In the 21st century drug and alcohol abuse presents one of the most serious problems worldwide. Of particular concern is the strong relationship between drug use and crime. While law enforcement strategies, including incarceration, have been revealed to contribute little to break the vicious cycle of drug use and crime, substance abuse treatment has been shown to represent an effective form of intervention. Substantial research on the effectiveness of drug treatment has demonstrated the importance of motivation in predicting treatment retention and success. However, substance users are frequently coerced into therapy by external sources, including the criminal justice system, therefore, typically exhibiting little motivation to enter and remain in treatment long enough to overcome their substance addiction. Although past research investigating the effects of treatment-entry coercion indicates positive treatment results, the vast majority of these studies are seriously impeded by extensive conceptual and methodological problems, questioning the postulated value of coercion in substance abuse treatment. Following the call for a shift in the methodological focus of future studies made by some researchers, the author of the present study tested three models that were based on well-established theories. The first model was based on Self Determination Theory (SDT), a motivational theory, while the second model was based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), an expectancy-value theory. The third model consisted of a combination of the two theories, which was argued to provide a more complete and comprehensive model than each theory on its own. The testing of the models allowed the exploration of the dynamic interplay and relationships between a number of variables including perceptions of coercion, motivation, perceived autonomy support, and behavioural intentions in an effort to explain and predict retention and treatment outcomes amongst drug and alcohol abusers. The study was conducted in two phases. Phase 1 involved the development of a 29-item instrument called the Perceived Coercion Questionnaire, which was designed to assess participants' perceptions of coercion to enter drug and alcohol treatment originating from six different sources. The scale was shown to be a valid and reliable measure of the coercion construct. Phase 2 involved the testing of the three models longitudinally by using a sample of 350 substance abusers from six therapeutic communities across Australia. Participants were asked to complete a battery of standardised measures within the first two weeks of treatment admission (Time 1), two months into treatment (Time 2), and at completion of the treatment program (Time 3). The models were tested cross-sectionally and longitudinally employing hierarchical multiple regression analysis. In addition, change scores were calculated to test whether changes in predictor variables would predict outcomes and changes in outcomes cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Analyses of Time 1 and Time 2 cross-sectional data revealed that the SDT model, compared to the TPB and the combined model, provided a better and more parsimonious account of the factors that influence outcomes in therapeutic community treatment. Given the complexity of the study, it was decided to resume the analysis by focusing on the investigation of the SDT model alone. To highlight some of the most important findings, results demonstrated that motivation was a key factor in the treatment and rehabilitation of substance users. As anticipated, intrinsic motivation was consistently predictive of retention and more positive treatment outcomes, while external motivation and amotivation were associated with more negative outcomes. Results also revealed that clients who entered treatment as the result of a legal mandate experienced substantially higher levels of legal coercion compared to clients who entered treatment voluntarily. Legal coercion, in turn, was found to exert a negative impact on substance users' motivation for treatment, thereby indirectly resulting in more negative treatment outcomes. In contrast, self coercion (i.e., feelings of pain and suffering) and health-related pressures seemed to facilitate the development of a more intrinsic motivational attitude towards treatment. Besides, perceptions of competence and control in relation to the therapeutic regime emerged as consistent and important predictors of motivation and treatment outcomes. Finally, findings suggested that treatment staff who employed more autonomous and non-coercive strategies that guided substance users through the change process directly influenced individuals' treatment motivation and thereby facilitated more positive treatment outcomes. In sum, findings provided support for the usefulness of the SDT model in predicting dropout as well as processes and outcomes in therapeutic community drug and alcohol treatment. Implications for residential substance abuse treatment were discussed, as well as the strengths and limitations of the study. The discussion concludes with implications for practice and suggestions for future research.

