Cette thèse, qui relève de la philosophie de l'esprit, consiste en la défense d'une version de la théorie auto-représentationnelle de la conscience. En acceptant d'une part la notion d'état mental possédant un certain contenu qui peut être conscient ou inconscient, et d'autre part l'hypothèse plausible que le contenu de tout état mental consiste en une représentation, alors le problème de la manifestation de la conscience s'appliquant au contenu de CERTAINS états mentaux acquiert intelligibilité dans ce cadre. Il peut être compris comme la recherche d'une structure de représentation qui donne lieu à cette manifestation. Pour certains auteurs (Fred Dretske, Michael Tye et dautres), des conditions particulières dans la représentation directe de l'objet y suffisent, pour d'autres (en particulier David Rosenthal) il y faut une méta-représentation de l'objet sous certaines conditions. Ni l'une ni l'autre de ces structures ne s'avère cependant suffisante pour justifier la démarcation entre états mentaux conscients et inconscients, et pour caractériser la phénoménalité de la conscience. En prenant alors au sérieux l'intuition forte d'auto-référentialité de la conscience (présente déjà chez Aristote - suivant certaines interprétations -, reprise par Brentano, Sartre, et ces dernières années, par Uriah Kriegel et plusieurs autres), on est conduit à proposer, pour les états mentaux conscients, une structure d'auto-représentation (de la représentation) de l'objet qui sous-tend une intentionnalité consciente duale dirigée vers l'objet et en même temps vers elle-même. on résout ainsi les problèmes de la théorie méta-représentationnelle, mais il faut monter que ce schéma est intelligible, que le risque de régression à l'infini dans les capacités repésentationnelles de la conscience n'existe pas, et que de robustes intuitions sont ainsi éclairées, telles que la structuration du champ conscient entre premier plan et arrière-plan, et le lien entre conscience d'arrière plan, ou marginale, et conscience de soi. Ce lien dérive du fait que la conscience marginale, dans la perspective de l'auto-représentation, est la conscience de la conscience d'objet, et se qualifie aussi comme conscience subjective, c'est à dire conscience "pour moi" de l'objet. Et la conscience de soi se construit à partir des épisodes de conscience subjective. L'étude du rapport entre structures de représentation mentale consciente et configurations neuronales spatio-temporelles qui les produisent dans le cerveau est hors du domaine du présent travail, mais la présence nécessaire de ces relations demeure à l'arrière-plan, et affleure dans la réflexion quand cela peut être éclairant. / This work illustrates a version of the self-representational theory of consciousness. If one accepts on the one hand the notion of mental states that have a given content - conscious or unconscious - and on the other hand the plausible hypothesis that the content of all mental states consists in a representation, then the problem of the manifestation of consciousness for (the content of) SOME states becomes intelligible within this frame. This problem can be understood as the research of the representational structure which gives rise to this manifestation. For some authors ( Fred Dretske, Michael Tye, and others) certain particular conditions in the direct representation of the object are sufficient, for others (particularly David Rosenthal) a meta-representation is necessary, under given conditions. However neither of those structures results sufficient to justify the demarcation between conscious and unconscious states and to characterize the phenomenality of consciousness. If one then takes seriously into account the strong intuition of self-referentiality of consciousness (already present in Aristotle - following some interpretations -, taken up again by Brentano, Sartre, and lately by Uriah Kriegel and several others) one is conducted to propose a self-representational structure for conscious mental states which involves a dual conscious intentionality targeting the object and itself at the same time. The problems of the meta-representational theory are thus resolved, but it remains to be shown that this scheme is intelligible, that the risk of infinite regress of the representing capacity of consciousness does not exist, and that strong intuitions are thus acknowledged : such as the distinction in the conscious field between foreground and background, and the link between background, or marginal consciousness, and self consciousness. Within the self-representational view, this link originates from the fact that marginal consciousness is the consciousness of the consciousness of the object, and qualifies itself as subjective consciousness, that is to say, consciousness "for me" of the object. Self consciousness is then constructed from the episodes of subjective consciousness. The relationship between conscious mental representational structures and the spatio-temporal neuronal configurations which produce them in the brain, is outside the domain of the present work, but it is necessarily present in the background, and it is considered when useful for the argument.

