types and distinctive geographic features. The method of analysis in this thesis creates a holistic matrix of archaeological and geographic data, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative measures, which generates a statistical norm for the region. Significant liminal deviations from this norm, which are characteristic indicators of religious behaviour are then identified. Confidence in these indicators’ ability to identify ceremonial sites is obtained by using a distance matrix and algorithms to examine the spatial patterns of association between significant variables. This thesis systematically tests the associations between objects and geography and finds that a selective array and formulaic spatiality of material correlates characteristic of religious behaviour does exist at special places within the Blue Mountains. The findings indicate a wide spread if more pocketed distribution of ceremonial sites than is suggested in previous models. The spatial/material relationships for identified religious sites indicates that these places represent specialised extensions of an interdependent socio-economic system where ceremonial activity and subsistence activity operated in balance and were not isolated entities.

Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis examines the material correlates of religious behaviour. Religion is an important part of every culture, but the impact religion has on structuring material culture is not well understood. Archaeologists are hampered in their reconstructions of the past because they lack comparative methods and universal conventions for identifying religious behaviour. The principal aim of this thesis is to construct an indicator model which can archaeologically identify religious behaviour. The basis for the proposed model stems directly from recurrent religious phenomena. Such phenomena, according to anthropological and cognitive research, relate to a series of spatio-temporally recurrent religious features which relate to a universal foundation for religious concepts. Patterns in material culture which strongly correlate with these recurrent phenomena indicate likely concentrations of religious behaviour. The variations between sacred and mundane places can be expected to yield information regarding the way people organise themselves in relation to how they perceive their cosmos. Using cognitive religious theory, stemming from research in neurophysiology and psychology, it is argued that recurrent religious phenomena owe their replication to the fact that certain physical stimuli and spatial concepts are most easily interpreted by humans in religious ideas. Humans live in a world governed by natural law, and it is logical that the concepts generated by humans will at least partially be similarly governed. Understanding the connection between concept and cause results in a model of behaviour applicable to cross-cultural analysis and strengthens the model’s assumption base. In order to test the model of religious behaviour developed in this thesis it is applied to a regional archaeological matrix from the Blue Mountains National Park in New South Wales, Australia. Archaeological research in the Blue Mountains has tentatively identified ceremonial sites based on untested generalised associations between select artefact types and distinctive geographic features. The method of analysis in this thesis creates a holistic matrix of archaeological and geographic data, encompassing both qualitative and quantitative measures, which generates a statistical norm for the region. Significant liminal deviations from this norm, which are characteristic indicators of religious behaviour are then identified. Confidence in these indicators’ ability to identify ceremonial sites is obtained by using a distance matrix and algorithms to examine the spatial patterns of association between significant variables. This thesis systematically tests the associations between objects and geography and finds that a selective array and formulaic spatiality of material correlates characteristic of religious behaviour does exist at special places within the Blue Mountains. The findings indicate a wide spread if more pocketed distribution of ceremonial sites than is suggested in previous models. The spatial/material relationships for identified religious sites indicates that these places represent specialised extensions of an interdependent socio-economic system where ceremonial activity and subsistence activity operated in balance and were not isolated entities.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A geografia da religião no Brasil pós 1990, vem apresentando temas que auxiliam os geógrafos no entendimento do espaço. Para o geógrafo da religião, os estudos têm por análise a dimensão espacial da fé, no tempo e no espaço, trata-se da análise de duas categorias: o sagrado e o profano. Esta pesquisa visa como objetivo, o estudo da comunidade católica, a Canção Nova, inserida em um movimento renovador na Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana denominada Renovação Carismática Católica (RCC) em seu espaço e no tempo de fé. Torna-se necessário desenvolver a importância do sagrado no Vale do Paraíba Paulista em seus sucessivos (re) arranjos espaciais na hierópolis de Cachoeira Paulista. A interpretação dessas organizações espaciais ocorreu ao analisar os possíveis agentes modeladores no espaço: peregrinos, turistas, visitantes, comerciantes e moradores. O Espaço Sagrado e seus respectivos espaços vinculados representaram a contribuição geográfica dessa dissertação e facilitou a compreensão do homem com o divino e sua relação na dimensão econômica, a dimensão política e a dimensão do lugar. / The geography of religion in Brazil after 1990 has been presenting themes that assist geographers in the understanding of space. The geographer of religion studies by analyzing the spatial dimension of faith, in time and space. It is the analysis of two categories: the sacred and the profane. This researchs objective is the study of the catholic community, New Song, set in a renewal movement in the Roman Catholic Church called the Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) in its space and time of faith. It is necessary to develop the importance of the sacred in the Vale do Paraiba Paulista at its subsequent (re) spatial arrangements in Hierópolis of Cachoeira Paulista. The interpretation of these organizations is to analyze the spatial potential modeling agents in space: pilgrims, tourists, visitors, merchants and residents. The Sacred Space and their respective spaces linked, geographically, represented the contribution of this dissertation and facilitated the understanding of man with the divine and its relation in the economic dimension, the political dimension and the dimension of the place.

