Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate and describe the current state of Afrikaans FAL teaching in selected Gr 4 – 6 classes in Western Cape urban schools. This was done by presenting an overview of the literature relevant to FAL teaching and FAL curricula as well as the results from questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with Gr 4 – 6 teachers. This study does not offer a quick-fix solution to the problems in the Afrikaans FAL classrooms, but the researcher believes that the findings will highlight the daily challenges Afrikaans FAL teachers have to face and that all role players will become actively involved in improving the state of Afrikaans FAL teaching in the Western Cape. The relevance of this study lies in the national drive towards the promotion of multilingualism among the general population and especially in education. Feedback from student teachers returning from practice teaching indicated that not enough time is allocated by schools for the instruction of Afrikaans FAL; greatly differing methodologies as well as teaching and learning materials are being used in Afrikaans FAL classes; and learner and teacher Afrikaans proficiency varies from class to class. A theoretical framework for language teaching and learning, a literature study pertaining to first additional language teaching nationally and internationally, and an analysis of South African FAL curricula support the research. Constructivism, social constructivism and teacher knowledge were identified as the underpinning theories for language teaching and learning. The literature study provides an overview of all the major methodologies relevant to FAL teaching and the researcher concluded that there is no single method or approach that will ensure effective FAL teaching, but that teachers should implement an eclectic approach to achieve the best results. This study used a mixed methods approach to generate empirical data; 125 questionnaires, completed by Grade 4 – 6 Afrikaans FAL teachers, provided the quantitative data. For the qualitative strand of the study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 17 Afrikaans FAL teachers. The data of these interviews were used as triangulation, to confirm or disconfirm and elaborate on the results of the questionnaires. One of the major factors impacting negatively on the teaching and learning of Afrikaans FAL is the negative attitude towards Afrikaans among many learners and their parents. Teachers are not equipped with teaching strategies and techniques to manage these negative attitudes. The results show that many teachers still follow a teacher-centred approach to teaching, which is an indication that learners are not given enough opportunities to develop their communicative competence through interaction with others. Another factor affecting Afrikaans FAL teaching negatively is that not all schools implement the prescriptions of the various language policies and curricula as they should. The study also investigated the use of appropriate and relevant learning and teaching support materials (LTSM) in the FAL classroom. The results showed that most teachers still mainly use the textbook as teaching resource. There is a dire need for appropriate Afrikaans LTSM for FAL. The expectation is that, in the age of technology we find ourselves in today, learners’ interest will be stimulated through the use of technological teaching aids. Teachers should therefore have access to, and use, a variety of media and technological teaching aids and be able to integrate them effectively into their language teaching. The findings of the study revealed teachers are caught up in traditional language teaching methods and strategies which do not contribute to the enhancement of learners’ proficiency in the target language. The study also closely examined the different types of knowledge that a language teacher should have. The results showed that the teachers’ knowledge of the curriculum, language policies, language teaching and learning theories as well as methodologies is extremely limited. Therefore a new method or approach is needed, which is why this study recommends that the HEIs and the WCED ensure that initial teacher training programmes and in-service training workshops are upgraded and adapted in order to prepare the teachers adequately to implement the prescribed curriculum using appropriate methodologies and strategies. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die huidige stand van Afrikaans Eerste Addisionele Taal (EAT) onderrig in gekose Gr 4 – 6 klasse in Wes-Kaapse stedelike skole te ondersoek en beskryf. Dit is gedoen by wyse van die aanbieding van ’n oorsig van die betrokke literatuur oor EAT-onderrig en EAT-kurrikula, asook die resultate van vraelyste en semigestruktureerde onderhoude met Gr 4 – 6-onderwysers. Hierdie studie bied nie ’n kitsoplossing vir die probleme in die Afrikaans EAT klaskamers nie, maar die navorser glo dat die bevindinge die uitdagings wat Afrikaans EAT-onderwysers daagliks trotseer, sal beklemtoon en dat alle rolspelers aktief betrokke sal raak om die stand van Afrikaans EAT onderrig in die Wes-Kaap te verbeter. Die toepaslikheid van hierdie studie is gesetel in die nasionale klem op die bevordering van meertaligheid onder die algemene pupliek en veral in die onderwys. Studente terugvoer na die praktiese onderwys dui daarop dat nie genoeg tyd aan die onderrig van Afrkaans EAT in skole bewillig word nie en dat daar ‘n groot verskeidenheid onderrigmetodes en onderrig- en leerhulpmiddels in Afrikaans EAT-klasse aangewend word. Leerders en onderwysers se vaardigheid in Afrikaans wissel ook van klas tot klas. Die navorsing is ondersteun deur ‘n teoretiese raamwerk van taalonderrig en –leer, ‘n literatuurstudie van eerste addisionele taalonderrig, nasionaal sowel as internasionaal, asook ‘n analise van Suid-Afrikaanse EAT-kurrikula. Konstruktivisme. sosio-konstruktivisme en onderwyser kennis is geïdentifiseer as die teoretiese begronding vir taalonderrig en –leer. Die literatuurstudie gee ‘n oorsig van al die belangrike en relevante EAT-metodieke. Die navorser het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat nie een enkele metode of benadering effektiewe EAT-onderrig kan verseker nie, maar dat onderwysers ‘n eklektiese benadering behoort te volg om die beste resultate te verseker. Hierdie studie het ‘n gemengde navorsingsbenadering gevolg ten einde empiriese data te genereer. Die kwantatiewe data is ingesamel by wyse van talle vraelyste wat deur Gr 4 – 6 Afrikaans EAT-onderwysers voltooi is. Semi-gestruktureerde onderhoude is met 17 Afrikaans EAT-onderwysers gevoer ten einde die kwalitatiewe data in te samel. Die data van hierdie onderhoude is gebruik as tri-angulasie om die resultate van die vraelyste te bevestig of te weerspreek. Een van die belangrikste faktore wat die onderrig en leer van Afrikaans EAT negatief beïnvloed, is baie leerders en ouers se negatiewe houding teenoor Afrikaans. Onderwysers is nie toegerus met die nodige onderrigstrategieë en –tegnieke om hierdie negatiewe houdings aan te spreek nie. Die resultate wys daarop dat baie onderwysers steeds ’n onderwyser-gerigte benadering volg wat daartoe lei dat die leerders nie genoegsame geleentheide kry om hulle kommunikatiewe vaardighede by wyse van interaksie met ander te ontwikkel nie. ‘n Ander faktor wat Afrikaans EAT-onderrig negatief beïnvloed, is die feit dat nie alle skole die voorskrifte van die verskillende taalbeleide en kurrikula implementeer soos van hulle verwag word nie. Hierdie studie het ook die gebruik van gepaste en relevante onderrig- en leerondersteuningsmateriaal in die EAT-klaskamer ondersoek. Die resultate het daarop gedui dat die meeste onderwysers nog steeds die handboek as belangrikste onderrighulpmiddel gebruik. Daar bestaan ‘n geweldige behoefte na gepaste Afrikaanse onderrig- en leermateriaal vir EAT. In die tegnologiese era waarin ons ons bevind, bestaan die verwagting dat leerders se belangstelling gestimuleer sal word deur die gebruik van tegnologiese onderrigmateriaal. Onderwysers behoort dus toegang te hê tot en ‘n wye verskeidenheid media en tegnologiese onderrigmateriaal te kan gebruik en in staat wees om dit suksesvol te integreer in hulle taalonderrig. Die bevindinge van hierdie studie het gewys dat onderwysers vasgevang is in tradisionele taalonderrigmetodes en –strategieë wat nie bydra tot die ontwikkeling van die leerders se vaardigheid in die teikentaal nie. Die verskillende soorte kennis waaroor ‘n taalonderwyser behoort te beskik is ook onder die vergrootglas geplaas. Die resultate het getoon dat die onderwysers se kennis van die kurrikulum, taalbeleid, taalonderrig en –leerteorieë en metodieke uiters beperk is. Daar is dus ‘n behoefte aan ‘n nuwe metode of benadering en daarom beveel hierdie studie aan dat onderwyseropleidingsprogramme en indiensopleidingswerkswinkels opgegradeer en aangepas word deur die Hoëronderwysinstellings en die WKOD om te verseker dat onderwysers voldoende voorberei word om gepaste metodieke en strategieë toe te pas in die implementering van die voorgeskrewe kurrikula.

