O crescimento de investimentos em biotecnologia na agricultura tem sido um elemento primordial para a segurança alimentar global. Isso tem levado a uma reorganização da indústria mundial de sementes na busca por técnicas mais adequadas de cultivo, mecanização, uso de fertilizantes, defensivos agrícolas e a utilização de sementes. O Brasil por ser um dos ambientes mais sólidos nesse contexto tem contribuído com o crescimento e a diversificação da produção de sementes levando as lavouras brasileiras a atingirem um novo patamar de produtividade. Diferentes metodologias estatísticas têm sido utilizadas para analisar o comportamento da germinação de uma população de sementes. Entretanto, usar abordagens estatísticas que analisam os dados de germinação da melhor maneira possível permitirá uma maior confiabilidade dos resultados, bem como, ganho de informações pertinentes. Como em testes de germinação de sementes estuda-se o tempo até a ocorrência do evento, que envolve medidas repetidas feitas no mesmo lote e não se conhece o tempo exato da germinação da semente, propõe-se o uso de modelos de dose-resposta com censura intervalar, que permitem a interpretação biológica dos parâmetros usados para medir o processo germinativo e refletem o desenho experimental dos dados. Neste trabalho foram utilizadas duas metodologias estatísticas usuais na análise de dados de germinação de sementes e seus resultados foram comparados com os da abordagem de modelos dose-resposta com censura intervalar. Foram utilizados os modelos de dose-resposta Weibull 2 e log-logístico para explicar o processo germinativo de sementes de Brachiaria e Citrumelo Swingle respectivamente, com diferentes tempos de observação. Os experimentos foram realizados em delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado e os procedimentos dos testes de germinação de acordo com as Regras para Análise de Sementes (RAS). As conclusões obtidas a partir da análise dos dados por meio da metodologia proposta, em geral, divergiram das conclusões obtidas por abordagens tradicionais (modelos de regressão não-linear considerando a distribuição normal e índices de germinação com o uso da análise de variância) utilizadas para analisar dados de germinação. Os modelos de dose-resposta com censura intervalar apresentaram ajustes satisfatórios e sendo portanto uma análise mais adequada que as abordagens usuais. / The growth of investment in biotechnology in agriculture has been a vital element for global food security. This has led to a reorganization of the world seed industry in the seeking of the most appropriate techniques of cultivation, mechanization, use of fertilizers, pesticides and seeds. The Brazil for being one of the most solid in the world context of the seed industry has contributed to the growth and diversification of seed production, leading Brazilian crops to a new level of productivity. Different statistical methodologies have been used to analyze the germination behavior. However, using statistical approaches that analyze germination data as efficiently as possible will allow a greater reliability of the results, as well as relevant information gain. As in seed germination test studies the time until the occurrence of the event, involves repeated measurements on the same experimental unit and do not know the exact time of germination, we propose the use of dose-response models with interval censured that allow biological interpretation of parameters used to measure the germination process and reflect the experimental design of the germination data. In this work we used two methodologies of usual statistical analysis and their results were compared with those of the approach that uses the dose-response models with interval censured. We used the dose response models Weibull 2 and log-logistic to explain the process of seed germination of Brachiaria and Citrumelo Swingle with different observation times. The experiments were carried out in completely randomized design and testing procedures according to the rules for seed analysis (RAS). The conclusions obtained from the analysis of the data by the proposed methodology in general diverged from the conclusions obtained by traditional approaches (regression models nonlinear considering normal distribution and germination indices using analysis of variance) used to analyze data germination. The dose-response models with interval-censored showed satisfactory adjustments and therefore a more accurate analysis than the usual approaches.