A Igreja Nossa Senhora Consolata é o espaço sagrado constituído pela comunidade do bairro São Vicente em Boa Vista, estado de Roraima. Este templo, construído no ano de 1983, pelos Missionários da Consolata, com a ajuda e colaboração dos fiéis da comunidade, é consequência dos múltiplos processos socioculturais e religioso pelos quais passou essa comunidade. Este templo, tido como o lugar sagrado, passou recentemente por um processo de reforma e adequação do seu espaço. Tal processo, além de modificar a antiga arquitetura do templo, inseriu novos elementos e símbolos e redimensionou seu espaço dando-lhe uma nova arquitetura. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar esse processo de reforma, mas principalmente refletir sobre o significado dos símbolos e ícones que aí foram introduzidos com a reforma. Nesta análise parte-se do princípio de que o templo é o espaço sagrado por excelência na experiência católica cristã e por isso, nele deve conter elementos simbólicos que ajudem a comunicação entre o fiel orante e o seu adorado o ser divino. Portanto, esta reflexão dar-se-á na tentativa de compreender o significado das formas geométricas do templo, bem como dos ícones ai expostos, a saber: o Cristo Pantokrator, a Cruz, os mosaicos do altar e o ícone da Virgem Consolata. Para a realização da mesma, nos utilizamos da metodologia da pesquisa qualitativa, nos apoiando em instrumentos como: pesquisas em arquivos e levantamentos bibliográficos, rodas de conversas e entrevistas. Todo esse trabalho de pesquisa nos fez constatar que o processo de construção do grupo social do bairro de São Vicente de Paulo e da comunidade Nossa Senhora Consolata foi fruto dos diversos encontros e desencontros que dos processos de êxodos ao qual o povo se submeteu (ou foi submetido), imprimindo, assim, um caráter particular naquele grupo religioso. Denota-se, portanto, que criar um espaço de culto, era a motivação para que também, se lutasse por um espaço de vida. E nessas experiências é que o povo foi se descobrindo, foi de sedentarizando e foi se estabelecendo como grupo cultural, social e religioso, garantindo assim, seu território, sua identidade e sua sobrevivência. Seguido nesta perspectiva, podemos dizer que nesse caso o espaço de culto torna-se um fator vital, tanto como expressão das conquistas, como instrumento importante nesse processo histórico, fruto de sua criatividade e ressignificação constante que a vida exige, principalmente, para um povo que soube reinventar a sua própria cultura e seus símbolos. / Our Lady Consolata Church is the holly place made by Saint Vincents community in Boa Vista city, State of Roraima. This temple, built in 1983, by Consolatas missionaries helped by catholic folk who lives in the district where the church is situated, is the result of the many social cultural and religious processes for what this catholic community has passed by. This temple, considered the holly place, suffered actually a reform and reorganizational process of its space. Such process, besides modifying the ancient architecture of the temple, added new elements and symbols and redimensioned its space by giving to it a new architecture. This work has as objective to analyse this process of reform but mainly to reflect about the meaning of the symbols and icons which were added by the reform process. In this analyses we start from the principle which the temple is the most holly place into the Christian catholic experience and because this such place must have symbol elements for helping the communication between prayer believer and theirs worshipped the divine be. Therefore this reflection will be done by trying to understand the meaning of the geometrycal shapes of the temple and all icons in its interior side such as: Cristo Pantokrator, the cross, the mosaics of the altar and Virgin Consolata icon. To come true the analyses we used the qualitative search methodology by taking as investigative tools such elements: searches in archives and bibliographies, talking groups and interviews. All this search work made us to realize that the composition process of the social group of Saint Vincent Pauls district and of Our Lady Consolata Community were the result from several rights and wrongs that is also the result from exodus process which the people was submited (or submited themselves), printind this way, a particular character in that religious group. Understand itself, therefore, that to create a worship space, was the motivation for fighting for a life space too. And in these experiences the folk was descovering itself , it was raising roots and it was growing up as cultural social and religious group by conquering its territory, identity and suverving. Followed in this perspective, we can say that , in this case, the worship space become itself an essential factor, such as conquests expression as important tool in this historic process, result from their creativity and frequent re-meaning required by the life, maily, for a people which knew re-invent own culture and their symbols.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A geografia da religião no Brasil pós 1990, vem apresentando temas que auxiliam os geógrafos no entendimento do espaço. Para o geógrafo da religião, os estudos têm por análise a dimensão espacial da fé, no tempo e no espaço, trata-se da análise de duas categorias: o sagrado e o profano. Esta pesquisa visa como objetivo, o estudo da comunidade católica, a Canção Nova, inserida em um movimento renovador na Igreja Católica Apostólica Romana denominada Renovação Carismática Católica (RCC) em seu espaço e no tempo de fé. Torna-se necessário desenvolver a importância do sagrado no Vale do Paraíba Paulista em seus sucessivos (re) arranjos espaciais na hierópolis de Cachoeira Paulista. A interpretação dessas organizações espaciais ocorreu ao analisar os possíveis agentes modeladores no espaço: peregrinos, turistas, visitantes, comerciantes e moradores. O Espaço Sagrado e seus respectivos espaços vinculados representaram a contribuição geográfica dessa dissertação e facilitou a compreensão do homem com o divino e sua relação na dimensão econômica, a dimensão política e a dimensão do lugar. / The geography of religion in Brazil after 1990 has been presenting themes that assist geographers in the understanding of space. The geographer of religion studies by analyzing the spatial dimension of faith, in time and space. It is the analysis of two categories: the sacred and the profane. This researchs objective is the study of the catholic community, New Song, set in a renewal movement in the Roman Catholic Church called the Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) in its space and time of faith. It is necessary to develop the importance of the sacred in the Vale do Paraiba Paulista at its subsequent (re) spatial arrangements in Hierópolis of Cachoeira Paulista. The interpretation of these organizations is to analyze the spatial potential modeling agents in space: pilgrims, tourists, visitors, merchants and residents. The Sacred Space and their respective spaces linked, geographically, represented the contribution of this dissertation and facilitated the understanding of man with the divine and its relation in the economic dimension, the political dimension and the dimension of the place.