<p>The main aim of this paper was to find out if and how teachers in upper secondary school use oral feedback when they correct their students' oral mistakes. I also wanted to find out which approach the teachers find most useful and if they use different approaches depending on the error made by the student.</p><p>I have found that the majority of the teachers find oral feedback as an important tool to help students achieve a higher proficiency in a second and foreign language. My results also show that feedback is most often used when the student makes errors regarding content and pronunciation. Most of my respondents are aware of the necessity of applying different feedback approaches to different errors made by the students. My investigation shows that teachers chose to give feedback on different occasions, both directly, but more commonly, indirectly, to a single student or later on to a full class. Most teachers also prefer a mix of feedback approaches depending on the specific student and situation.</p><p>My intention with this study has also been to determine what factors influence the students' uptake. My respondents have, among several factors, stressed the importance of comfortable learning situations, students' personal interest and size of group.</p>

This study investigates when and why teachers use code-switching as a method as well as teachers’ approach to the use of code-switching as a language strategy. I’ve seen that pupils in Swedish schools have a problem with oral communication and often use code-switching as a strategy. Earlier research has been done on the subject, but most has been done with observations of pupils or teachers. There is also a lack of research done in Swedish schools. It therefore felt necessary to carry out a study interviewing teachers about their approach to the strategy and how they use it. The informants of the study are five teachers who teach English in grades 4-6 in four Swedish schools. Interviews as a qualitative method were used to be able to answer the research questions. The results show that four of the informants use code-switching quite frequently. It shows five different reasons why they code-switch and that they mostly have a positive approach to the strategy, while they see the negative aspects and wish they could use the English language more in class. One of the informants has got a negative approach to the subject and only used codeswitching when necessary. The conclusion shows that all informants think that code-switching helps pupils that have a difficulty with the language of some sort. / Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka när och varför lärare använder kodväxling som metod och även lärares inställning till kodväxling som språkstrategi. Jag har sett att elever i svenska skolor har svårigheter med den muntliga kommunikationen och ofta använder kodväxling som strategi. Tidigare studier har utförts på ämnet men de flesta har varit observationer av elever och lärare. Det råder också brist på forskning utförd i Sverige. Därför kändes det nödvändigt att utföra en studie där lärare intervjuas kring deras inställning till och användande av strategin. Studien genomfördes på fem lärare som undervisar i engelska i årskurs 4–6 på fyra svenska skolor. Intervju som kvalitativ metod användes för att kunna svara på forskningsfrågorna. Resultaten visar att fyra av informanterna använder kodväxling ofta. De visar fem olika anledningar till att de kodväxlar och att de mestadels har en positiv inställning till strategin, samtidigt som de ser negativa aspekter och önskar att de använde engelskan mer i undervisningen. En informant har en negativ inställning till strategin och använder den bara när det är nödvändigt. Slutsatsen visar att alla informanter tycker att kodväxling är bra när det kommer till elever som har någon svårighet med språket.

Dans cette étude, nous analysons dans quelle mesure l’exploitation d’un chant populaire, pourrait aider les élèves francophones dans la lecture de textes en allemand. L’exercice musical peut-il contribuer à faciliter la prononciation des voyelles de la langue allemande et ainsi permettre de remédier aux nombreuses difficultés mentionnées dans la littérature et repérées en classe ? L’expérimentation décrite ici a été menée dans une classe bilingue de Strasbourg. Vingt élèves d’une même classe ont été répartis en deux groupes. Le premier groupe avait pour objectif l’apprentissage de la chanson « La Belle au Bois Dormant » tandis que le deuxième s’est focalisé sur la lecture et la compréhension du même texte, sans usage du chant. Les sujets ont été enregistrés pendant la lecture du texte en amont (test T1) et en aval (test T2) de