Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCA13MA141.pdf: 78545 bytes, checksum: 8ec31bb3352da0cbb2aeb6ecf2cb0871 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-17 / The process of washing eggs positively influences the acceptance of the product by the consumer, because it improves the appearance for marketing and reduces the likelihood of contamination and threat to food security. However, hygiene is a subject that still generates controversy when it comes to egg s quality, since physical damage to the product may occur, since the protective cuticle that covers the shell is removed. Consequently, the eggs are more exposed to the exchange of gases and moisture and the entry of microorganisms, speeding the process of deterioration. The proteins in whey are gaining prominence in covering food products , because when properly processed , produce flexible, transparent and odorless coverage , being able to promote the closing of the pores of the egg shell and the reduction of moisture loss and transport gas , extending the storage time . The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and chemical quality of commercial eggs undergo the processes of cleaning and soaking in whey protein concentrate (WPC), a function of storage time . There was the physical and chemical quality of 560 commercial eggs from semi-heavy laying strain of Hissex Brown, with 74 weeks of age. The design was completely randomized in a factorial 4 x 7, four methods of treating bark (non-sanitized and not covered with WPC, non-sanitized and covered with WPC, sanitized and not covered with WPC and sanitized and covered with WPC) and seven storage periods (1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 days), totaling 28 treatments, with five replicates of four eggs each. Quality parameters evaluated were weight loss of eggs (%), specific gravity (g/cm3), Haug unit (HU), yolk index (GI) and albumen pH / O processo de lavagem dos ovos influencia positivamente à aceitação do produto pelo consumidor, pois melhora a aparência para comercialização, além de diminuir a probabilidade de contaminação e ameaça à segurança alimentar. No entanto, a higienização é um assunto que ainda gera polêmica em se tratando de qualidade de ovos, uma vez que podem ocorrer danos físicos ao produto, já que a cutícula protetora que recobre a casca é removida. Por conseqüência, os ovos ficam mais expostos à troca de gases e umidade e à entrada de microrganismos, acelerando seu processo de deterioração. As proteínas do soro de leite vêm ganhando destaque na cobertura de produtos alimentícios, pois quando processadas apropriadamente, produzem coberturas flexíveis, transparentes e sem odores, sendo capazes de promover o fechamento dos poros da casca do ovo e a diminuição da perda de umidade e do transporte de gases, prolongando o tempo de estocagem. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade físico-química de ovos comerciais submetidos aos processos de higienização e imersão em solução de concentrado protéico de soro do leite (CPSL), em função do tempo de armazenamento. Verificou-se a qualidade físico-química de 560 ovos comerciais provenientes de poedeiras semipesadas da linhagem Hissex Brown, com 74 semanas de idade. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, em arranjo fatorial 4 x 7, sendo quatro métodos de tratamento de casca (não-higienizados e não cobertos com CPSL; não-higienizados e cobertos com CPSL; higienizados e não cobertos com CPSL e higienizados e cobertos com CPSL) e sete períodos de estocagem (01, 07, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias), totalizando 28 tratamentos, com cinco repetições de quatro ovos cada. Os parâmetros de qualidade avaliados foram perda de peso dos ovos (%), gravidade específica (g/cm3), unidade Haug (UH), índice de gema (IG) e pH de albúmen. Também foram avaliados o perfil protéico do albúmen, utilizando-se pools cinco ovos por tratamento, e a oxidação lipídica da gema, através dos valores de TBARS, as quais foram realizadas em quintuplicata. O aumento no período de estocagem, independente do método de tratamento de casca, ocasionou perda de peso nos ovos, reduções na gravidade específica, na unidade Haugh e no índice de gema, aumento no pH do albúmen e nos valores de TBARS. Não houve modificação no perfil protéico do albúmen entre os métodos de tratamento de casca ao longo do armazenamento. O método de higienização faz com que piore a qualidade interna do ovo com o decorrer do armazenamento. A cobertura de concentrado protéico de soro do leite é uma alternativa viável para a conservação de ovos comerciais armazenados em temperatura ambiente por minimizar a perda de qualidade físico-química ao longo do armazenamento, inclusive de ovos que necessitam passar pelo processo de higienização

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / A sanidade das hortaliÃas que sÃo consumidas cruas à fator relevante à saÃde devendo ser garantida mediante a sanitizaÃÃo com produtos quÃmicos que tenham aÃÃo eficaz na eliminaÃÃo, reduÃÃo e/ou remoÃÃo dos contaminantes presentes. A forma tradicional de higienizaÃÃo de vegetais compreende a lavagem com Ãgua corrente seguida de imersÃo em soluÃÃo de cloro a 200ppm e enxÃgÃe para remover as sujidades remanescentes e resÃduos do produto quÃmico. No entanto, alguns estudos apontam que esta sanitizaÃÃo nÃo garante a inocuidade das hortaliÃas, pois embora reduza a carga microbiana, nÃo à eficiente na eliminaÃÃo de algumas formas parasitÃrias. