nÃo hà / O presente trabalho de pesquisa busca refletir sobre as prÃticas populares de cura e a ciÃncia mÃdica no Cearà durante a segunda metade do sÃculo XIX. Tomamos o livro Medicina Caseira de Juvenal Galeno como fonte e objeto de anÃlise, uma vez que o livro se apresentou como uma produÃÃo inquietante, por se tratar de um livro de receitas caseiras, com prÃticas populares de cura, coletadas durante a segunda metade do sÃculo XIX e organizado em 1919, perÃodo em que a medicina cientÃfica no Cearà comeÃava a se estruturar enquanto ciÃncia legitimadora da doenÃa e da saÃde. Ao longo do processo de investigaÃÃo, localizamos pontos de aproximaÃÃes e distanciamentos entre as prÃticas de cura que envolvem o saber cientÃfico e popular. Tal percepÃÃo nos possibilitou refletir sobre como as prÃticas populares de cura permaneceram presentes e atÃ, em alguns casos, foram apropriadas pela medicina cientÃfica no seu processo de afirmaÃÃo enquanto prÃtica de intervenÃÃo no meio social e na sua busca de institucionalizaÃÃo. / The actual dissertation aims to reflect about the popular practices of healing and medical science in the state of CearÃ, Brazil, during the second half of the 19th century. The book âMedicina Caseiraâ (organized in 1919 by Juvenal Galeno) was taken as analysis source and object, because it showed itself as a disturbing production, since it deals with homemade recipes, popular practices of healing during that period, in a moment that medical science in Cearà was beginning to structure itself as a legitimating science of health and disease. Througt the process of investigation, some points of convergence and divergence were found out among the practices of healing that are related with scientific and popular knowledge. Such a perception allowed us to think about how these popular practices of healing are found at the present time and even, in some cases, were appropriated into the scientific medicine in its processo of affirmation while intervening practice in the social arena and in its search of institutionalization.

A l’ère moderne, se soigner par soi-même c’est répondre à des situations créées par la médecine. Son efficacité, ses limites, ses interventions, sa pratique, sa propension à médicaliser les existences, son inscription dans l’économie de marché sont autant de facteurs qui interagissent avec la capacité auto-soignante de la personne comme l’attestent la désorganisation du schéma identitaire du patient lors d’interventions visant à réparer des traumatismes physiques, le malade chronique délégataire de la médecine, la médicalisation de l’avancée en âge. Aussi, la tâche impartie à l’homme moderne est de s’affranchir des asservissements, des effets de désagrégation, des interférences que génèrent les activités médicales. En ce sens, se soigner par soi-même c’est, d’une part, décrypter les buts poursuivis par la médecine et déterminer si son action répond avec pertinence à sa problématique de santé ; et, d’autre part, élaborer des réponses non contraintes et innovantes aux situations déstabilisantes. En se soignant par lui-même, c’est-à-dire en étant capable de faire apparaître, en temps de crise, des modalités adaptatives à une réalité déstabilisatrice, l’homme moderne s’affirme en tant qu’authentique sujet créateur de sa vie. / In the modern era, self healing is to respond to situations created by medicine. Its effectiveness, its limits, its interventions, its practice, its tendency to medicalize existences, its inclusion in market economy are as many factors that interact with the self healing ability as attest the disruption of the patient's identity schema during interventions to repair physical trauma, chronic patient which depends on medicine, the medicalization of the aging. As well the task assigned to the modern man is to escape from enslavements, weathering effects, interferences generated by medical activities. In this sense, self healing is, on the one hand, to decrypt the aims of medicine and to determine if its action responds with relevance to its problem of health; and, on the other hand to develop non-constraints and innovative answers to destabilizing situations. By treating himself, i.e., being able to show in times of crisis, adaptive manner to a destabilizing reality, modern man asserts itself as an authentic subject creator of his life.

: This thesis focuses on monitoring attitudes of general practitioners in Southern Bohemia toward non-conventional medicine. In its theoretical part, the thesis deals with clarifying the concepts of non-conventional medicine, alternative medicine, and scientific medicine. Furthermore, the thesis describes various approaches to non-conventional medicine. In its practical part I examined the level of knowledge about non-conventional medicine among doctors. The research was conducted through anonymous questionnaires filled in by general practitioners. The questionnaires were then used for creating the charts. These charts indicate how doctors view various approaches to non-conventional medicine, to what extent they support using these methods among their patience, and how they view the quality of medical education in this area in the Czech Republic.