l’expérimentation. Nous avons également examiné l’impact d’un support multimédia élaboré en 2008. Cet outil est supposé pouvoir constituer une aide à l’apprentissage de la lecture par le biais d’exercices adaptés et d’une version chantée dite « karaoké ». La spécificité des résultats des tests T1 et T2 dans chacun des groupes (éléments musicaux, accents d’intensité, premiers et seconds formants) ainsi que la comparaison de deux séquences incluant /a/ d’une part et /a:/ d’autre part, confortent les hypothèses issues de la psycholinguistique, des neurosciences, de la sociolinguistique et de la pédagogie ainsi que d’expériences antérieures : la musique a effectivement un impact sur la qualité vocalique d’une langue accentuelle comme l’allemand. / In this research, we try to analyse how a popular lullaby could be helpful for 7 years-old French pupils while reading German texts. Could musical entertainment enhance the abilities to pronounce more successfully the vowels of German and also to avoid many of current difficulties described by many authors and observed at school?The experimentation we describe here was achieved in a bilingual class in Strasbourg. Twenty learners were divided into 2 groups. The 1st group had to learn the song about the story of “The Sleeping Beauty”, whereas the other group had to understand and read the same text, but without singing it. The subjects were recorded while reading the text of the song before the experimentation (test T1) and a few days after the end of the experimentation (test T2). We also examined the role of multimedia material developed in 2008 and containing a karaoke version of the song and exercises meant to facilitate learning to read. The specificity of T1 and T2 in each group (musical features, accentuation, formant frequencies) and the comparison of two similar sequences containing /a/ on the one hand and /a:/ on the other hand, lead us to the conclusion that, as predicted from theories in psycholinguistics, neurosciences, sociolinguistics, pedagogy and previous experiences, music definitely has an effect upon the quality of vowel pronunciation of a specific stress-timed language like German (L2).

The aim of this study is to investigate what educational approaches and strategies that are used by five teachers of English as a second language (ESL) and how they differ between three different schools. This was done through reviewing literature about educational approaches and strategies in ESL and analyzing the responses from a questionnaire given to five teachers in grades seven to nine at three different schools. The results showed a wide usage of the following approaches and strategies: using computers, including drama and role-playing, watching films and TV programs in English, listening to radio, news, or songs in English, using code-switching, encouraging pupils to speak like native speakers, teaching about cultures where English is spoken, and promoting discussions and social interaction.   The results of this study showed that most of the differences exist between the individual teachers rather than between the schools, when it comes to the use of and attitudes towards these approaches and strategies. However, the two which differed the most, judging from the responses, were: using code-switching and encouraging pupils to speak like native speakers. In these two cases it was possible to see differences both between specific schools and teachers.

Esta pesquisa, por meio da análise de um livro didático de língua inglesa, propõe o diálogo entre o campo de ensino-aprendizagem de língua inglesa e a perspectiva enunciativa de linguagem de Émile Benveniste. O estudo procura comprovar a hipótese de que há livros didáticos em língua inglesa que apresentam atividades que envolvem interlocuções possíveis de serem abordadas em sala de aula por uma perspectiva enunciativa da linguagem. Com o diálogo entre os estudos linguísticos de Émile Benveniste – reflexões sobre linguagem, língua, enunciação e discurso, presentes em textos pertencentes aos Problemas de linguística geral I e Problemas de linguística geral II – e os estudos voltados à aquisição de segunda língua, tornou-se possível operar deslocamentos, que resultaram em um novo conhecimento sobre essa relação enunciação e ensino-aprendizagem de segunda língua, com a consideração dos seguintes aspectos: a) a intersubjetividade na linguagem; b) a situação de discurso e a atribuição de referência; c) a relação forma-sentido; d) os valores culturais impressos no discurso. Tais aspectos, tratados teoricamente nos dois primeiros capítulos, foram norteadores da metodologia no terceiro capítulo e da análise no quarto capítulo. Na análise, foram selecionados quatro grupos de atividades do livro didático de língua inglesa Alive! 