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-31T15:40:53Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-09-01T11:35:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-01T11:35:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Por alinhamento das sequências de aminoácidos da apirase de S. tuberosum e isoformas de outras espécies de plantas, alta identidade (46% a 94%) e similaridade (64% a 96%) foram identificadas entre elas, incluindo espécies diferentes de Fabaceae, e estreita relação estrutural foi encontrada entre os domínios B destas proteínas. Anticorpos policlonais anti-apirase de batata S. tuberosum inibiram 65-80% da atividade catalítica desta proteína. Soros imunes policlonais produzidos contra os peptídeos sintéticos homólogos potB1LJ, LbB1LJ e SmB1LJ ou potB2LJ, LbB2LJ e SmB2LJ, derivados de domínios B de isoformas de NTPDases, inibiram significativamente (32-44%) a atividade da apirase de batata. Estes anticorpos podem ser ferramentas moleculares auxiliares para o estudo das isoformas de apirase. A atividade apirásica de tecidos de folha (NL) ou caule (NS) normais e de galha globosa (GG) de Calliandra brevipes BENTH (Fabaceae: Mimosoidae) foi testada em meio de reação pH 7,5 e na presença de C12E9, e a hidrólise de ADP, UDP ou GDP por GG foi 1,8 a 2,4 vezes maiores que tecidos não galhados. Anticorpos policlonais anti-apirase de batata inibiram significativamente (70-90%) a hidrólise de ATP, ADP, GDP ou UDP por NS. Em GG, similarmente, a atividade ATPásica, GDPásica, ADPásica ou UDPásica foi significativamente inibida (40-66%). Para o isolamento e identificação de apirase de tecidos normais e galha globosa de Calliandra brevipes, amostra de tecido de NS ou NL não galhado, ou de GG previamente homogeneizada em Triton X-100 mais deoxicolato de sódio foi fracionada em gel não desnaturante contendo os mesmos detergentes. Usando ADP como o substrato, a atividade catalítica da enzima permitiu o aparecimento de uma única banda de precipitado de fosfato de cálcio mostrando idêntica mobilidade eletroforética nas amostras NS, NL e GG, sendo mais intensa nesta última, sugerindo que a apirase é superexpressa neste tecido. Nesta banda de maior mobilidade, distintos polipeptídeos de 52 a 75 kDa foram reconhecidos pela imunoreatividade cruzada de anticorpos anti-apirase de batata, sugerindo a existência de formas ativas da mesma proteína com diferentes cargas líquidas, possivelmente como um resultado de diferentes níveis de glicosilação. Além disso, uma banda de aproximadamente 52 kDa, de menor mobilidade e atividade, foi também identificada em todos os tecidos, possivelmente a apirase em sua forma completamente deglicosilada. Usando técnicas histoquímicas e microscopia óptica, cortes micrométricos corados por lugol ou azul de astra-safranina evidenciaram a câmara pulpal amplamente circundada por tecido nutritivo contendo amido em sua porção distal, e parênquima cortical delimitado por anéis esclerenquimáticos lignificados. Por técnicas histoquímicas, a atividade ADPásica ou ATPásica foi encontrada como um depósito eletrodenso granular de fosfato de chumbo distribuído na superfície externa, e nos tecidos nutritivos da galha globosa. Por técnicas imunohistoquímicas, usando Microscópio Confocal de Varredura a Laser e anticorpos anti-apirase de batata e anti-peptídeos sintéticos, a apirase de galha globosa foi encontrada nos mesmos sítios. Hipóteses funcionais para esta proteína estão sob investigação. Além disso, o tempo de germinação de semente de C. brevipes foi determinado, e no quinto dia após a instalação do teste, a primeira folha foi aberta, identificando tecidos de crescimento rápido apropriados para a investigação da regulação da hidrólise de ATP por apirase na proliferação celular. / By alignment of amino acid sequences of the S. tuberosum apyrase and isoforms from other plant species, high identity (46 to 94%) and similarity (64 to 96%) were identified between them, including distinct species of Fabaceae, and closer structural relationship was found between the domains B from these proteins. Polyclonal antibodies anti- S. tuberosum potato apyrase inhibited 65-80% of the catalytic activity of this protein. In addition, polyclonal immune sera