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa objetivou detectar microrganismos, protozoÃrios, helmintos e artrÃpodes em alfaces (Lactuca sativa, L.), variedade crespa, provenientes de cultivo convencional, orgÃnico e hidropÃnico, na sua forma in natura e apÃs dois mÃtodos de higienizaÃÃo: teste (aplicaÃÃo do detergente e soluÃÃo clorada a 200ppm) e tradicional (uso apenas da soluÃÃo clorada a 200ppm). Todas as alfaces estavam contaminadas por coliformes fecais, porÃm as amostras orgÃnicas e hidropÃnicas apresentaram valores mÃdios dentro do padrÃo estipulado pela legislaÃÃo, (21Â74NMP/g e 24Â40 NMP/g, respectivamente) ao contrÃrio das convencionais (152Â286NMP/g). Em 100% das amostras de alfaces convencionais e orgÃnicas nÃo apresentaram contaminaÃÃo por Salmonella sp., mas 20% das amostras hidropÃnicas estavam contaminadas por esse patÃgeno, sendo classificadas como imprÃprias para consumo. Nas anÃlises parasitolÃgicas foram detectados organismos potencialmente patogÃnicos para o homem: cistos Giardia sp. (2), ovos de Ascaris sp. (6) e ovo de Taenia sp. (1), com seis ocorrÃncias em alfaces convencionais e trÃs em orgÃnicas. Foram ainda detectados cistos de ameba e larvas de nematÃdeos morfologicamente anÃlogos aos que se encontra no homem, porÃm mais provavelmente eram formas de vida livre provenientes da terra. Foram observadas em abundÃncia formas de vida livre entre os protozoÃrios, os helmintos nematÃdeos, e os artrÃpodes (estes com destaque nas alfaces hidropÃnicas) veiculados nas sujidades das alfaces, refletindo a composiÃÃo dos ambientes de cultivo. Avaliando os dois processos de sanitizaÃÃo estudados constatou-se que a mÃdia dos valores de coliforme fecal nos diferentes tipos de alfaces foi menor no mÃtodo teste do que no tradicional, evidenciando maior eficiÃncia. A etapa da prÃ-lavagem reduziu em 60% a contaminaÃÃo inicial de coliformes fecais; a lavagem com detergente foi eficaz quando comparada com a reduÃÃo obtida na etapa seguinte. O mÃtodo tradicional promoveu diminuiÃÃo significativa na contaminaÃÃo inicial de coliformes fecais, no entanto, nÃo houve diferenÃa significativa quando comparada com o mÃtodo teste nem com a etapa da lavagem com detergente isoladamente, comprovando mais uma vez a eficÃcia deste Ãltimo. Para a remoÃÃo das formas de helmintos, protozoÃrios e artrÃpodes em geral, ambos os mÃtodos foram eficientes, sem apresentarem diferenÃa significativa. Quando foram analisadas separadamente as diferentes etapas dos procedimentos de higienizaÃÃo, constatou-se que houve significÃncia estatÃstica para a remoÃÃo de helmintos, com melhor eficiÃncia do procedimento teste, podendo-se sugerir que a higienizaÃÃo realizada apenas com detergente alcanÃaria os mesmos resultados de detergente e cloro. Deste modo, concluÃmos que a higienizaÃÃo teste, tanto para a remoÃÃo de helmintos como para a reduÃÃo de coliformes fecais, apresentou maior eficÃcia. / The vegetables sanity that are eaten raw is a relevant factor to health must be ensured by sanitizing with chemicals that have effective action to eliminate, reduce and / or removal of contaminants. The traditional way of cleaning includes washing vegetables under running water followed by immersion in 200ppm chlorine solution and rinse to remove dirt and remnants of the chemical waste. However, some studies indicate that this sanitization does not guarantee the safety of vegetables, for though while reduces the microbial load, it is not efficient in the elimination of some parasitic forms. Therefore, this study aimed to detect microorganisms, protozoa, helminths and arthropods in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), curly variety, from conventional farming, organic and hydroponic, in its fresh form and after two methods of cleaning: test (application of detergent and chlorine solution to 200ppm) and traditional (use of only a 200ppm chlorine solution). All lettuce were contaminated by fecal coliforms, but the hydroponic and organic samples had mean values within the standard stipulated by law, 21Â74NMP/g and 24Â40 NMP/g, respectively) unlike the conventional (152  286NMP/g). In 100% of the samples of conventional and organic lettuces were not contaminated with Salmonella sp. but 20% of hydroponic samples were contaminated by this pathogen, being classified as unfit for consumption. In parasitological analyses were detected in organisms potentially pathogenic to humans: Giardia sp cysts. (2), eggs of Ascaris sp. (6) and eggs of Taenia sp. (1), with six occurrence in three lettuces in conventional and organic. Giardia sp cysts. (2), eggs of Ascaris sp. (6) and eggs of Taenia sp. (1), with six occurrence in three lettuces in conventional and organic. Yet been detected amoeba cysts and larvae of nematodes morphologically similar to those found in man, but more likely were forms of life free from the earth. Forms were observed in abundance among free-living protozoa, nematodes, helminths, and arthropods (especially those in hydroponic lettuce) served in lettuce dirt, reflecting the composition of culture environments. Evaluating the two processes of sanitization studied it was found that the mean of fecal coliform in the different types of lettuce was lower in the test method than the traditional, with increased efficiency. The stage of pre-washing reduced by 60% the initial contamination of fecal coliform, the detergent wash was effective when compared with the reduction achieved in the next step. The traditional method promoted significant decrease in the initial contamination of fecal coliform bacteria, however, no significant difference when compared with the test method or with the step of washing with detergent alone, proving once again its effectiveness. For removal of the forms of helminths, protozoa and arthropods in general, both methods were effective, showing no significant difference. When analyzed separately the different stages of cleaning procedures, it was found that there were significant for the removal of helminths, with better efficiency of the testing procedure, which may suggest that the cleaning with detergent performed only achieve the same results of detergent and chlorine. Thus, we conclude that test hygienization, both for the removal of helminths as to reduce fecal coliform bacteria, showed greater efficacy.