8, obra distribuída para a rede pública de ensino por intermédio do Plano Nacional do Livro Didático no ano de 2017. Observou-se que as atividades analisadas: a) apresentam marcas de intersubjetividade, visto que o livro didático prevê que a comunicação intersubjetiva se concretize em sala de aula; b) atuam como provocadoras de referência e permitem que o locutor-aluno atribua essas referências pelo discurso; c) consideram forma e sentido como instâncias interdependentes, permitindo aos locutores-alunos que eles compreendam e reconheçam as unidades da língua inglesa em sala de aula como integradas umas às outras; d) abordam questões relacionadas a costumes e valores das duas línguas envolvidos no processo de aprendizagem da segunda língua. Todavia, foi possível verificar que algumas das atividades analisadas necessitam ter seu escopo ampliado no contexto de sala de aula de língua inglesa. Dessa forma, a pesquisa aponta, na conclusão, que o professor é o responsável por garantir que as atividades presentes no livro didático possam ser abordadas por uma perspectiva enunciativa da linguagem, trazendo contribuições ao processo de aprendizagem de inglês como segunda língua. / This research, through the analysis of an English textbook, proposes the dialogue between the field of teaching and learning of English and Émile Benveniste’s enunciative perspective of language. The study aims to prove the hypothesis that there are textbooks in English that present activities that involve possible dialogues to be addressed in the classroom through an enunciative perspective of the language. With the dialogue between Émile Benveniste's linguistic studies – reflections about language, utterance and discourse present in the texts belonging to Problems of general linguistics I and Problems of general linguistics II – and studies on second language acquisition, it became possible to operate displacements, which resulted in a new knowledge about this relation between enunciation and second language teaching and learning, considering the following aspects: a) the intersubjectivity in language; b) the situation of discourse and reference attribution; c) the form-meaning relationship; d) the cultural values printed in the discourse. These aspects were considered theoretically in the first two chapters, and they guided the methodology in the third chapter and the analysis in the fourth chapter. In the analysis, four groups of activities were selected from the English textbook Alive! 8, a book distributed to the public school system through the National Program of Textbook in 2017. It was observed that the analyzed activities: a) present marks of intersubjectivity, since the textbook predicts that intersubjective communication is materialized in the classroom; b) act as reference provocateurs and allow the student to assign these references through discourse; c) consider form and meaning as interdependent instances, allowing students to understand and recognize the units of language in the classroom as integrated to each other; d) address issues related to customs and values of the two languages involved in the process of learning the second language. However, it was possible to verify that some of the analyzed activities need to have their scope expanded in the context of English classroom. In this way, the research indicates, in the conclusion, that the teacher is responsible for ensuring that the activities in the textbook can be approached by an enunciative perspective of language, bringing contributions to the process of learning English as a second language.

L’objectif principal du présent travail de recherche est d’établir un lien entre les proverbes (refranes) du Quichotte et l’enseignement de l’espagnol comme langue étrangère (ELE). En premier lieu, afin de mieux définir l’utilisation des parémies à travers les siècles, nous observons leur origine en lien avec l’oralité et la culture écrite, liée avec la Bible. De plus, nous considérons nécessaire de définir de manière claire les termes utilisés en parémiologie, tels que la parémie, le refrán espagnol et le proverbe. Cette précision terminologique est importante dans le processus d’apprentissage d’une nouvelle langue, par exemple afin de ne pas faire de fausses associations entre la langue maternelle et la langue apprise. La définition du refrán suit une matrice de traits essentiels ou optionnels. De plus, afin d’actualiser ces notions, nous présentons l’espace qu’occupent les proverbes ou les refranes de nos jours. Face au manque d’études sur l’utilisation des proverbes au Québec, nous avons réalisé un sondage parmi les étudiants québécois de