In my Ph.D. thesis I suggest methodological approach to the figural painting of the middle of the 19 century, creation of the Czech painter Josef Manes in particular. In this period figural artists still learned to copy historic models in both academic and non-academic institutions. But the figure starts to be also presented as identifying element of the society, newly establishing nations in particular. Also emancipation of artists and their effort for conceptual expression (self-representation) is reflected in the presented figural form. Painting of the late romanticism is characterised by adoptions of Michelangelo's and manieristic way of portrayal of human body. Thus there is a remarkable shift from so far popular classical Raffaelo's renaissance figure. For Josef Manes, usually only graphic patterns were available. In this thesis I also analyse Manes's anthropomorfisations and his tendencies to deform anatomic proportions of depicted figures. I show that these features of Manes's art have social, mental and formal background. I aimed to find interpretations of Manes' artistic approach, probably influenced by ideas from Munich, Dresden, Vienna and Düsseldorf. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

In my Ph.D. Thesis I suggest methodological approach to the figural painting of the middle of the 19 century, creation of the Czech painter Josef Manes in particular. In this period figural artists still learned to copy historic models in both academic and non-academic institutions. But the figure starts to be also presented as identifying element of the society, newly establishing nations in particular. Also emancipation of artists and their effort for conceptual expression (self-representation) is reflected in the presented figural form. Painting of the European late romanticism is characterised by adoptions of Michelangelo's and manieristic way of portrayal of human body. Thus there is a remarkable shift from so far popular classical Raffaelo's renaissance figure. For Josef Manes, usually only graphic patterns were available. In this thesis I also analyse Manes's anthropomorfisations and his tendencies to deform anatomic proportions of depicted figures. I show that these features of Manes's art have social, mental and formal background. I aimed to find interpretations of Manes's artistic approach, probably influenced by ideas from Munich, Düsseldorf and Vienna. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

[pt] O acesso à justiça é uma preocupação constante dos juristas, em todo o mundo. No Brasil, a regra geral, com poucas exceções, é a necessidade da assistência de um advogado, na relação entre o litigante e o juiz. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de demonstrar que a atuação compulsória do advogado, no diálogo entre a parte e o Estado julgador, é indevida. Como método, foram utilizadas as técnicas de argumentação jurídica e de exame de proporcionalidade, propostas por Robert Alexy. Inicialmente, foram analisados a semântica das normas que fundamentariam tal imposição, a intenção do legislador, os antecedentes históricos, as exceções à regra, um sistema estrangeiro que não aceita tal imposição, os princípios jurídicos envolvidos no problema, as normas de direito constitucional, de direitos humanos, de direito internacional não-internalizado e de direito internacional internalizado, os conceitos já arraigados na dogmática processual brasileira, a jur isprudência, os dados estatísticos, os argumentos analógicos e razões de índole prática. Em um segundo momento, foram examinadas a legitimidade dos fins escolhidos pelo legislador, a necessidade da imposição do advogado, a adequação de tal medida e a ponderação entre os direitos fundamentais conflitantes. Ao final, concluiu-se pela impossibilidade de manutenção da atuação obrigatória dos advogados, nos processos judiciais. Conseqüentemente, ficou claro existir o direito de litigar sem advogado, de maneira irrestrita. / [en] One of the most important concerns for jurists, worldwide, is access to justice. In Brazil, the general rule, with few exceptions, is the necessity of the assistance of a lawyer, in the relationship between litigant and judge. This work intends to demonstrate that the obligatory presence of a lawyer, in the dialogue between the party and the Judiciary, is uncalled for. The method used was the technique of legal argumentation and examination of proportionality, as proposed by Robert Alexy. Firstly, the semantics of the norms, that would be the grounds for such requirement were analyzed, as well as the legislator´s intention, the historical antecedents, the exceptions to the rule, a foreign system that does not accept such imposition, the legal principles involved in the problem, the principles of constitutional law, of human rights, of non-internalized international law and of internalized international law, the already well-established concepts in brazilian procedural dogmatics, the legal precedents, the statistical data, the analogical arguments and the reasons of a practical nature. Secondly, the legitimacy of the ends chosen by the legislator, the need of the obligatory intervention of a lawyer, the suitability of such measure and the balance between the conflicting basic rights were examined. Finally, a conclusion was reached pointing to the impossibility of the maintenance of the obligatory performance of lawyers, in judicial procedures. Consequently, the right to litigate without a lawyer, in an unrestricted way, became clear.

Denna uppsats kommer att undersö̈ka hur designen och anvä̈ndandet av mobildejtingtjä̈nsten Tinder har påverkat beteenden och normer gä̈llande nä̈tdejting bland unga vuxna i Sverige. Ett huvudsyfte är att undersöka hur olika interaktionsmekanismer i Tinder påverkar synen på nätdejting och potentiella partners. Vidare undersöker vi faktorer som skiljer Tinder från övriga nätdejtingtjänster, samt vilka normer som synliggörs genom användandet av Tinder. Genom en nätbaserad enkätundersökning kunde vi samla användarupplevelser och åsikter från användare av Tinder. Baserat på materialet från enkätundersökningen utförde vi tre fokusgrupper vars syfte var att fördjupa perspektiv unga vuxna hade gällande nätdejting och Tinder. Resultatet presenteras genom att analysera data från informanterna kombinerat med teorier om användarupplevelse (User Experience), affordanser, designkvalitéer, självrepresentation, spelifiering och marknadsmetaforer. Vi kunde se åtskilliga mekanismer associerade med spelifiering i Tinder gällande design och användarbeteende. Generellt verkar också Tinderanvändare reproducera rådande könsnormer i en annars neutral och minimalistisk design. Vidare fanns marknadsmetaforer gällande nätdejting i Tinder. Tinder tycks även ha tilltalat en ny målgrupp inom nätdejting, således ansedd avslappnad och jämbördig annan social media. Kopplingen till Facebook bidrar också till en ökad tillit för självrepresantationen bland Tinderanvändare. Slutligen ser vi att den svepcentrerade “ja-eller-nej-funktionaliteten” i Tinder verkar ha skapat en standard som kommer att påverka framtida dejtingtjänster och användarupplevelser. / This report aims to examine how the design and usage of the mobile dating application Tinder has affected behaviors and norms regarding online dating amongst young adults in Sweden. One main purpose is to examine how different interaction mechanisms in Tinder affects the view of online dating and potential partners. Additionally factors that differentiate Tinder from other online dating services will be examined. Furthermore social norms that are made visible through the usage of Tinder will be addressed. By creating an online survey it was possible to retrieve user experiences of Tinder usage and opinions about Tinder and online dating. Based on material from the survey three focus group interviews were conducted, which gathered different perspectives young adults had regarding online dating and Tinder. The conclusion will be presented by analyzing the data from the informants combined with theories such as User Experience, affordances, design qualities, self representation, gamification and market metaphors. Several mechanism associated with gamification were found in Tinder regarding design and user behavior. The Tinder users in general also seem to reproduce current gender norms in an otherwise neutral and minimalistic design. Furthermore market metaphors were found regarding online dating in Tinder. Additionally Tinder seems to target a new group of users in online dating, accordingly considered as ”laid-back” and equal to other social media. The connection to Facebook also contributes to an increased trust towards the self representation of Tinder users. Finally the swipe centered “yes-or-no-functionality” of Tinder seems to create a standard that will affect future dating services and User Experience.

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