produced against homologue synthetic peptides potB1LJ, LbB1LJ and SmB1LJ or potB2LJ, LbB2LJ and SmB2LJ, derivatives from B domains of NTPDases isoforms, significantly inhibited (32 to 44%) potato apyrase activity. These antibodies could be useful molecular tools for studies of the apyrase isoforms. The apyrase activity from the non-galled stem (NS), non-galled leaf (NL), or globose gall (GG) tissue from Calliandra brevipes BENTH (Fabaceae: Mimosoidae) was tested in reaction medium pH 7.4 and in the presence of C12E9, the ADP, UDP or GDP hydrolysis by GG was 1.8 to 2.4 fold higher than non-galled tissues. Polyclonal antibodies anti-potato apyrase significantly inhibited (70 to 90%) the ATP, ADP, GDP or UDP hydrolysis by NS. In GG, similarly, the ATPase, GDPase, ADPase or UDPase activity was also significantly inhibited (40-66%). For isolation and identification of apyrase from normal tissues and globose gall from the Calliandra brevipes, sample of NS, NL or GG tissue was previously homogenised in Triton X-100 plus sodium deoxycholate, and fractionated in non-denaturing gel containing the same detergents. Using ADP as the substrate, the enzyme catalytic activity gave rise to the appearance of a single calcium phosphate precipitate band displaying identical electrophoretic mobilities in NS, NL, and GG samples, being more intense in this last one suggesting that apyrase is over-expressed in this tissue. In this band of higher mobility, a number of distinct polypeptides ranging from 52 to 75 kDa were recognized by cross-immunoreactivity with polyclonal anti-potato apyrase antibodies, suggesting the existence of active forms of the same protein with different net charges, possibly as a result of distinct glycosylation levels. In addition, an immunoreactive band of approximately 52 kDa, of lower mobility and activity, was also identified in all tissues, possibly apyrase in completely deglycosylated form. By histochemical techniques and light microscopy, micrometric sections stained with lugol or Astra Blue-Saphranine evidenced the chamber pulpal widely surrounded by nutritive tissue containing starch in its distal portion, and cortical parenchime delimited by rings sclereides lignified. By histochemical techniques, the ADPase or ATPase activity was found as a granular dense lead phosphate deposit distributed at the external surface, and inside of the nutritive cells of the globose gall. By immunohistochemical techniques, using confocal laser scanning microscopy and antibodies anti-potato apyrase and anti-synthetic peptides, the gall globose apyrase was found at same sites. In addition, the time of laboratory germination of C. brevipes seed was determined, and on the fifth day after test installation, the first leaf opened, identifying rapid growing tissues suitable for further investigations on the participation of both apyrase and regulation of ATP hydrolysis in cell proliferation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Tropical forests play vital role in maintaining the stability and quality of the environment, protecting the soil and water resources, conserving the biodiversity, protecting cultural and recreational values, which contribute to improving the quality of life of the population. Being the germplasm of forest species a wealth to be used and preserved. Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) has medicinal, alimentary and ecological properties, besides being destined for the recomposition of degraded areas of permanent preservation. However, there are few studies on the cytogenetics characterization and promotion growth of this species. Thus, aiming for conservation and sustainable use, the objective is to characterize cytogenetically this species, assess the quality of the seeds S. terebinthifolius from individuals of different accessions of populations of Rio Grande do Sul, as well as, to evaluate the effect of the interaction of Trichoderma spp. on the contamination and in vitro germination and ex vitro vegetative growth of S. terebinthifolius. For the determination of chromosome number were used tissues of root tips. In the germination study, the parcels with seeds were kept in a climatic chamber with a photoperiod of 16 hours at the temperature of 20°C (+/- 2°C). To the study the interaction between S. terebinthifolius and Trichoderma spp. were evaluated the isolates