A insatisfação dos médicos está associada ao distanciamento entre sua prática e as imagens idealizadas do médico-sacerdote e do médico-cientista. Investiguei como os ideais de cuidar humanamente dos indivíduos doentes e de conhecer cientificamente os processos de doença e de cura se apresentam na medicina moderna. Para tanto, fiz uma leitura das cinco principais revistas científicas de medicina, de 1990 a 2009. Privilegiei os temas do conhecimento médico e do cuidado relacionados à clínica, e não à saúde pública. Iniciei a leitura por uma amostra sistemática, para aprofundá-la, a seguir, em questões que julguei exemplares, ou especiais. Minhas observações estão entremeadas com citações indiretas de artigos das revistas, para oferecer ao leitor as bases de minhas impressões. Observei que o discurso sobre o conhecimento ocupa maior espaço, é mais complexo e mais elaborado do que o discurso sobre o cuidado. Ao lado de impressionantes avanços da ciência médica e do otimismo positivista da maioria dos artigos, as revistas apresentam incertezas, contradições e limitações dos métodos e das teorias. Há uma tensão entre a fé na ciência, os esforços para tornar a medicina científica, e as dificuldades lógicas e metodológicas de adequar decisões médicas singulares às evidências apresentadas pelas pesquisas. O conhecimento médico se apresenta como um mosaico em permanente reconstrução, incapaz de produzir certezas. E sua produção e divulgação são influenciadas por interesses e crenças de pesquisadores, financiadores e editores. O discurso sobre o cuidado, embora consistente, só ganha proeminência onde falta conhecimento, como em relação ao doente em fase terminal. Os médicos-cientistas, enredados em protocolos e estatísticas, não se ocupam do cuidado. Mas, se adoecem, queixam-se da falta de cuidado. É possível ler propostas de unir evidências científicas e narrativas de doentes e médicos, na construção de uma prática de conhecimento-cuidado curativa para ambos. Mas essas propostas não parecem merecer atenção sequer dos demais autores das próprias revistas. / Dissatisfaction with medical practice is related to the discrepancy between the reality of the practice and the physicians expectations of working like a dedicated priest and like a well-trained scientist. I investigated how the ideals of caring compassionately for the patients and of using all knowledge about disease and cure are presented in modern medicine. In this intent, I read a sample of the Big Five medical journals, from 1990 to 2009. I privileged themes about medical knowledge and care in relation to clinic and not to public health. I began by reading a systematic sample, and then I extended it, studying some points I considered to be special or illustrative. My commentaries are intercalated with citations of articles from the journals, to offer the reader the bases of my impressions. I observed that the discourse on knowledge was given a bigger space, and it is more complex and elaborated than that on care. Beside the impressive advances in medical science, and the optimistic positivism in most papers, the journals show the uncertainties, the contradictions, and the limitations of methods and theories. There is a tension between the faith in science, the efforts to turn medicine into a science, and the logical and methodological difficulties to adequate single medical decisions to the scientific evidence. Medical knowledge appears as a mosaic, permanently reconstructed, and not capable of producing certainties. And the production and divulgation of knowledge are influenced by the beliefs and interests of researchers, supporters and editors. The discourse on care shows consistency; but gains prominence only where knowledge is lacking, as when discussing terminal care. The medical scientists, imprisoned in a labyrinth of guidelines and statistics, do not care about care. But, whenever they get sick, they complain about lack of care. There are also proposals of joining scientific evidence and narratives from patients and doctors in the construction of a knowledge-and-care practice that may be curative for both. But these proposals get no attention, not even from other authors of the same journals.