cégeps afin d’observer leur opinion et son emploi. En ce qui a lieu à la relation directe entre les proverbes et l’enseignement de l’espagnol, nous remarquons que ce type d’énoncé n’est pas introduit en profondeur dans les documents officiels, tels que le Cadre européen commun de référence (2002), le Plan curricular del Instituto Cervantes (2005) et le Espagnol, langue tierce du Ministère de l’éducation, du loisir et du sport de Québec (MELS). Cette présence peu active est soulignée par le peu d’importance qui leur est attribuée dans les manuels d’enseignement. L’inclusion de la littérature en enseignement d’ELE, comme force didactique, a été généralement peu considérée. Le corpus de notre recherche, sélectionné du roman de Don Quichotte de la Manche, nous est utile pour connaître le lien entre les refranes, la littérature et ELE, présentant les proverbes comme un type de littérature en soi, grâce à un éventail d’activités, avec l’objectif qu’elles soient reconsidérées à sa juste valeur, dès les premiers niveaux d’enseignement. Mots-clés: Enseignement de l’espagnol comme langue étrangère (ELE), Littérature, Don Quichotte, proverbes (le refrán espagnol), activités / The main purpose of the present investigation is to establish a link between proverbs of the Quixote and Spanish second language teaching. First, to define better the use of paremias through centuries, we observe its origin in relation with its oral aspects and the written culture, linked with the Bible. Moreover, we consider necessary to define clearly the different terms used in paremiology, just as paremia, the Spanish refrán and the proverb. This terminological clarification is important in the learning process of a new language, for example to help not doing false associations between maternal and learned language. The proposed definition of the refrán is based on a matrix of features essential or optional. Moreover, to actualize these notions, we present the space occupied by proverbs nowadays. Facing the lack of investigations about the use of proverbs in Quebec, we realized a survey with Quebec students from cégeps so to know their opinion and use. About the relation between proverbs and Spanish stranger language teaching, we observe that those types of sentences are not introduced deeply in official documents, like the Marco común europeo de referencia (2002), the Plan curricular del Instituto Cervantes (2005) and the Español, lengua tercera del Ministère de l’éducation, du loisir et du sport de Quebec (MELS). This presence not very active is noted by the little importance given to them in Spanish manuals. The inclusion of literature in Spanish second language teaching, as a didactic potential, has been generally little considered. The corpus of our investigation, selected from Don Quixote novel, serves us to know the link between proverbs, literature and Spanish second language teaching, presenting the proverbs as a literature genre, thanks to the range of activities, with the objective that they may be reconsidered according to their valor, since the first levels of teaching. Key Words: Spanish Second Language Teaching, Literature, the Quixote, Proverbs (the Spanish refrán), Activities / El objetivo principal de la presente investigación es establecer un vínculo entre los refranes del Quijote y la enseñanza del español como lengua extranjera (ELE). En primer lugar, para definir mejor el uso de las paremias a través de los siglos, observamos su origen en relación con la oralidad y la cultura escrita, ligada con la Biblia. Además, consideramos necesario definir de manera clara los diferentes términos usados en la paremiología, como la paremia, el refrán y el proverbio. Esta precisión terminológica es importante en el proceso de aprendizaje de una nueva lengua, por ejemplo para no hacer falsas asociaciones entre la lengua materna y la lengua aprendida. La definición del refrán propuesta sigue una matriz de rasgos esenciales u opcionales. Además, para actualizar estas nociones, presentamos el espacio que ocupan los refranes hoy en día. Ante la falta de investigaciones sobre el uso de los refranes en Quebec, hemos realizado una encuesta entre estudiantes quebequenses de cégep, para conocer su opinión y su uso. Por lo que respecta a la relación entre los refranes y la enseñanza de ELE, observamos que este tipo de enunciados no están introducidos de una manera profunda en los documentos oficiales, como el Marco común europeo de referencia (2002), el Plan curricular del Instituto Cervantes (2005) y el Español, lengua tercera del Ministère de l’éducation, du loisir et du sport de Quebec (MELS). Esta presencia poco activa es subrayada por la escasa importancia que se les atribuye en los manuales de ELE. La inclusión de la literatura en la enseñanza de ELE, como potencial didáctico, ha sido generalmente poco considerada. El corpus de nuestra investigación, seleccionado de la novela Don Quijote de la Mancha, nos sirve para conocer el vínculo entre los refranes, la literatura y ELE, presentando los refranes como un tipo de literatura en sí, gracias al abanico de actividades, con el objetivo de que sean reconsiderados de acuerdo con su valor, desde los primeros niveles de enseñanza. Palabras clave: Enseñanza del español lengua extranjera (ELE), Literatura, El Quijote, refranes, actividades