The purpose of this thesis is to broaden and deepen the understanding of the urban regeneration and demolition processes taking place in Swedish cities between the 1940s and 1960s. Special attention is placed on how past and present layers of the city were used, conceptualized and legitimized by influential actors within the framework of urban governance. This is done by studying the function of the open air museum Old Linköping, formed in the 1940s aiming to preserve old houses through relocation, and the role of its administrative organ the Valla Board. The study departs from theories of urban spatio-temporal identity production, urban regime analysis and actor influence, employs the method of qualitative thematical content analysis, and covers the timespan 1944–1967. The research questions concern how Old Linköping’s function is described, legitimized and related to Linköping’s urban identity and urban regime; how processes of preservation, demolition and modernization are related to this function; the role of the Valla Board and its key actors within Linköping’s urban regime; and how the function of Old Linköping and Linköping’s urban regime changed during the studied time in relation to the national development of urban planning. The study shows that Old Linköping was assigned a broad societal function which became a positive identity-marker for Linköping, and a desirable incentive for the urban regime as it brought together several agendas. The objective of preservation became a legitimate part of this function through a focus on practical use and future value of the houses, and adherence to the consensus of modernization. The role of the Valla Board and its central actors, the initiator Lennart Sjöberg in particular, emerges as crucial for this process, and to the stability of the regime. Despite external contestation in the 1960s, the function of Old Linköping and the urban regime remained stable during the studied period. Its function, contestation and surrounding urban regime aligns with, but also nuances the general development.

Källsorterande avloppssystem gör att resurserna i olika avloppsflöden kan tas tillvara. Särskilt klosettvatten innehåller näringsämnen som är viktiga att föra tillbaka till jordbruket. I Södertälje finns en anläggning som behandlar klosettvatten från slutna tankar och produkten används som gödsel. Hygieniseringen sker i två steg, först våtkompostering som höjer temperaturen och sedan ammoniakhygienisering genom tillsats av urea. För att våtkomposteringen ska fungera effektivt är det viktigt att klosettvattnet är så koncentrerat som möjligt, så att energiinnehållet är högt. Av denna anledning bör vakuumtoalett eller annan extremt snålspolande toalett användas. Våtkomposten i Södertälje har varit i drift sedan 2012 och det här examensarbetet har syftat till att utvärdera anläggningen. Det första målet var att kvantifiera massflöden av kväve och fosfor. Dock visade sig variationen i underlaget vara så stor att inga säkra slutsatser kunnat dras utifrån tillgängliga data. Osäkerheten visas med de 90% konfidensintervallen för in- och utgående totalmängder kväve och fosfor för åren 2014–2021. Ingående mängder upp­skattades till 0–170 kg P och 370–6200 N medan utgående mängder uppskattades till 60–280 kg P och 4000–23000 kg N. Ingående närings-koncentrationer tyder på att klosettvattnet i genomsnitt kommit från runt 100 personer per år, dock råder en stor variation och osäkerhet. Det andra målet var att uppskatta gasutsläpp från anläggningen. Osäkerheten i underlaget var som sagt stor vilket syns med det 90% konfidensintervallet som gick från -9 ton till 11 ton för kvävehaltiga gaser och från -4,4 ton till 20 ton för koldioxid, totala mäng-der utsläpp under åren 2014–2021. Resultat från litteraturstudien tyder på att utsläpp av metan och lustgas bör vara väldigt låga efter att urea har tillsatts vid behandlingen. Det är viktigt att lagring av produkten sker täckt för att förhindra ammoniakavgångar. Det tredje målet var att undersöka möjligheter att behandla andra substrat på våtkomposten, då den har kapacitet att ta emot mer material. Både säkerställande av leverans från slutna tankar samt anslutning av latrin från koloniföreningar har identifierats ha stor potential att öka kvantitet och kvalitet på inkommande substrat. Hantering av latrin­tunnor kräver däremot investering i en mottagningsanordning och om det skulle vara av intresse behöver alternativ och kostnader undersökas vidare. Latrin från koloniföreningar som samlas upp i slutna tankar, vilket är fallet hos två föreningar i kommunen, kan enkelt tillföras våtkomposten och bedöms kunna öka TS-halten vilket gör våtkomposteringen mer effektiv. Som sista del i arbetet har en provtagningsplan tagits fram för kontroll av latrin uppsamlat i slutna tankar. Flertalet aktörer är inblandade i anläggningen och ett kontinuerligt arbete krävs för att systemet ska fungera tillfredsställande. Det är därför av största vikt att de olika aktörerna både har tydliga rutiner och ett nära samarbete.