TSM1 and TSM2 of Trichoderma viride, 2B2 and 2B22 of Trichoderma harzianum for the in vitro experiment, through the cellophane technique and the ex vitro experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, where were evaluated the effects of the isolates 2B2 and 2B22 and the commercial product Trichodermil®, all in the presence and absence of growth regulator Stimulate®. It is concluded that the chromosome number of the species S. terebinthifolius determined for 22 accessions collected in Rio Grande do Sul is 2n = 28, indicating that there isn't intraspecific variability. The quality of the seeds of S. terebinthifolius shows great heterogeneity among the different accessions collection. With the technique of in vitro cellophane, all four isolates of Trichoderma spp. tested are efficient in controlling fungal contamination of seeds. In ex vitro cultivation, the difference was significant growth in leaf area index for strain 2B2 / As florestas tropicais desempenham função vital na manutenção da estabilidade e qualidade do meio ambiente, protegem o solo e os recursos hídricos, conservam a diversidade biológica, protegem os valores culturais e recreativos, que contribuem com a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população. Sendo o germoplasma de espécies florestais uma riqueza a ser utilizada e preservada. Schinus terebinthifolius (Anacardiaceae) possui propriedades medicinais, alimentícias e ecológicas, além de serem destinados à recomposição de áreas degradadas de preservação permanente. No entanto, ainda são poucos os estudos sobre a caracterização citogenética e promoção de crescimento dessa espécie. Assim, visando à conservação e a utilização sustentável, objetiva-se caracterizar citogeneticamente esta espécie, avaliar a qualidade das sementes de S. terebinthifolius provenientes de indivíduos de diferentes acessos do Rio Grande do Sul, bem como, avaliar o efeito da interação de Trichoderma spp. na contaminação e germinação in vitro e no crescimento vegetativo ex vitro de S. terebinthifolius. Para a determinação do número de cromossomos, foram utilizados tecidos de pontas de raízes. No estudo de germinação, as parcelas com as sementes foram mantidas em câmara climática com fotoperíodo de 16 horas à temperatura de 20°C (+/- 2°C). Para o estudo da interação entre S. terebinthifolius e Trichoderma spp. foram avaliados os isolados TSM1 e TSM2 de Trichoderma viride, 2B2 e 2B22 de Trichoderma harzianum para o experimento in vitro, através da técnica do papel celofane e o experimento ex vitro foi realizado em casa de vegetação, onde se avaliou os efeitos dos isolados 2B2 e 2B22, e o produto comercial Trichodermil®, todos na presença e ausência do regulador de crescimento Stimulate®. Conclui-se que o número de cromossomos da espécie S. terebinthifolius determinado para 22 acessos coletados no Rio Grande do Sul é de 2n = 28, indicando que não ocorre variabilidade intraespecífica. A qualidade das sementes de S. terebinthifolius apresenta grande heterogeneidade entre os diferentes acessos de coleta. Com a técnica in vitro do papel celofane, os quatro isolados de Trichoderma spp. testados são eficientes no controle da contaminação fúngica das sementes. No cultivo ex vitro, observou-se diferença significativa de crescimento no índice de área foliar para o isolado 2B2;

Resumo: Devido à escassez de informações relacionadas ao efeito da adubação na produção e qualidade de sementes de hortaliças, principalmente nas espécies que possuem aumento no ciclo com o estádio reprodutivo, nota-se a necessidade de determinar a demanda nutricional e a dose dos nutrientes para auxiliar na recomendação de adubação que proporcione a melhor produtividade de sementes de boa qualidade. Este trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental São Manuel - UNESP/FCA, São Manuel/SP, localizada à latitude sul de 22o 46’, longitude oeste de 48º 34’ e altitude de 740 m, no período de 25/09/03 a 19/02/04, com o objetivo de determinar as curvas de acúmulo de nutrientes e avaliar a resposta de doses de fósforo adicionados ao solo na produção e qualidade de sementes de alface cultivar Verônica. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi blocos casualizados, com cinco tratamentos (0; 200; 400; 600 e 800 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e cinco repetições. Foram avaliadas características vegetativas das plantas, acúmulo e teor dos nutrientes no caule + folhas + hastes florais e nas sementes, a produção de sementes (massa e número) por planta e a sua qualidade (germinação e vigor). Os dados foram submetidos às análises de variância e de regressão. Observaram-se aumento linear na massa verde e massa seca das plantas no final do ciclo, com o aumento das doses de P2O5. A ordem decrescente dos nutrientes acumulados pela parte aérea total das plantas de alface para a produção de sementes foi: potássio > nitrogênio > cálcio > magnésio > fósforo > enxofre > ferro > manganês > zinco > boro > cobre e nas sementes essa ordem foi: nitrogênio > fósforo > potássio > magnésio > cálcio > enxofre > ferro > zinco > 2 manganês > cobre > boro. O período de maior demanda da maioria dos macronutrientes foi entre o início do pendoamento e o início do florescimento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Due to the lack of information about the fertilization effect in vegetable seed production and quality, mainly in the species that have an increase cycle in the reproductive stage, a need has been identified to evaluate the nutritional demand and nutrient level to aid in recommending fertilization that provides best productivity from high quality seeds. This study was carried out from September/2003 to February/2004 at São Manuel Experimental Farm UNESP/FCA, in São Manuel, São Paulo State, Brazil, at 22o 46’ south latitude, 48º 34’ west longitude and at an altitude of 740 m, with the objective to evaluate the nutrients accumulation curves and response of phosphorus added to the soil on the seed production and seed quality of lettuce cultivar Verônica. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete blocks, with five treatments (0; 200; 400; 600; 800 kg ha-1 of P2O5) and five replications. Plant vegetative characteristics, nutrients (accumulation and content) in stem + leaves + flower stalks and seeds, seed yield (mass and number per plant) and seed quality (germination and vigor) were evaluated. The data were submitted to variance and regression analysis. A linear increase in plant fresh mass and plant dry mass was verified at the end of the cycle along with increased P2O5 rates. Nutrients accumulated in the total aerial part of the lettuce plant for seed production were, in descending order: potassium > nitrogen > calcium > magnesium > phosphorus > sulphur > iron > manganese > zinc > boron > copper, while in the seeds the order was: nitrogen > phosphorus > potassium > magnesium > calcium > sulphur > 4 iron > zinc > manganese > copper > boron. The period with the biggest demand for majority of the macronutrients was from the beginning of the stem elongation stage to the beginning of the flowering stage and for the majority of micronutrients, after the beginning of the flowering stage... (Complete abstract, click electroni address below) / Orientador: Antonio Ismael Inácio Cardoso / Coorientador: Roberto Lyra Villas Bôas / Banca: Antonio Celso Wagner Zanin / Banca: Dirceu Maximino Fernandes / Banca: Arthur Bernardes Cecilio Filho / Banca: Simone da Costa Mello / Doutor

Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) / Wheat is a key global commodity in terms of acreage and tradeable value and as a staple in household diets. Many factors including biotic stress conditions have detrimental effects on global wheat production and yield. The increasing prevalence of biotic stress inflicted by fungal species such as Fusarium has significantly reduced yield and quality of cereal crops thus, threatening sustainable agriculture and food security. Interactions between wheat and Fusarium spp. such as Fusarium proliferatum triggers the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to levels toxic to the plant thus leading to oxidative damage and ultimate cellular death. In order to maintain redox homeostasis, plants rely on ROS-scavenging antioxidants (enzymatic and non-enzymatic) to control ROS molecules to levels less toxic to plants. This study investigated the impact of F. proliferatum on the physio-biochemical responses of two wheat cultivars (SST 015 and SST 088). Changes in seed germination, growth, biomass, chlorophyll and mineral contents were monitored. Furthermore, changes in ROS accumulation and antioxidant enzyme activity was measured in the shoots of both wheat cultivars.