A presente pesquisa consiste em um estudo voltado para a melhoria do ensino de língua de sinais brasileira (LSB ou LIBRAS) como segunda língua para alunos ouvintes. Empregando os procedimentos da história oral, foram realizadas entrevistas com professores surdos que, uma vez coletadas, receberam dois tratamentos diferenciados: em primeiro lugar, um tratamento formal, que pudesse resultar em histórias de vida a serem lidas pelo público-alvo da pesquisa pelo seu valor intrínseco; e, em segundo lugar, um tratamento analítico, que pudesse resultar numa análise das concepções de ensino que estão por trás da prática dos professores surdos. No primeiro caso, as entrevistas passaram por um processo de tradução da LSB falada para o português escrito, bem como por uma espécie de “romanceamento" dessa tradução. No segundo caso, as entrevistas foram submetidas a uma análise que visou a identificar e discutir as implicações sociais, políticas e acadêmicas do sistema de conhecimentos, crenças e suposições que os professores surdos carregam sobre o ensino da LSB. Espera-se que, com esses dois focos diferenciados, os frutos deste trabalho possam ser aproveitados como fonte de reflexão tanto pelos profissionais surdos e ouvintes que atuam no campo de ensino da LSB como segunda língua, quanto pela sociedade em geral, que poderá encontrar aqui uma ponte de contato com a experiência de vida surda. / This research is a study focused on the improvement of the teaching of Brazilian Sign Language (LSB or LIBRAS) as a second language for hearing students. Using oral history procedures, interviews were carried out with deaf teachers that, once collected, were approached in two different ways: first, they received a formal treatment which results in life histories to be read by the target audience of this research for their intrinsic value; and, second, they received an analytic treatment which results in an analysis of the concepts of teaching that underlie the deaf teachers' actual practices. In the case of the life histories, the researcher submitted the interviews to a process of translation from spoken LSB to written portuguese, as well as to a process of “novelization" of that translation. In the case of the analysis, the researcher aimed at identifying and discussing the social, political and academic implications of the teachers’ system of beliefs, assumptions and knowledge for the teaching of LSB. It is hoped that through these two distinct focuses, the results of this study may be useful as an object of reflection for deaf and hearing professionals working in the field of teaching LSB as a second language, and also for the general public, which can find in this work a bridge to the life experiences of the deaf.

Σκοπός της διατριβής ήταν να διερευνηθεί η συγκρότηση των παραδοχών, στάσεων και πρακτικών που συνδέονται με τη διαπολιτισμική ικανότητα των εκπαιδευτών ενηλίκων στο πεδίο της διδασκαλίας της ελληνικής ως δεύτερης γλώσσας σε μετανάστες εκπαιδευόμενους. Εξετάστηκε η σχέση του βαθμού διαπολιτισμικής ικανότητας των εκπαιδευτών ενηλίκων με τις παραδοχές τους σε σχέση με την επαγγελματική τους ταυτότητα, καθώς και με βασικές αρχές της εκπαίδευσης ενηλίκων. Διερευνήθηκε, επίσης, η συνάφεια της ανάπτυξης της διαπολιτισμικής ικανότητας με επιλογές επαγγελματικής ανάπτυξης που σχετίζονται με θεωρητικές αναφορές σχετιζόμενες με το πλαίσιο της μετασχηματίζουσας μάθησης. Η έρευνα βασίστηκε σε μεθοδολογική τριγωνοποίηση, αξιοποιώντας ερωτηματολόγιο που συμπληρώθηκε από 211 εκπαιδευτές που διδάσκουν την ελληνική γλώσσα ως δεύτερη ή ξένη, παρατήρηση 20 τμημάτων διδασκαλίας, συνεντεύξεις με τους εκπαιδευτές και δείγμα εκπαιδευομένων αυτών των τμημάτων (23 και 47 συνεντεύξεις αντίστοιχα) και συμμετοχική παρατήρηση των συναντήσεων και του εξ αποστάσεως διαλόγου μιας –σε εθελοντική βάση συγκροτημένης– ομάδας 18 εκπαιδευτών. Τα δεδομένα της έρευνας αποτυπώνουν την κυριαρχία, στο μεγαλύτερο μέρος των εκπαιδευτών, μονοπολιτισμικών οπτικών ως προς το στόχο διδασκαλίας της δεύτερης γλώσσας και τη διαχείριση πολιτισμικών πλαισίων αναφοράς. Οι εκπαιδευτές αυτοί υιοθετούν