Self-regulated learning theory explains how it is not only the amount of time musicians spend practising that affects achievement, but also the nature of the strategies employed. Because practice is self-directed, motivational effects on its efficiency are especially salient. One construct that has received little attention in relation to practising is self-determination theory, which interprets motivation as lying along a continuum of perceived autonomy. This mixed-methods study investigated links between motivational beliefs and self-regulated practising behaviour through a two-phase design. In Phase One, 677 music examination candidates aged 8-19 completed a questionnaire consisting of items addressing practising behaviour and perceived musical competence; in addition, the Self-Regulation Questionnaire (SRQ; Ryan & Connell, 1989) was adapted to explore intrinsic-extrinsic motives for learning an instrument. Factor analysis of the SRQ revealed five dimensions with partial correspondence to earlier research: internal, external, social, shame-related, and exam-related motives. Three practice behaviour factors consistent with self-regulated learning theory emerged: effort management, monitoring, and strategy use. Results of structural equation modelling showed that internal motivation accounted best for variance in these three types of practising behaviour, with a small added effect from competence beliefs and exam-related motivation. Phase Two consisted of observational case studies of four of the questionnaire participants preparing for their subsequent annual examination. Adolescent, intermediate-level musicians were recorded while practising at home; immediately afterwards, they watched the videotape and verbalised any recollected thoughts. The procedure concluded with a semi-structured interview and debriefing. The videotapes were analysed with The Observer Video-Pro and combined with verbal data; emerging themes were then compared with issues arising from the interviews. The observational aspect of the case studies largely confirmed the importance of three cyclical self-regulatory processes emerging from Phase One: (a) effort management and motivational self-regulation, (b) the role of self-monitoring of accuracy, and (c) the use of corrective strategies, such as structured repetition, task simplification, and vocalisation. The mixture of quantitative and qualitative methods used in the study has uncovered a rich body of information that begins to clarify the complex motivational and behavioural nature of young people practising a musical instrument.

This thesis provides a Marxist analysis of the political economy of contemporary Maori protest politics in the years from 1968 to 1995. It is argued that Maori protest politics embraces a range of competing political ideologies, which are informed by different assumptions about the causes of Maori inequality in wider society, and in turn, different sets of strategies for ameliorating and transcending that inequality. Overall, the thesis has two central concerns: firstly, it identifies the critical economic, political and ideological conditions and context that have allowed particular competing political ideologies and strategies to dominate contemporary Maori protest politics. This involves a particular focus on understanding and explaining the rise of identity politics and cultural nationalism as the dominant political strategy within Maori protest politics. This involves a particular focus on understanding and explaining the rise of identity politics and cultural nationalism as the dominant political strategy within Maori protest politics. Secondly, the thesis critically assesses the effectiveness of contemporary Maori struggles against racism and oppression on the basis of whether they involve, or are likely to contribute towards, the transformation of the generative structures that give rise to manifest inequalities between Maori and non-Maori. It is argued that the systematic alienation of land and the inequality that exists between Maori and non-Maori are not simply the result of the underlying cultural values of individual non-Maori but are rather the result of the historical process of capitalist development in Aotearoa and the economic, political and ideological requirements necessary for the generalised commodification of indigenous labour-power. The thesis explores how the politics and practice of Maori protest has been shaped and influenced to a large extent by the underlying social, economic, political and ideological forces of global capitalism. It is argued that the international collapse of the long boom, the global upturn in class struggle and the emergence of the New Left internationally from the late 1960s had an enormous influence on the political direction of Maori protest in the New Zealand context. The success of the working class offensive and the growing political influence of rank and file Maori workers ensured that Maori protest groups formed part of the progressive social movements of the time. Indeed, although some were explicitly nationalist in their orientation, these movements were consciously part of the Left. The balance of political forces within the Maori protest movement changed considerably during the late 1970s and early 1980s with the rise of the New Right as a political force internationally together with the rise of employer militancy, the defeat and demoralization of the working class movement internationally, the decline of the social movements and the absence of mass struggle. This had important implications for the influence of the various ideological factions that co-existed uneasily in the Maori political milieu from the early 1970s onwards. The downturn in militant mass struggle saw the rise in the influence of identity politics as cultural nationalist strategies came to dominate Maori protest politics, representing a fundamental retreat from Left-wing ideas. In practice this entailed a rejection of the class politics and mass struggle that had informed the politics and strategies of Maori protest groups from the late 1960s, and its replacement with a politics of cross-class alliances and a personal rejection of �Pakeha society�. In practice this was a recipe for passivity and divisiveness within the Maori protest movement itself. The politics of cultural nationalism left Maori ill-equipped to resist the ruling class counter-offensive and the anti-working class policies that successive governments introduced to restore the conditions for profitable capital accumulation. In particular, the rejection of a class analysis of Maori inequality in capitalist society has undermined the capacity of working class Maori to resist the neo-liberal agenda and a Treaty of Waitangi settlement process that has resulted in a substantial shift in resources to those sections of Maori society already wealthy and powerful. Although the settlement process represented an important concession by the state, it has never compensated for the anti-working class policies of governments since 1984, which have widened the social and economic inequalities in New Zealand society. In this way, the emphasis on cultural identity alone as the determining factor in Maori oppression has been counter-productive for working class Maori as successive governments shifted the costs of the economic crisis on to the weakest sections of the community. As New Zealand entered a new period of economic and social crisis in the 1990s, the commercial interests of Maori tribal executives, Maori corporate enterprises, and the Maori bureaucracy were clearly at odds with the material interests of the vast majority of working class Maori families. This fundamental conflict in class interests was to set the scene for a revival of militancy on scale not seen since the 1970s.