Early planting is one technique to avoid or reduce heat and drought problems that negatively affecting grain crop production. If producers adopt early planting, cold temperatures may negatively affect corn yield. It is important to select hybrids that are suited for planting earlier in the southern United States. Experiments were conducted by imposing low temperatures during seed germination. Twenty commercially available corn hybrids were evaluated for seed germination and root elongation. The first objective was: 1) To determine if some hybrids germinate better at cooler temperatures than others; and 2) Determine variation in root elongation at cold temperatures among commercially available hybrids. Corn hybrids varied significantly for seed germination and root traits under cold temperatures. Some hybrids have significantly surpassed others in seed germination traits, and they germinated earlier as well having longer radicle length. Also, there were significant differences across temperatures for all traits measured. A second objective was: 1) To quantify the effects of cold temperature on seed germination rate; 2) To evaluate the effects of different cold temperatures on seed germination behavior of corn hybrids under laboratory conditions to determine how fast they germinated; and 3) To classify hybrids for response to cold temperature using cumulative seed germination. The results showed that standard germination performance occurred at 10ºC for all hybrids, but these hybrids performed well under other cold treatments (7.2°C and 8.6° C). There were no big differences between early hybrids 93 to 105 RM (Relative Maturity) and full season 115 to 120 RM in germination % and rate in both experiments, so that means that it pretty much depends on the hybrid. Therefore, the temperature had a major influence on seed germination parameters. These findings are useful for hybrid selection with respect to cool soil temperature conditions during early planting.

This thesis explores the seed germination of seven wildflowers native to sub-alpine ecosystems. Wildflowers are an essential functional group in native plant ecosystems. Also known as forbs, these plants offer a myriad of benefits in addition to being aesthetically pleasing. They provide habitats for anthropods and small mammals, support native pollinator populations, and grow well with other plant functional groups (especially perennial grasses and shrubs). Healthy plant communities make use of the limited resources in our native ecosystems, competing with invasive species that can otherwise dominate the landscape. Germination involves the transition from seed to an actively growing plant. Following germination, the seedling relies on stored energy reserves until it becomes as an autotrophic organism. Because germination is irreversible, it is the most vulnerable period of the plant lifecycle. Seeds of sub-alpine plants typically have complex dormancy-breaking requirements before growth begins. Therefore, understanding factors that influence the germination is essential to understanding propagation for horticultural use as well as timing of seedings for ecological restoration. The first chapter investigates the germination behavior of two co-occurring Asteraceae species across an elevation gradient. Mules ear (Wyethia amplexicaulis) and arrowleaf balsamroot (Balsamorhiza sagittata) seeds were collected at low, mid, and high elevation locations then subjected to a number of cold stratification treatment lengths (4-20 weeks) Both showed variance in germination behavior between elevation collection locations, with higher locations exhibiting a longer stratification requirement. The second study was developed to determine methods for breaking dormancy in five wildflower species for which existing literature is nonexistent or lacking. Delphinium nuttalianum (low larkspur), Delphinium exaltatum (tall larkspur), Frasera speciosa (green gentian), Polemonium foliosissimum var. alpinum (Jacob's ladder), and Mimulus grandifloras (monkey flower) were selected for this study because they all have the potential for use in horticulture and restoration ecology applications. Three species (low larkspur, tall larkspur, and green gentian) required long-term cold stratification to break dormancy. Jacob's ladder required physical scarification to break dormancy, and monkey flower required the combination of constant temperature with light exposure to germinate. These findings indicate that 1) six of seven species should be autumn-planted, and that propagation for horticulture use for five of the species is a lengthy process involving several months; 2) propagation of monkey flower seeds include strict temperature and light requirements; and 3) while seeds collected from different locations have the same type of dormancy-breaking requirements, variation in the degree of seed dormancy has ecological relevance.