Criticized for providing a simplified depiction of a post-9/11 United States, contemporary American “War on Terror” fiction has been largely neglected by critical discourse. In this dissertation, I argue that this fiction offers a vital engagement with how the War on Terror is waged, and how the fantasies and policies of the Global Homeland inform it. Most immediately, the texts I analyze undercut the sanitization of the war by including depictions of intense combat and the psychological fallout of derealized warfare. In these works, the public’s reluctance to acknowledge such concerns lays the foundation for a schism between American civilians and the military. I argue moreover that this fiction engages with the collapse of distinctions between foreign and domestic spheres through exploring both battlefields abroad and how a military logic is transposed onto American society. In the first chapter, I analyze the way in which narratives by Kevin Powers, David Abrams, Phil Klay, and Dan Fesperman complicate sanitized images of the war by foregrounding its visceral qualities and representing the traumatic impact of mediated warfare. The second chapter focuses on Ben Fountain’s Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk, specifically its representation of the military characters’ frustration with the public’s failure to acknowledge the traumatic impact of the War on Terror, and its critique of melodramatic patriotic gestures that glorify the war but do not require actual social, financial, or affective investment in the military. The third chapter zeroes in on portrayals of returned veterans in texts by George Saunders, Atticus Lish, and Joyce Carol Oates, who react with increasing antagonism to civilian disinterest in their plight, which gives rise to acts of violence against civilians and a shift in societal attitudes toward the military. I conclude by examining Lish’s depiction of how the policies of the Global Homeland result in the deployment of a military logic within the domestic U.S. Through its engagement with American warfare and the Global Homeland, contemporary American war fiction offers a nuanced exploration of the conduct and ramifications of the War on Terror.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 1906862 bytes, checksum: bca2451c9369c4899ad2a28d050c4634 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study aimed to evaluate the use of ultrasound in sanitization of minimally processed vegetables. Watercress, parsley, strawberry and cherry tomatoes were subjected to with a 10 minute ultrasound (45 kHz) treatment, with or without chemical agents. Sodium dichloroisocyanurate at 50 mg.L-1 and 200 mg.L-1, 5% hydrogen peroxide peracetic acid at 40 mg.L-1 and chlorine dioxide were used as chemical agents. The reduction of the initial contamination of vegetables by aerobic bacteria plate count and moulds and yeasts was determinate. After sanitization, changes in pH value, color and odor were evaluated. The treatment which resulted in greater contaminant removal was evaluated for the cherry tomato intentionally contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 cells at concentrations ranging from 106 to 107 CFU. L-1. The contaminated tomatoes were incubated for 48 hours to allow cell adhesion and then subjected to sanitization treatments with chlorinated water at 50 and 200 mg.L-1, peracetic acid at 40 mg L-1, ultrasound (45 kHz) and ultrasound combined with peracetic acid at 40 mg L-1. The quantification of the adhered cells was performed by counting colonies on Salmonella Shigella (SSA) agar. Salmonella cells adhered to the surface of cherry tomatoes was observed on an epifluorescence microscope and scanning electron microscope. All comparisons were made by ANOVA (p <0.05). Then, the difference between the averages were analyzed by means of the Tukey test (p <0.05). Sodium dichloroisocyanurate at 200 mg.L-1 and chlorine dioxide at 10 mg.L-1 combined with ultrasound treatment promoted greater reduction in the initial count of aerobic bacteria if compared to the sum of the reductions of the treatments alone, which indicated a synergistic effect. It was found that the combination treatment with peracetic acid at 40 mg.L-1 and ultrasound allowed a reduction of 4.5 to 6.5 log CFU.g-1 and 3.5 to 4.5 log CFU.g-1 on the population of aerobic bacteria and moulds and yeasts, respectively. Despite the considerable reduction on microbial populations, this sanitizer, combined or not with ultrasound, led to color changes in the strawberries. Ultrasound treatment and peracetic acid at 40 mg L-1 showed a reduction of 3.88 log CFU. g-1 of Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 adhered to the surface of cherry tomatoes. Ultrasound treatments for a period of 10, 20 and 30 minutes reduced CFU. g-1 to 0.83, 1.22 and 1.73 log (p <0.05), respectively. The reduction of adhered cells was confirmed by epifluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results indicate the importance of the use of ultrasound as an auxiliary technology in sanitization step of the vegetables studied. / O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a utilização do ultrassom na etapa de sanitização de hortaliças minimamente processadas. As hortaliças usadas foram agrião, salsa, morango e tomate cereja, as quais foram submetidas a tratamentos com ultrassom (45 kHz), por 10 minutos, associado ou não aos agentes químicos dicloroisocianurato de sódio, nas concentrações iguais