In this thesis, I assert that photographs of Jordanian Bedouin produced by cultural insiders disrupt and challenge pan-Bedouin and romantic photographic constructions of Bedouin made by cultural outsiders. These outsiders, Western ethno-photographers and members of the Jordanian Hashemite monarchy, use photographs featuring visual symbols of Bedouin identity in order to legitimise claims to land, resources, and cultural capital. Data produced from collaborative action research (the creation of photography with a self-identifying Bedouin family from Humayma, Jordan) demonstrates an increasingly complex version of Jordanian Bedouin identity absent from outsider representations. This nuanced picture of Bedouin identity, while limited by its focus on a single family, may help contribute to further collaborative investigations of Bedouin identity in Jordan. This research has the potential to assist in the better understanding of the diverse social practices and concerns of Bedouin living in Jordan today.

In my Ph.D. thesis I suggest methodological approach to the figural painting of the middle of the 19 century, creation of the Czech painter Josef Manes in particular. In this period figural artists still learned to copy historic models in both academic and non-academic institutions. But the figure starts to be also presented as identifying element of the society, newly establishing nations in particular. Also emancipation of artists and their effort for conceptual expression (self-representation) is reflected in the presented figural form. Painting of the late romanticism is characterised by adoptions of Michelangelo's and manieristic way of portrayal of human body. Thus there is a remarkable shift from so far popular classical Raffaelo's renaissance figure. For Josef Manes, usually only graphic patterns were available. In this thesis I also analyse Manes's anthropomorfisations and his tendencies to deform anatomic proportions of depicted figures. I show that these features of Manes's art have social, mental and formal background. I aimed to find interpretations of Manes' artistic approach, probably influenced by ideas from Munich, Dresden, Vienna and Düsseldorf. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

In my Ph.D. Thesis I suggest methodological approach to the figural painting of the middle of the 19 century, creation of the Czech painter Josef Manes in particular. In this period figural artists still learned to copy historic models in both academic and non-academic institutions. But the figure starts to be also presented as identifying element of the society, newly establishing nations in particular. Also emancipation of artists and their effort for conceptual expression (self-representation) is reflected in the presented figural form. Painting of the European late romanticism is characterised by adoptions of Michelangelo's and manieristic way of portrayal of human body. Thus there is a remarkable shift from so far popular classical Raffaelo's renaissance figure. For Josef Manes, usually only graphic patterns were available. In this thesis I also analyse Manes's anthropomorfisations and his tendencies to deform anatomic proportions of depicted figures. I show that these features of Manes's art have social, mental and formal background. I aimed to find interpretations of Manes's artistic approach, probably influenced by ideas from Munich, Düsseldorf and Vienna. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

[pt] O acesso à justiça é uma preocupação constante dos juristas, em todo o mundo. No Brasil, a regra geral, com poucas exceções, é a necessidade da assistência de um advogado, na relação entre o litigante e o juiz. Este trabalho tem o objetivo de demonstrar que a atuação compulsória do advogado, no diálogo entre a parte e o Estado julgador, é indevida. Como método, foram utilizadas as técnicas de argumentação jurídica e de exame de proporcionalidade, propostas por Robert Alexy. Inicialmente, foram analisados a semântica das normas que fundamentariam tal imposição, a intenção do legislador, os antecedentes históricos, as exceções à regra, um sistema estrangeiro que não aceita tal imposição, os princípios jurídicos envolvidos no problema, as normas de direito constitucional, de direitos humanos, de direito internacional não-internalizado e de direito internacional internalizado, os conceitos já arraigados na dogmática processual brasileira, a jur isprudência, os dados estatísticos, os argumentos analógicos e razões de índole prática. Em um segundo momento, foram examinadas a legitimidade dos fins escolhidos pelo legislador, a necessidade da imposição do advogado, a adequação de tal medida e a ponderação entre os direitos fundamentais conflitantes. Ao final, concluiu-se pela impossibilidade de manutenção da atuação obrigatória dos advogados, nos processos judiciais. Conseqüentemente, ficou claro existir o direito de litigar sem advogado, de maneira irrestrita. / [en] One of the most important concerns for jurists, worldwide, is access to justice. In Brazil, the general rule, with few exceptions, is the necessity of the assistance of a lawyer, in the relationship between litigant and judge. This work intends to demonstrate that the obligatory presence of a lawyer, in the dialogue between the party and the Judiciary, is uncalled for. The method used was the technique of legal argumentation and examination of proportionality, as proposed by Robert Alexy. Firstly, the semantics of the norms, that would be the grounds for such requirement were analyzed, as well as the legislator´s intention, the historical antecedents, the exceptions to the rule, a foreign system that does not accept such imposition, the legal principles involved in the problem, the principles of constitutional law, of human rights, of non-internalized international law and of internalized international law, the already well-established concepts in brazilian procedural dogmatics, the legal precedents, the statistical data, the analogical arguments and the reasons of a practical nature. Secondly, the legitimacy of the ends chosen by the legislator, the need of the obligatory intervention of a lawyer, the suitability of such measure and the balance between the conflicting basic rights were examined. Finally, a conclusion was reached pointing to the impossibility of the maintenance of the obligatory performance of lawyers, in judicial procedures. Consequently, the right to litigate without a lawyer, in an unrestricted way, became clear.