Orientador: Marco Eustaquio de Sá / Banca: Orivaldo Arf / Banca: Salatiér Buzetti / Banca: Rogério Peres Soratto / Banca: Charline Zaratin Alves / Resumo: A maioria dos trabalhos com diferentes sistemas de manejo do solo e com uso de regulador vegetal (citocinina, giberelina e auxina) busca obter resultados quanto a aumentos na produtividade. Já, quanto ao seu efeito nos teores de nutrientes nas folhas e sementes e na qualidade fisiológica das sementes produzidas nessas condições há carência de informações. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento, produtividade, nutrientes nas folhas e sementes e qualidade fisiológica das sementes de feijão, cultivares Carioca Precoce, IAC Apuã e IAC Alvorada, em função do uso de regulador vegetal, via foliar, em sistema convencional e plantio direto em implantação, no inverno com uso de irrigação. A pesquisa foi conduzida em 2009 e 2010, no Município de Selvíria/MS. Realizaram-se três experimentos com os cultivares Carioca Precoce, IAC Apuã e IAC Alvorada, em blocos casualizados, em faixas, com quatro repetições. Os fatores foram: sistemas de semeadura convencional com incorporação da palhada do milheto ao solo e direta sobre a palhada do milheto e cinco doses do regulador vegetal (0; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0 e 4,0 L p.c ha-1) composto por três hormônios vegetais: cinetina, ácido giberélico e ácido indolbutírico, aplicadas em R5. Avaliou-se: clorofila e nutrientes foliares, características agronômicas e produtivas, teor de proteína e nutrientes nas sementes e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes através dos testes de: germinação, primeira contagem, emergência de plântulas em campo, índice de velocidade de emergência, altura de plântula, massa da matéria seca de plântula, envelhecimento acelerado, teste de frio sem solo e condutividade elétrica. O plantio direto mesmo em fase de implantação propiciou: aumento na clorofila e nos teores foliar de N, P e Mg variando em função do cultivar e do ano; e de maneira geral, considerando os três cultivares... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The most studies with different systems of soil management and use of plant growth regulator (cytokinin, auxin and gibberellin) search results as increases in productivity. Already, in its effect on nutrient concentrations in leaves and seeds and physiological quality of seed produced under these conditions there is a lack of information. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the development, productivity, nutrients in the leaf and seeds and physiological seed quality of common bean cultivars, Carioca Precoce, IAC Apuã and IAC Alvorada, depending on the use of growth regulators on leaf, in the conventional or no-tillage system in the implantation, in the winter with irrigation use. The research was conducted in 2009 and 2010, in Selvíria - MS State. They were conducted three experiments with varieties Carioca Precoce, IAC Apuã and IAC Alvorada, in a randomized blocks design in strips with four replicates. The treatments were: conventional tillage system with millet straw incorporation to the soil or directly over the millet straw, and five doses of the plant growth regulators (0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 L cp ha -1) which consists of three plant hormones, kinetin, gibberellic acid and IBA, applied at R5. It was evaluated: chlorophyll and foliar nutrients, agronomic and productive characteristics, protein and nutrients in the seeds and physiological quality of seeds through the tests of germination, first count, seedling emergence in the field, speed of emergence index, seedling height, mass of dry matter of seedlings, accelerated aging, cold test without soil and electric conductivity. The no-tillage even in implantation phase resulted in: increased leaf chlorophyll and on N, P and Mg, depending on the cultivar and year, and in general, considering the three cultivars used, it was the better development of plants and seed yield. The growth regulator did not affect the levels... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

No description available.

Initially mycoheterotrophic plants have recently been declining in the wild, even without apparent causes. They are affected by a number of biotic and abiotic factors. The aim of this work is to investigate how selected factors, such as nitrate or symbiotic fungi, may influence their distribution in nature. In particular, the work applies in vitro experiments, molecular determination of fungal symbionts and stable isotope analyses. It describes both the effects of abiotic factor, specifically nitrate, and biotic interactions of initially mycoheterotrophic plants with fungal symbionts. The inhibition of germination by extremely low concentrations of nitrate in asymbiotic in vitro cultures was observed in several orchid species. The degree of sensitivity of each species to nitrate corresponds with the nitrate content of the soil and the nutrient availability requirements of the species according to Ellenberg indicator values. The inhibitory effect of nitrate on orchid germination was also observed in symbiotic in vitro cultures. Out of five tested fungal strains, only one Ceratobasidium was capable of eliminating the inhibitory effect of nitrate. Furthermore, the work reveals that green mixotrophic orchids use photosynthates to nourish the aboveground parts, whereas the belowground parts are...