a 50 mg.L-1 e 200 mg.L-1, peróxido de hidrogênio a 5%, ácido peracético a 40 mg.L-1 e dióxido de cloro a 10 mg.L-1. Comparou-se a redução da contaminação inicial das hortaliças por mesófilos aeróbios e fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Após a sanitização, foram observadas alterações de valor de pH, coloração e odor. O tratamento que resultou em maior remoção de contaminantes foi avaliado em tomate cereja intencionalmente contaminado com células de Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 na concentração entre 106 e 107 UFC. L-1. Os tomates contaminados foram incubados por 48 horas para permitir adesão das células e, após esse período, foram submetidos aos tratamentos de sanitização com dicloroisocianurato de sódio a 50 e 200 mg.L-1, ácido peracético 40 mg.L-1, ultrassom (45 kHz) e ultrassom combinado com ácido peracético 40 mg.L-1. A quantificação das células aderidas foi feita por contagem de colônias em ágar Salmonella Shigella (SSA). A observação de células de Salmonella aderidas à superfície de tomates cereja foi feita em microscópio de epifluorescência e microscópio eletrônico de varredura. As comparações dos dados foram feitas por análise de variância ANOVA (p < 0,05), e em seguida, foi avaliada a diferença entre às médias pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05). Dicloroisocianurato de sódio a 200 mg.L-1 e dióxido de cloro a 10 mg.L-1 combinados ao tratamento com ultrassom, promoveram maior redução da contagem inicial de mesófilos aeróbios comparado à soma das reduções dos tratamentos de forma isolada, o que indicou um efeito sinérgico. Constatou-se que a combinação dos tratamentos com ácido peracético a 40 mg.L-1 e ultrassom permitiu redução de 4,5 a 6,5 log UFC.g-1 e de 3,5 a 4,5 log UFC.g-1 da população de mesófilos aeróbios e de fungos e leveduras, respectivamente. Apesar da considerável redução na microbiota contaminante, este sanitizante, combinado ou não ao ultrassom, alterou a coloração dos morangos. O tratamento com ultrassom e ácido peracético a 40 mg.L-1 reduziu 3,88 log UFC.g-1 na população de Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC 14028 aderidas à superfície de tomate cereja. O tratamento com ultrassom por 10, 20 e 30 minutos reduziu 0,83, 1,22 e 1,73 log UFC. g-1 (p < 0,05), respectivamente essas células aderidas, o que foi confirmado pela microscopia de epifluorescência e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados apontaram a importância do uso do ultrassom como um processo auxiliar na etapa de sanitização das hortaliças estudadas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria Juliana Lacerda Dissertacao.pdf: 580972 bytes, checksum: afedaefa404680a1d528d495b7558c61 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-26 / The objective of this study was to verify the physical, chemical and microbiological quality of Japanese quail eggs artificially contaminated with Salmonella Typhimurium, sanitized and stored at different temperatures (between 5 and 25 ºC) for 27 days. We used 768 eggs with opaque shells (Experiment 1) and bright shells (Experiment 2) with typical pigments of the species and average weight of 11 g. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement (contamination x sanitation x cooling) with six replications, with one egg per experimental unit. The eggs were contaminated by handling with 1.5 x 105 colony forming unit (CFU) of Salmonella Typhimurium / mL and according to the treatments, sanitized with 5ppm Cl a solution, and stored at 5 or 25 ° C. The physical (egg weight, specific gravity, shell thickness, yolk, albumen and shell ratio, Haugh unit, yolk albumen index), chemical (pH of yolk and albumen) and bacteriological (bacterial count in eggshell and egg content) qualities were analyzed. Results of Experiment 1 showed a inear regression of sorage time (P <0.05) of storage time (up to 27 days) worsening the variables of egg weight, albumen and yolk index and albumen ratio. A quadratic effect (p <0.05) of storage time worsening the pH of albumen and Haugh units. There was an interaction for the yolk pH variable between sanitation and refrigeration (p <0.05) after 27 days, while those for non refrigerated eggs the best result was for sanitized eggs, showing the importance of sanitization. In Experiment 2 (eggs with bright shells) there was a linear effect (P <0.05) of storage time (27 days), worsening the variables of egg weight, albumen ratio and Haugh units and quadratic effects (p <0.05) worsening albumen index and pH. These results indicate that eggs with opaque or bright, had a poorer quality with increasing internal storage time, especially at 25 ° C. Quail eggs with opaque or bright shell, stored up to 27 days, should be sanitized (5 ppm of chlorine) and cooled to 5 ° C during storage to maintain physical and chemical qualities, regardless of bacterial contamination. The sanitization (5 ppm Cl) and cooling (5 º C) are effective in reducing the growth of Salmonella in experimentally infected quail eggs. / Objetivou-se com este estudo verificar a qualidade física, química e microbiológica de ovos de codornas japonesas contaminados artificialmente com Salmonella Typhimurium, sanitizados e armazenados a diferentes temperaturas (5 e 25 ºC) durante 27 dias. Foram utilizados 768 ovos com cascas opacas (Experimento 1) e brilhantes (Experimento 2) com pigmentos típicos da espécie e com peso médio de 11 g. O delineamento empregado foi inteiramente casualisados com esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (contaminação x sanitização x refrigeração) com seis repetições, sendo um ovo a unidade experimental. Os ovos foram contaminados pelo manuseio com 1,5 x 105 unidade formadoras de colônias (UFCs) de Salmonella Typhimurium/mL e de acordo com os tratamentos foram sanitizados com solução com 5ppm de Cl e armazenados a 5 ou 25 ºC. Foi analisada a qualidade física (peso do ovo, gravidade específica, espessura de casca, percentagem de gema, albume e casca, unidade Haugh, índices de gema e albume), química (pH de gema e albume) e bacteriológica (contagem de bactérias na casca e no conteúdo do ovo). Os resultados de peso do ovo, uH, índice de gema e de albume e pH de gema e de albume, quando contaminados experimentalmente com Salmonella Typhimurium prejudicou a qualidade física do ovo a partir de 18 dias de armazenamento. Com relação a qualidade bacteriológica do ovo, a sanitização com 5 ppm de Cl pode ser uma alternativa simples e de baixo custo para reduzir a possibilidade de contaminação por Salmonella em ovos de codornas. Pode-se afirmar, que o tempo de estocagem dos ovos e a temperatura de armazenamento influenciaram a qualidade interna dos ovos de codornas em todas as variáveis estudadas. Esses resultados indicam que ovos com cascas opacas ou brilhantes, apresentaram pior qualidade interna com o aumento do tempo de armazenamento, principalmente na temperatura de 25 ºC. Ovos de codornas com casca opaca ou brilhante, armazenados até 27 dias, devem ser sanitizados ( 5 ppm de cloro) e refrigerados a 5 ºC durante a estocagem para manter a qualidade física e química, independentemente da contaminação por bactérias. A sanitização (5 ppm de Cl) e a refrigeração (temperatura de 5 ºC) são eficientes na redução do crescimento da Salmonella em ovos de codornas contaminados experimentalmente.

Bakgrund Inom hälso-och sjukvården är vårdrelaterade infektioner den mest förkommande typen av vårdskador. Vårdrelaterade infektioner kan leda till lidande för patienten samtidigt som det medför stora kostnader för samhället. Den basala handhygienrutinen är en grundläggande faktor för att kunna arbeta preventivt gentemot vårdrelaterade infektioner. Ämnet är viktigt att studera i syfte att förstå hur rutiner för handhygien ser ut i vården ur ett globalt perspektiv. Syfte Syftet var att belysa sjukvårdspersonalens efterlevnad av handhygienrutiner. Metod Denna studie har skrivits som en litteraturöversikt. Resultatet är baserat på tio vetenskapliga originaltitlar av både kvantitativ samt kvalitativ design som svarade på studien syfte. Sökmotorerna som användes för att hitta artiklarna var PubMed och Cinahl complete. Resultat I resultatet påvisade sjukvårdspersonalen en förhållandevis låg efterlevnad av handhygienrutiner. Personliga uppfattningar, tid, kunskap och utförande var faktorer som påverkade sjukvårdpersonalens efterlevnad. Det framkom att det fanns en stor variation av kunskap gällande handhygienrutiner. Kunskapsbristen berodde på personalens förhållningssätt samt i vilken utsträckning de fått utbildning i handhygienrutiner. En faktor som ökade sjukvårdspersonalens efterlevnad var kontinuerlig utbildning. Sammanfattning I studien framgick det att det fanns ett stort behov av att öka sjukvårdspersonalens efterlevnad av handhygienrutiner runt om i världen. Interventionen grundar sig att sjukvårdspersonalen bör följa de rekommenderade handhygienrutinerna så som handhygiens utförande, tidsåtgång samt aseptisk teknik. Regelbunden utbildning inom handhygien var en viktig faktor för efterlevnaden. Fortsättningsvis finns ett stort behov för vidareutbildning och kontinuerlig träning hos sjukvårdspersonalen. / Background In healthcare, healthcare-associated infections (HRI) are the most common type of healthcare injuries. Healthcare related infections can lead to unnecessary suffering for the patient, and it entails great costs for the society. The basic hand hygiene routine is a fundamental factor to be able to work preventively against healthcare related infections. The subject is important to study in order to understand what the routines for hand hygiene looks like in healthcare from a global perspective.  Aim The purpose was to highlight healthcare workers compliance regarding hand hygiene routines. Method This study has been written as a literature review. Based on ten original articles of both quantitative and qualitative design which answered the purpose of the study. The search engines used to find the articles were PubMed and Cinahl complete. Results Healthcare personnel showed relatively low compliance with hand hygiene routines. Attitudes, time, knowledge and hand performance were factors that had an influence on the health care workers compliance. It emerged that there was a large variation in knowledge regarding hand hygiene routines. The lack of knowledge was due to the healthcare workers approach and the extent to which they received training in hand hygiene routines. One factor that increased healthcare workers compliance was further education. Summary The study shows that there is a great need to increase healthcare personnel's compliance with hand hygiene routines around the world. The intervention is based on the fact that healthcare workers should follow the recommended hand hygiene routines such as hand hygiene washing technique, time consumption and aseptic technique. Regular training in hand hygiene proved to be an important factor for compliance.

