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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
891

Avaliação de células-tronco mesenquimais do cordão umbilical humano em lesão de órgãos e disfunção endotelial na sepse / Evaluation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells in organ damage and endothelial dysfunction in sepsis

José Manuel Cóndor Capcha 23 June 2015 (has links)
A sepse é uma doença relacionada como a presença de infeção junto a uma resposta inflamatória sistêmica; sua fisiopatologia envolve uma rede complexa de citocinas e mediadores inflamatórios que causam a injúria de diversos tecidos. Na atualidade são muitas as tentativas para diminuir a mortalidade, porém até agora, não existe uma estratégia específica para tratar a doença. As células-tronco mesenquimais da geleia de Wharton do cordão umbilical (CTM-GW) são conhecidas por expressar genes e fatores envolvidos na angiogênese e imunomodulação. Nós usamos o modelo de ligadura e punção do ceco (LPC) para analisar o papel da CTM-GW em disfunção orgânica relacionada à sepse. Foi utilizada a citometria de fluxo para avaliar o fenótipo das células isoladas. Dividimos ratos Wistar em grupos: sham (operação simulada); LPC; e LPC + CTM (106 CTM-GW i.p., 6 horas após LPC). Às 24 h pós-LPC, foram avaliadas a função renal, hepática e outras variáveis do estudo. As CTM-GW foram negativas para CD3, CD34, CD45 e HLA-DR, enquanto eles foram positivos para CD73, CD90 e CD105. O tratamento com CTM na sepse reduziu a mortalidade, melhorou a filtração glomerular (aferido pelo clearance de inulina), função tubular, reduziu a lesão hepática e demostrou uma ação anti-inflamatória. O tratamento também apresentou um efeito anti-apoptótico e protetor do tecido renal e do endotélio, mediante a regulação da expressão de VEGF, AQP2 e eNOS. Em conclusão as CTM-GW diminuem a injúria renal e hepática, portanto, pode desempenhar um papel protetor na sepse / Sepsis is a disease related to the presence of infection with a systemic inflammatory response. The pathophysiology involves complex cytokine and inflammatory mediator networks that cause injury to various tissues. Currently, there are many attempts to reduce mortality, but so far, there is no specific strategy for treating the disease. Human umbilical cord Wharton\'s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hWJ-MSCs) are known to express genes and factors involved in angiogenesis and immunomodulation. We used a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model to analyze the role of hWJ-MSCs in sepsis-related organ dysfunction. We used flow cytometry to evaluate hWJ-MSC phenotypes. We divided Wistar rats into groups: sham (sham-operated); CLP; and CLP+MSC (106 WJ-MSCs, i.p., 6 h after CLP). At 24 h post-CLP, we evaluated renal function, liver and other variables. hWJ-MSCs were negative for CD3, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR, whereas they were positive for CD73, CD90 and CD105. In sepsis, treatment with MSC reduced mortality, improved glomerular filtration rate (measured by inulin clearance), tubular function, reduced liver damage and decreased the inflammatory markers. The treatment also showed an anti-apoptotic effect and protected the renal tissue and endothelium by up-regulation the expression of VEGF, AQP2 and eNOS. In conclusion, hWJ-MSCs decrease renal and hepatic injury, therefore, may play a protective role in sepsis
892

Deficiência de Klotho em disfunção de múltiplos órgãos relacionada à sepse em camundongos / Klotho deficiency aggravates sepsis-related multiple organ dysfunction