<p>Det skrivs mycket i media om den nya generationen 80-talisterna som är på väg in på arbetsmarknaden. De skiljer sig från tidigare generationer genom att vilja självförverkliga sig själva samtidigt som de vill ha en hög lön och ett trivsamt arbete. Utifrån Self-Determination teorin som bygger på de tre psykologiska behoven autonomi, kompetens och relaterande är syftet med denna studie att undersöka om det som skrivs i media stämmer med vad som faktiskt motiverar 80-talister till arbete. En enkät genomfördes med 72 undersökningsdeltagare. Resultatet visade på ett signifikant samband mellan yttre motivation och arbetsmotivation. Resultatet motsäger den populistiska litteraturen och även Self-Determination teorin till viss del. Samtidigt visar tidigare forskning på att pengar anses vara en bra motivator för dem som behöver eller värderar det tillräckligt högt, vilket skulle kunna gälla gruppen 80-talister.</p>

<p>Ohälsan ökar i västvärlden som en följd av bland annat försämrade kostvanor och alltför lite fysisk aktivitet. För att öka aktivitetsgraden hos den vuxna befolkningen i Sverige erbjuds många via arbets¬givaren möjlighet till friskvård på betald arbetstid. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka olika aspekter av motivation och inställ¬ning till motion hos individer som nyttjar respektive inte utnyttjar friskvårdsförmånen. Data samlades in genom semistruktu¬rerade intervjuer med tio personer vilka sedan analyserades enligt teoristyrd tematisk analys. Deltagarna besvarade även ett standardiserat mät¬instrument (Sport Motivation Scale). Undersökningen utgick från Self-Determination Theory som bygger på tanken att beteenden som styrs av inre motivation har större chans att upprätthållas än de som styrs av yttre motivation. Resultatet visade att de som nyttjar frisk¬vårdstimmen i större utsträckning drivs av inre motivation än de som inte nyttjar denna. För att fler anställda skall utnyttja frisk¬vårdsförmånen bör arbetsgivaren satsa på personlig rådgivning samt skapa en organisa¬tions¬kultur där motion är ett naturligt inslag och där den inre motiva¬tionen uppmuntras.</p>