εκπαιδευτικές πρακτικές μετωπικής διδασκαλίας, ενώ, παράλληλα, η διάκριση ανάμεσα σε εκπαιδευόμενους «με» και «χωρίς» κουλτούρα, οδηγεί ένα μέρος τους σε έντονα αρνητικά συναισθήματα και πρακτικές υποτίμησης ορισμένων ομάδων εκπαιδευομένων. Μειοψηφική (της τάξης του 20-25%) εμφανίζεται η ομάδα των εκπαιδευτών που είναι ανοιχτοί στη διαπραγμάτευση των παραδοχών, δημιουργώντας χώρους διαλόγου, αποστασιοποίησης από τις «ασφαλείς παραδοχές» και κριτικού στοχασμού που ενδέχεται να λειτουργήσει μετασχηματιστικά. Οι εκπαιδευτές αυτοί αντιμετωπίζουν τους εκπαιδευόμενους ως ενεργούς συνδημιουργούς γνώσης, υιοθετούν σε μεγαλύτερο βαθμό συμμετοχικές εκπαιδευτικές τεχνικές, ενώ αναζητούν και αξιοποιούν την ανατροφοδότηση από εκπαιδευόμενους και κριτικούς φίλους, σε συνδυασμό με πρακτικές ενδοσκόπησης, ως στοιχεία της επαγγελματικής τους ανάπτυξης. Από τα δεδομένα της έρευνας αναδεικνύεται, τέλος, η συμβατότητα της μεθοδολογίας ανάπτυξης της διαπολιτισμικής ικανότητας με εκείνη που οδηγεί σε μετασχηματίζουσα μάθηση, ως προς χαρακτηριστικά όπως ο βιωματικός προσανατολισμός και η εστίαση στην επεξεργασία των παραδοχών αλλά και στην ανάδυση των συναισθημάτων που τις συνοδεύουν. / The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the formation of assumptions, attitudes and practices related to intercultural competence of adult educators in the field of teaching Greek as a second language to immigrant students. The thesis examined the relationship between the degree of intercultural competence of adult educators and their assumptions in relation to their professional identity and basic principles of adult learning. It also investigated the relevance between the development of intercultural competence and professional development options related to the context of transformative learning. The research was based on a methodological triangulation, utilizing questionnaire completed by 211 educators who teach Greek as a second or foreign language, observation of 20 teaching groups, interviews with trainers and trainees sample of the above mentioned groups (23 and 47 interviews respectively) and participatory observation of the meetings and the distance conversation of a voluntary structured group formed by 18 trainers . The research data illustrate that monocultural views in relation to the target of teaching a second language, as well as management of cultural frames of reference, are common for the majority of trainers. These educators adopt frontal teaching educational practices, while at the same time the distinction between learners 'with' and 'without ' culture leads a number of trainers into intense negative emotions and practices of devaluation of certain groups of learners. The group of educators that appear open to assumptions’ negotiation seems to be a minority (approximately 20-25 %). These educators keep a distance from "consolidated assumptions" and create spaces of dialogue and critical reflection, that may have a transformational effect. They treat students as active co-creators of knowledge and adopt a greater degree of participatory training techniques, while seeking and utilizing feedback from students and “critical friends”, combined with introspection practices, as elements of their professional development. From the research data emerges, finally, the compatibility of the methodology for the development of intercultural competence and the methodology that leads to transformative learning, in terms of characteristics such as experiential orientation and focus on treatment of the assumptions and the emergence of feelings that accompany assumptions.

Η παρούσα έρευνα συνιστά μια κριτική βιβλιογραφική επισκόπηση της Διγλωσσίας και της Δίγλωσσης Εκπαίδευσης έτσι ώστε να καταφανούν μέσω μιας συστηματικής περιγραφικής αξιολόγησης οι διεπιστημονικές θεωρήσεις αυτού του ερευνητικού πεδίου. Μια μεθοδολογική ποιοτική καταγραφή εκατό αγγλικών άρθρων αποτελεί μια βάση δεδομένων η κριτική παρουσίαση και ερμηνεία της οποίας καταδεικνύει εκείνους τους κοινωνικο-πολιτισμικούς και γνωστικούς παράγοντες που αλληλεπιδρούν έτσι ώστε το δίγλωσσο υποκείμενο έρευνας, ο δίγλωσσος μαθητής, να κατασκευάσει νόημα για έναν κόσμο που ως συνεχές υπόκειται σε μια ποικιλία κοινωνικών αλλαγών. / This paper constist a multifactorial research on Bilingualism and Bilingual Education. A Critical Review of an electronical basis of data, a hundrend of English articles, demonsrate the qualitive aspects of a multicultural phenomenon which is characterized by the notion of the interdisciplinarity. The interaction between cognitive and sociocultural factors by which bilingual student try to construct meaning for a world that as a continuum subject to a variety of social changes.