A insatisfação dos médicos está associada ao distanciamento entre sua prática e as imagens idealizadas do médico-sacerdote e do médico-cientista. Investiguei como os ideais de cuidar humanamente dos indivíduos doentes e de conhecer cientificamente os processos de doença e de cura se apresentam na medicina moderna. Para tanto, fiz uma leitura das cinco principais revistas científicas de medicina, de 1990 a 2009. Privilegiei os temas do conhecimento médico e do cuidado relacionados à clínica, e não à saúde pública. Iniciei a leitura por uma amostra sistemática, para aprofundá-la, a seguir, em questões que julguei exemplares, ou especiais. Minhas observações estão entremeadas com citações indiretas de artigos das revistas, para oferecer ao leitor as bases de minhas impressões. Observei que o discurso sobre o conhecimento ocupa maior espaço, é mais complexo e mais elaborado do que o discurso sobre o cuidado. Ao lado de impressionantes avanços da ciência médica e do otimismo positivista da maioria dos artigos, as revistas apresentam incertezas, contradições e limitações dos métodos e das teorias. Há uma tensão entre a fé na ciência, os esforços para tornar a medicina científica, e as dificuldades lógicas e metodológicas de adequar decisões médicas singulares às evidências apresentadas pelas pesquisas. O conhecimento médico se apresenta como um mosaico em permanente reconstrução, incapaz de produzir certezas. E sua produção e divulgação são influenciadas por interesses e crenças de pesquisadores, financiadores e editores. O discurso sobre o cuidado, embora consistente, só ganha proeminência onde falta conhecimento, como em relação ao doente em fase terminal. Os médicos-cientistas, enredados em protocolos e estatísticas, não se ocupam do cuidado. Mas, se adoecem, queixam-se da falta de cuidado. É possível ler propostas de unir evidências científicas e narrativas de doentes e médicos, na construção de uma prática de conhecimento-cuidado curativa para ambos. Mas essas propostas não parecem merecer atenção sequer dos demais autores das próprias revistas. / Dissatisfaction with medical practice is related to the discrepancy between the reality of the practice and the physicians expectations of working like a dedicated priest and like a well-trained scientist. I investigated how the ideals of caring compassionately for the patients and of using all knowledge about disease and cure are presented in modern medicine. In this intent, I read a sample of the Big Five medical journals, from 1990 to 2009. I privileged themes about medical knowledge and care in relation to clinic and not to public health. I began by reading a systematic sample, and then I extended it, studying some points I considered to be special or illustrative. My commentaries are intercalated with citations of articles from the journals, to offer the reader the bases of my impressions. I observed that the discourse on knowledge was given a bigger space, and it is more complex and elaborated than that on care. Beside the impressive advances in medical science, and the optimistic positivism in most papers, the journals show the uncertainties, the contradictions, and the limitations of methods and theories. There is a tension between the faith in science, the efforts to turn medicine into a science, and the logical and methodological difficulties to adequate single medical decisions to the scientific evidence. Medical knowledge appears as a mosaic, permanently reconstructed, and not capable of producing certainties. And the production and divulgation of knowledge are influenced by the beliefs and interests of researchers, supporters and editors. The discourse on care shows consistency; but gains prominence only where knowledge is lacking, as when discussing terminal care. The medical scientists, imprisoned in a labyrinth of guidelines and statistics, do not care about care. But, whenever they get sick, they complain about lack of care. There are also proposals of joining scientific evidence and narratives from patients and doctors in the construction of a knowledge-and-care practice that may be curative for both. But these proposals get no attention, not even from other authors of the same journals.

My diploma thesis deals with the relationship and more specifically with the boundaries and inequalities between scientific medicine and alternative medicine from the constructionistic and interactionistic point of view. It explores how the boundaries are constructed by the representatives of biomedicine on one side and the representatives of alternative medicine on the other side. This thesis is based on a qualitative research - semi-standardised interviews with members of both systems of medicine. The state and the role of alternative medicine in czech setting is presented to the reader and the construction of boundaries in this context is explored. The thesis shows that the representatives of biomedicine build boundaries mainly based on moral aspects, while the representatives of alternative medicine have larger and more varied repertoire of boundaries. The fact is probably given by structural conditions and the role of alternative medicine - while the representatives of biomedicine "only" want to maintain the status quo, the representatives of alternative medicine struggle to change their situation, which requires bigger effort.

This research thesis explores how healers in the Peruvian Upper Amazon experience and negotiate their roles and knowledge systems at the interface of Amazonian, Western scientific and other medical knowledge systems at the confluence of community and environmental health. Experiences of identity, practice and place feature in this research among selected healers in the region of San Martín, Peru. Relationships with nature have sustained Indigenous populations in this region, and economic pursuits of natural resources have attracted many populations to the Upper Peruvian Amazon, making it an interesting site for the analysis of healers’ experiences at the interface of different knowledge systems. An emergent objective of this thesis has been to provide what healers in the region expressed to me as a need for an experiential approach to research on local medical knowledge systems. The resulting thesis is an ethnography of my experiences learning from healers and plant teachers about intercultural health initiatives on a regional level in Peru.

This research thesis explores how healers in the Peruvian Upper Amazon experience and negotiate their roles and knowledge systems at the interface of Amazonian, Western scientific and other medical knowledge systems at the confluence of community and environmental health. Experiences of identity, practice and place feature in this research among selected healers in the region of San Martín, Peru. Relationships with nature have sustained Indigenous populations in this region, and economic pursuits of natural resources have attracted many populations to the Upper Peruvian Amazon, making it an interesting site for the analysis of healers’ experiences at the interface of different knowledge systems. An emergent objective of this thesis has been to provide what healers in the region expressed to me as a need for an experiential approach to research on local medical knowledge systems. The resulting thesis is an ethnography of my experiences learning from healers and plant teachers about intercultural health initiatives on a regional level in Peru.