COSTA, Eveline de Alencar. Avaliação microbiológica e parasitológica nos processos de higienização de alfaces (Lactuca sativa L.) de diferentes cultivos. 2011. 115 f. : Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos, Fortaleza-CE, 2011 / Submitted by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T14:11:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20011_dis_eacosta.pdf: 2296033 bytes, checksum: 50ec8fb1765aeda69ae79e6e4e5fb2c5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-06-03T14:12:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20011_dis_eacosta.pdf: 2296033 bytes, checksum: 50ec8fb1765aeda69ae79e6e4e5fb2c5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-03T14:12:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 20011_dis_eacosta.pdf: 2296033 bytes, checksum: 50ec8fb1765aeda69ae79e6e4e5fb2c5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / The vegetables sanity that are eaten raw is a relevant factor to health must be ensured by sanitizing with chemicals that have effective action to eliminate, reduce and / or removal of contaminants. The traditional way of cleaning includes washing vegetables under running water followed by immersion in 200ppm chlorine solution and rinse to remove dirt and remnants of the chemical waste. However, some studies indicate that this sanitization does not guarantee the safety of vegetables, for though while reduces the microbial load, it is not efficient in the elimination of some parasitic forms. Therefore, this study aimed to detect microorganisms, protozoa, helminths and arthropods in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), curly variety, from conventional farming, organic and hydroponic, in its fresh form and after two methods of cleaning: test (application of detergent and chlorine solution to 200ppm) and traditional (use of only a 200ppm chlorine solution). All lettuce were contaminated by fecal coliforms, but the hydroponic and organic samples had mean values within the standard stipulated by law, 21±74NMP/g and 24±40 NMP/g, respectively) unlike the conventional (152 ± 286NMP/g). In 100% of the samples of conventional and organic lettuces were not contaminated with Salmonella sp. but 20% of hydroponic samples were contaminated by this pathogen, being classified as unfit for consumption. In parasitological analyses were detected in organisms potentially pathogenic to humans: Giardia sp cysts. (2), eggs of Ascaris sp. (6) and eggs of Taenia sp. (1), with six occurrence in three lettuces in conventional and organic. Giardia sp cysts. (2), eggs of Ascaris sp. (6) and eggs of Taenia sp. (1), with six occurrence in three lettuces in conventional and organic. Yet been detected amoeba cysts and larvae of nematodes morphologically similar to those found in man, but more likely were forms of life free from the earth. Forms were observed in abundance among free-living protozoa, nematodes, helminths, and arthropods (especially those in hydroponic lettuce) served in lettuce dirt, reflecting the composition of culture environments. Evaluating the two processes of sanitization studied it was found that the mean of fecal coliform in the different types of lettuce was lower in the test method than the traditional, with increased efficiency. The stage of pre-washing reduced by 60% the initial contamination of fecal coliform, the detergent wash was effective when compared with the reduction achieved in the next step. The traditional method promoted significant decrease in the initial contamination of fecal coliform bacteria, however, no significant difference when compared with the test method or with the step of washing with detergent alone, proving once again its effectiveness. For removal of the forms of helminths, protozoa and arthropods in general, both methods were effective, showing no significant difference. When analyzed separately the different stages of cleaning procedures, it was found that there were significant for the removal of helminths, with better efficiency of the testing procedure, which may suggest that the cleaning with detergent performed only achieve the same results of detergent and chlorine. Thus, we conclude that test hygienization, both for the removal of helminths as to reduce fecal coliform bacteria, showed greater efficacy. / A sanidade das hortaliças que são consumidas cruas é fator relevante à saúde devendo ser garantida mediante a sanitização com produtos químicos que tenham ação eficaz na eliminação, redução e/ou remoção dos contaminantes presentes. A forma tradicional de higienização de vegetais compreende a lavagem com água corrente seguida de imersão em solução de cloro a 200ppm e enxágüe para remover as sujidades remanescentes e resíduos do produto químico. No entanto, alguns estudos apontam que esta sanitização não garante a inocuidade das hortaliças, pois embora reduza a carga microbiana, não é eficiente na eliminação de algumas formas parasitárias. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa objetivou detectar microrganismos, protozoários, helmintos e artrópodes em alfaces (Lactuca sativa, L.), variedade crespa, provenientes de cultivo convencional, orgânico e hidropônico, na sua forma in natura e após dois métodos de higienização: teste (aplicação do detergente e solução clorada a 200ppm) e tradicional (uso apenas da solução clorada a 200ppm). Todas as alfaces estavam contaminadas por coliformes fecais, porém as amostras orgânicas e hidropônicas apresentaram valores médios dentro do padrão estipulado pela legislação, (21±74NMP/g e 24±40 NMP/g, respectivamente) ao contrário das convencionais (152±286NMP/g). Em 100% das amostras de alfaces convencionais e orgânicas não apresentaram contaminação por Salmonella sp., mas 20% das amostras hidropônicas estavam contaminadas por esse patógeno, sendo classificadas como impróprias para consumo. Nas análises parasitológicas foram detectados organismos potencialmente patogênicos para o homem: cistos Giardia sp. (2), ovos de Ascaris sp. (6) e ovo de Taenia sp. (1), com seis ocorrências em alfaces convencionais e três em orgânicas. Foram ainda detectados cistos de ameba e larvas de nematódeos morfologicamente análogos aos que se encontra no homem, porém mais provavelmente eram formas de vida livre provenientes da terra. Foram observadas em abundância formas de vida livre entre os protozoários, os helmintos nematódeos, e os artrópodes (estes com destaque nas alfaces hidropônicas) veiculados nas sujidades das alfaces, refletindo a composição dos ambientes de cultivo. Avaliando os dois processos de sanitização estudados constatou-se que a média dos valores de coliforme fecal nos diferentes tipos de alfaces foi menor no método teste do que no tradicional, evidenciando maior eficiência. A etapa da pré-lavagem reduziu em 60% a contaminação inicial de coliformes fecais; a lavagem com detergente foi eficaz quando comparada com a redução obtida na etapa seguinte. O método tradicional promoveu diminuição significativa na contaminação inicial de coliformes fecais, no entanto, não houve diferença significativa quando comparada com o método teste nem com a etapa da lavagem com detergente isoladamente, comprovando mais uma vez a eficácia deste último. Para a remoção das formas de helmintos, protozoários e artrópodes em geral, ambos os métodos foram eficientes, sem apresentarem diferença significativa. Quando foram analisadas separadamente as diferentes etapas dos procedimentos de higienização, constatou-se que houve significância estatística para a remoção de helmintos, com melhor eficiência do procedimento teste, podendo-se sugerir que a higienização realizada apenas com detergente alcançaria os mesmos resultados de detergente e cloro. Deste modo, concluímos que a higienização teste, tanto para a remoção de helmintos como para a redução de coliformes fecais, apresentou maior eficácia.

Denna avhandling studerar området av kodanonymisering inom programvaruutveckling, med fokus på att skydda känslig källkod i en alltmer digitaliserad och AI-integrerad värld. Huvudproblemen som avhandlingen adresserar är de tekniska och säkerhetsmässiga utmaningarna som uppstår när källkod behöver skyddas, samtidigt som den ska vara tillgänglig för AI-baserade analysverktyg som ChatGPT. I denna avhandling presenteras utvecklingen av en applikation vars mål är att anonymisera källkod, för att skydda känslig information samtidigt som den möjliggör säker interaktion med AI. För att lösa dessa utmaningar har Roslyn API använts i kombination med anpassade identifieringsalgoritmer för att analysera och bearbeta C#-källkod, vilket säkerställer en balans mellan anonymisering och bevarande av kodens funktionalitet. Roslyn API är en del av Microsofts .NET-kompilatorplattform som tillhandahåller rika funktioner för kodanalys och transformation, vilket möjliggör omvandling av C#-källkod till ett detaljerat syntaxträd för inspektion och manipulering av kodstrukturer. Resultaten av projektet visar att den utvecklade applikationen framgångsrikt anonymiserar variabel-, klass- och metodnamn, samtidigt som den bibehåller källkodens logiska struktur. Dess integration med ChatGPT förbättrar användarupplevelsen genom att erbjuda interaktiva dialoger för analys och assistans, vilket gör den till en värdefull resurs för utvecklare. Framtida arbete inkluderar utvidgning av applikationen för att stödja fler programmeringsspråk och utveckling av användaranpassade konfigurationer för att ytterligare förbättra användarvänligheten och effektiviteten. / This thesis addresses the area of code anonymization in software development, with a focus on protecting sensitive source code in an increasingly digitized and AI-integrated world. The main problems that the thesis addresses are the technical and security challenges that arise when source code needs to be protected, while being accessible to AI-based analysis tools such as ChatGPT. This thesis presents the development of an application whose goal is to anonymize source code, in order to protect sensitive information while enabling safe interaction with AI. To solve these challenges, the Roslyn API has been used in combination with customized identification algorithms to analyze and process C# source code, ensuring a balance between anonymization and preservation of the code's functionality. The Roslyn API is part of Microsoft's .NET compiler platform that provides rich code analysis and transformation capabilities, enabling the transformation of C# source code into a detailed syntax tree for code structure inspection and manipulation.The results of the project show that the developed application successfully anonymizes variable, class, and method names, while maintaining the logical structure of the source code. Its integration with ChatGPT enhances the user experience by providing interactive dialogues for analysis and assistance, making it a valuable resource for developers. Future work includes extending the application to support more programming languages and developing customized configurations to further improve ease of use and efficiency.