<p>Att sluta eller inte sluta? En litteraturstudie om tobaksavvänjningsmetoder Bjellman, K. Tobaksbruket har en lång historia, och de tobaksrelaterade sjukdomarna kostar samhället miljarder i sjukvårdskostnader och produktionsbortfall varje år. Andelen rökare minskar stadigt i Sverige, idag röker ca 15 procent av befolkningen. Resultaten från olika metoder för tobaksavvänjning är tämligen blygsamma, och ugefär nittio procent av de som slutar röka gör det på egen hand. Syftet med denna studie var att beskriva och analysera metoder för tobaksavvänjning. Detta gjordes utifrån följande frågeställningar: Hur tar metoderna hänsyn till människors behov av att uppleva självbestämmande, kompetens och tillhörighet? Hur arbetar metoderna med att stärka människors inre motivation? Hur tar metoderna hänsyn till människors hela livssituation? Metoden var en litteraturstudie av vetenskapliga artiklar om olika metoder för tobaksavvänjning, samt olika typer av handlednings- och självhjälpsmaterial för tobaksavvänjare och tobaksanvändare. Slutsatsen är att få metoder tar hänsyn både till människors behov av att uppleva självbestämmande, kompetens och tillhörighet, arbetar för att stärka den inre motivation att sluta röka, samt beaktar hela klientens livssituation. Även de metoder som uppfyller detta ganska väl har problem med många återfall den första tiden efter rökstoppet. Andelen långvarigt rökfria tycks vara ungefär densamma, oavsett vilken metod man använder och hur väl den uppfyller ovanstående. Nyckelord Tobaksavvänjning, Rökavvänjning, Tobacco cessation, Självbestämmandeteorin, Self-determination Theory, Litteraturstudie</p><p>To quit or not to quit? A literature study of tobacco cessation methods Bjellman, K. The tobacco custom has a long history, and the tobacco related diseases cost the society billions in healthcare costs and production losses. The results from different methods for tobacco cessation are rather modest. The aim with this study was to describe and analyze methods for tobacco cessation. This was done on the basis of the following issues: How takes the methods considerations to people's needs of experiencing self determination, competence and property? How works the methods with starching people's internal motivation? How takes the methods considerations to the people's living environment? The method was a literature study off scientific articles about different methods for tobacco cessation, and different types of guidance's - and self-help materials for tobacco workers and tobacco users. The conclusion is that few methods take considerations both to people's needs of experiencing self determination, competence and property, works in order to starch the internal motivation to stop to smoke, and takes into consideration the client's living environment. Also those methods that meet this quite well have problems with many relapses. The proportion prolonged smoke free clients seems to last approximately the same, irrespective of which method one uses and how well it meets the factors above. Key Words Tobacco cessation, Smoking Cessation, Self-determination Theory, Literature study</p>

<p>Syftet med studien var att undersöka vad som motiverar arbetslösa deltagare i AMA Arbetsmarknads verksamhet Jobbcentrum att söka ett arbete. Ett annat syfte var också att undersöka om AMA hjälper dessa deltagare<em> </em>att<em> </em>motiveras och kunna återvända till den ordinarie arbetsmarknaden. Tidigare forskning inom området har ofta fokuserat på samband mellan arbetssökarbeteende och de arbetslösas förväntningar på och värderingar av arbete. Motivation sägs vara påverkad utifrån såväl inre som yttre faktorer. Våra teoretiska utgångspunkter har varit Becks teori om risksamhället samt två motivationsteorier, dels en teori om förväntningar och dels en teori om självbestämmande. Studien är kvalitativ och den metodologiska ansats som använts är hermeneutik. Intervjuer genomfördes med 10 deltagare från Jobbcentrum som valdes ut genom ett ändamålsenligt urval. Resultatet visar att vad som värderas med ett arbete i första hand är den trygghet det ger, inte enbart pga. lönen utan även pga de sociala kontakterna och rutinerna. Att ha en meningsfull sysselsättning var motiverande för att söka arbete. Att vara aktiverad – både fysiskt och psykiskt – visades i studien vara viktigt för motivationen. Deltagarnas förväntningar på vad Jobbcentrum kunde göra för dem var låga, istället betonades det personliga ansvaret för att få ett arbete.</p>