GADELHA, Georgina da Silva.Os saberes do corpo: a “medicina caseira” e as práticas populares de cura no Ceará (1860-1919). 2007. 187 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em História) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de História, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História Social, Fortaleza-ce, 2007. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-06-25T14:24:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_GSGadelha.pdf: 1613483 bytes, checksum: e3839e4512787c006c935506ce9fa662 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-06-25T14:32:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_GSGadelha.pdf: 1613483 bytes, checksum: e3839e4512787c006c935506ce9fa662 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-25T14:32:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_Dis_GSGadelha.pdf: 1613483 bytes, checksum: e3839e4512787c006c935506ce9fa662 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The actual dissertation aims to reflect about the popular practices of healing and medical science in the state of Ceará, Brazil, during the second half of the 19th century. The book “Medicina Caseira” (organized in 1919 by Juvenal Galeno) was taken as analysis source and object, because it showed itself as a disturbing production, since it deals with homemade recipes, popular practices of healing during that period, in a moment that medical science in Ceará was beginning to structure itself as a legitimating science of health and disease. Througt the process of investigation, some points of convergence and divergence were found out among the practices of healing that are related with scientific and popular knowledge. Such a perception allowed us to think about how these popular practices of healing are found at the present time and even, in some cases, were appropriated into the scientific medicine in its processo of affirmation while intervening practice in the social arena and in its search of institutionalization. / O presente trabalho de pesquisa busca refletir sobre as práticas populares de cura e a ciência médica no Ceará durante a segunda metade do século XIX. Tomamos o livro Medicina Caseira de Juvenal Galeno como fonte e objeto de análise, uma vez que o livro se apresentou como uma produção inquietante, por se tratar de um livro de receitas caseiras, com práticas populares de cura, coletadas durante a segunda metade do século XIX e organizado em 1919, período em que a medicina científica no Ceará começava a se estruturar enquanto ciência legitimadora da doença e da saúde. Ao longo do processo de investigação, localizamos pontos de aproximações e distanciamentos entre as práticas de cura que envolvem o saber científico e popular. Tal percepção nos possibilitou refletir sobre como as práticas populares de cura permaneceram presentes e até, em alguns casos, foram apropriadas pela medicina científica no seu processo de afirmação enquanto prática de intervenção no meio social e na sua busca de institucionalização.

The main purpose of this thesis is to study and analyze how concepts of childhood and adolescence were constructed in scientific medicine during the period 1870 to 1930. The focus in the first part of the thesis is to study the sick girl as a stereotype in 1870–1900. In the late nineteenth-century, the poor health of girls was a popular topic in Swedish medical discourse. It was a well-established opinion that a substantial number of Swedish girls suffered from various diseases and ailments. Mass- and coeducation was under debate and physicians became interested in the impact of schools and schooling on children’s health. It is here shown that children, and in particularly adolescents, were de-fined as gendered creatures. The doctors emphasized the universal nature of adolescence and conceptualized pu-berty as a traumatic and risky stage of life and they also tended to focus on middle-class girls. Pubescent girls were seen as most vulnerable to external stress such as mental strain and physical demands. Physicians claimed that ill health inevitably followed when girls were educated in the same way as boys. However, boys and their health were discussed too. The most common ailments for both girls and boys were overstudy, anemia, headaches and disor-dered digestion. It was also shown in various studies, that poorer children were substantially inferior in weight as well as in height. Chlorosis was a common theme in late nineteenth-century medical discourse. Although it appeared mainly as a girls’ disease in medical books and in most sanitary journals, health studies for example, showed that chlorosis could also be a boys’ disease. However, sick boys were rarely spoken of. Medical opinions on overstudy, chlorosis and dress reform could be interpreted as a concern for unhealthy girls as future mothers of the nation. It is not my intention to advertise doctors as vicious oppressors, as opponents of female emancipation. In fact, the doctors often pointed out social factors and unequal circumstances of childhood and adolescence for girls and boys. In early twentieth-century, the scientific opinion of girls changed. Even though gendered notions of children and youths persisted all through the period studied, more and more some doctors, Karolina Widerström, for example, began to question them. The new girl was not weak and ill, but rather healthy and active. However, a dividing line between those who claimed the weakness of girls and those who emphasized the new, healthy girl became more evident after 1900. In this thesis, this disparity is discussed in terms of popular medical discourse and scientific medi-cal discourse. In the latter, girls were still described as more sensitive and more frail than boys and as unfit for higher education and strenuous schoolwork. Thus, the new girl – vivid, healthy and equal to the boy – was above all a con-struction in popular medicine. The uniform medical discourse on girls from the late nineteenth-century thus dissolved. A number of changes in the medical discourse on sickness and health of girls and boys during in this period occurred. First, concepts of sickness and health were modified over time and fewer schoolchildren were considered sick. Fi-nally, in the beginning of the period studied, girls were sicker than boys were, but in the end, in the 1930s, there was no obvious gender difference. Both sexes seemed equally sick (or healthy).