Denna uppsats kommer att undersö̈ka hur designen och anvä̈ndandet av mobildejtingtjä̈nsten Tinder har påverkat beteenden och normer gä̈llande nä̈tdejting bland unga vuxna i Sverige. Ett huvudsyfte är att undersöka hur olika interaktionsmekanismer i Tinder påverkar synen på nätdejting och potentiella partners. Vidare undersöker vi faktorer som skiljer Tinder från övriga nätdejtingtjänster, samt vilka normer som synliggörs genom användandet av Tinder. Genom en nätbaserad enkätundersökning kunde vi samla användarupplevelser och åsikter från användare av Tinder. Baserat på materialet från enkätundersökningen utförde vi tre fokusgrupper vars syfte var att fördjupa perspektiv unga vuxna hade gällande nätdejting och Tinder. Resultatet presenteras genom att analysera data från informanterna kombinerat med teorier om användarupplevelse (User Experience), affordanser, designkvalitéer, självrepresentation, spelifiering och marknadsmetaforer. Vi kunde se åtskilliga mekanismer associerade med spelifiering i Tinder gällande design och användarbeteende. Generellt verkar också Tinderanvändare reproducera rådande könsnormer i en annars neutral och minimalistisk design. Vidare fanns marknadsmetaforer gällande nätdejting i Tinder. Tinder tycks även ha tilltalat en ny målgrupp inom nätdejting, således ansedd avslappnad och jämbördig annan social media. Kopplingen till Facebook bidrar också till en ökad tillit för självrepresantationen bland Tinderanvändare. Slutligen ser vi att den svepcentrerade “ja-eller-nej-funktionaliteten” i Tinder verkar ha skapat en standard som kommer att påverka framtida dejtingtjänster och användarupplevelser. / This report aims to examine how the design and usage of the mobile dating application Tinder has affected behaviors and norms regarding online dating amongst young adults in Sweden. One main purpose is to examine how different interaction mechanisms in Tinder affects the view of online dating and potential partners. Additionally factors that differentiate Tinder from other online dating services will be examined. Furthermore social norms that are made visible through the usage of Tinder will be addressed. By creating an online survey it was possible to retrieve user experiences of Tinder usage and opinions about Tinder and online dating. Based on material from the survey three focus group interviews were conducted, which gathered different perspectives young adults had regarding online dating and Tinder. The conclusion will be presented by analyzing the data from the informants combined with theories such as User Experience, affordances, design qualities, self representation, gamification and market metaphors. Several mechanism associated with gamification were found in Tinder regarding design and user behavior. The Tinder users in general also seem to reproduce current gender norms in an otherwise neutral and minimalistic design. Furthermore market metaphors were found regarding online dating in Tinder. Additionally Tinder seems to target a new group of users in online dating, accordingly considered as ”laid-back” and equal to other social media. The connection to Facebook also contributes to an increased trust towards the self representation of Tinder users. Finally the swipe centered “yes-or-no-functionality” of Tinder seems to create a standard that will affect future dating services and User Experience.

No description available.

No description available.