<p><strong><p>Sammanfattning</p></strong></p><p>I samband med dagens socialisationsförändringar har lärares motivationsarbete med elever fått en allt mer betydande</p><p>roll. Begreppet motivation är centralt i läroplanerna samt omfattar majoriteten av alla skolor runt om i världen.</p><p>Lärares uppgifter innefattar inte enbart ett stärkande av elevers motivation för skolarbetet, utan en minst lika viktig</p><p>uppgift är att etablera goda relationer till sina elever samt elever emellan.</p><p>Vår studie inriktar sig på att utröna var elevers primära motivation ligger och hur lärare kan arbeta för att stärka den.</p><p>Studien utgår från <em>Self - Determination Theory </em>som innebär att människans valfrihet är central för lärandet. För att ta</p><p>reda på hur denna teori förhåller sig i praktiken samt för att undersöka om elever påverkas i störst grad av inre eller</p><p>yttre faktorer, har vi undersökt elevers beteende i klassrumssituationer samt deras egna reflektioner kring skolan. Vi</p><p>har även utfört enkäter och observationer samt intervjuer med tre olika klassföreståndare. En viktig aspekt i vår</p><p>studie var jämförelsen mellan olika åldersgrupper samt skillnader och likheter mellan pojkar och flickor.</p><p>Resultatet av vår studie visar att motivation är grundläggande för elevers intresse för skolarbetet och att de styrs av</p><p>både inre och yttre faktorer. De sociala relationerna till kamrater och klasslärare är av största vikt för stärkandet av</p><p>elevers drivkraft samt ökar intresset för arbetet. Eftersom elevers motivation är central för lärandet är det viktigt att</p><p>som lärare arbeta förebyggande för att skapa ett positivt och tryggt klassrumsklimat. Elevers bekräftelsebehov har</p><p>tydligt framkommit av våra observationer och beröm från läraren är en av de viktigaste faktorerna för motivationen.</p>

<p>I vårt examensarbete undersöker vi olika typer av motivation. Vårt syfte med arbetet var att <em>undersöka lärares syn motivation samt elevers egen motivation i skolan. </em>De frågeställningar vi utgick från var: <em>1</em>. <em>Vilken typ av motivation har elever i år 4 och år 5?</em> <em>2. </em><em>Finns det någon skillnad mellan pojkars och flickors motivation? 3.</em> <em>Vilken typ av motivation strävar lärare efter att elever ska erhålla och använda sig av?</em> <em>4</em>. <em>Hur ser lärare på intrinsic (inre) motivation, extrinsic (yttre) motivation samt amotivation?</em> Vi börjar med att redogöra för begreppet motivation och sedan hur läroplanen ser på motivation. Vi lyfter sex olika huvudteorier inom motivation och går sedan in mer grundligt på <em>intrinsic</em> <em>and</em> <em>extrinsic</em> motivation. I denna teori finns Self-Determination theory och inom den amotivation. Self-Determination theory används i detta arbete när vi tittar på elevers olika styrningsformer inom <em>motivation</em> De fem olika styrningsformerna är: <em>inre motivation, identifierad styrning, omedveten styrning, yttre styrning </em>och<em> amotivation. </em>I arbetet gör vi elevernas olika styrningar synliga genom figurer. Vi använde oss av metoderna enkät och intervju för att få svar på våra frågeställningar. Undersökningens resultat påvisar bland annat att eleverna i år 4 och år 5 generellt har god <em>intrinsic</em> <em>motivation</em>, men använder sig också av <em>extrinsic motivation</em>. Lärarna som vi intervjuade tyckte att <em>intrinsic motivation</em> är den viktigaste av motivationsformerna, men menar samtidigt att <em>extrinsic motivation</em> är den form som är lättast att motivera eleverna genom.</p>

<p>Motivation is an important factor when trying to understand human behavior and well-being (Ryan & Deci, 2002), especially for teachers since the occupation involves making students perform certain behaviors (Reeve, 2002). Building on the Self-Determination Theory perspective of motivation the aim of this observational study was to describe and analyze the relation between teacher motivational behavior and student behaviors. The study was conducted over a three week period of observing one class in junior high school and their teachers. The results suggest that when teachers make students aware of themselves, their inner resources and support their choice, self-determined forms of motivation is increased. These findings are discussed as well as structured in a theoretical didactical model which describes how different conditions create different psychological responses.</p>