Lectícia Barbosa Jorge 07 July 2017 (has links)
A sepse relacionada à disfunção de múltiplos órgãos é caracterizada por uma intensa resposta inflamatória e um aumento do estresse oxidativo. A lesão renal aguda (LRA) é uma complicação grave e ocorre em aproximadamente metade dos pacientes com choque séptico. Apesar dos avanços no entendimento e tratamento da sepse, as taxas de mortalidade da LRA séptica chegam a 75%, valores ainda inaceitáveis. Mais de 60% dos casos de sepse ocorrem em idosos. A sepse, a lesão renal aguda e a idade avançada são em conjunto uma condição altamente fatal. O Klotho é uma proteína supressora do envelhecimento, com propriedades antioxidantes e que já demonstrou ser nefro-protetora no modelo de lesão renal aguda por iquemia e reperfusão. O papel do Klotho na sepse e na LRA da sepse permanece ainda desconhecido. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar se a redução da expressão de Klotho poderia piorar a evolução da sepse e das suas disfunções orgânicas, em especial a LRA. Para isso utilizamos camundongos heterozigotos haploinsuficientes para gene Klotho (Kl+/-) e seus irmãos de linhagem wild type (WT) divididos em 4 grupos: 1. Grupo Sham-WT: animais WT submetidos à cirurgia com apenas localização ceco; 2. Grupo LPC-WT: animais WT submetidos à cirurgia com ligação e punção do ceco (LPC); 3. Sham-Kl+/-: animais haploinsuficientes para o gene Klotho submetidos à cirurgia com apenas localização ceco; 4. LPC-Kl+/-: animais haploinsuficientes para o gene Klotho submetidos à cirurgia LPC. Inicialmente foi demonstrado que a sepse é um estado de deficiência de Klotho, já que a expressão renal de Klotho diminuiu após a realização da LPC tanto nos animais WT quanto nos Kl+/-comparados com seus respectivos grupos Sham. Os animais LPC-Kl+/- apresentaram uma significativa menor sobrevida quando comparados aos LPC-WT. O grupo LPC-Kl+/- evoluiu com uma LRA mais severa demonstrada por redução do débito urinário, aumento da ureia plasmática e um pior escore de dano tubular renal. Os animais LPC-Kl+/- apresentavam ainda uma piora da perfusão tecidual, evidenciada por um aumento mais significativo do lactato, e também uma maior lesão hepática. A deficiência de Klotho também esteve associada a um aumento do estresse oxidativo, um aumento das citocinas inflamatórias sistêmicas e no tecido renal, bem como a uma maior ativação do NF-kB. Na avaliação hemodinâmica, curiosamente, os camundongos LPC-Kl+/- também apresentaram uma menor variabilidade da frequência cardíaca com menor atividade simpática, um prejuízo na resposta barorreflexa e uma resposta deficiente da pressão arterial à droga vasopressora. Podemos concluir, com os achados desse estudo, que a baixa expressão de Klotho reduz a sobrevida, agrava a sepse e suas disfunções orgânicas por aumentar o estresse oxidativo e a resposta inflamatória. A utilização da proteína Klotho no tratamento da sepse e da lesão renal aguda pode constituir-se uma nova perspectiva terapêutica a ser tentada na prática clínica / Sepsis-related multiple organ dysfunction is characterized by an intense inflammatory response and increased oxidative stress. Acute renal injury (AKI) is a serious complication that occurs in approximately half of all patients with septic shock. Despite advances in treatment, sepsis mortality can still be unacceptably high (<= 75%). More than 60% of all cases of sepsis occur in the elderly. Sepsis, AKI, and advanced age appear to be closely related, making for a highly lethal combination. Klotho is an antioxidant-suppressing protein that is known to protect the kidneys in experimental ischemia. The role of Klotho in sepsis and sepsis-induced AKI remains unknown. The aim of this study was to determine whether reduced Klotho expression could worsen the evolution of sepsis and the associated organic dysfunction, especially AKI. To that end, we used Klotho gene (Kl+/-) haploinsufficient heterozygous mice and their wild-type (WT) littermates, divided into 4 groups: CLP-WT, WT mice submitted to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce sepsis; Sham-WT, WT mice submitted to surgery with cecum localization only (sham-operated); CLP-Kl+/-, Klotho haploinsufficient mice submitted to CLP; and Sham-Kl+/-, sham-operated Klotho haploinsufficient mice. Initially, sepsis was shown to be a Klotho deficient state, because post-procedure renal expression of Klotho was lower in the CLP-WT and CLP-Kl+/- groups than in the respective control groups. The CLP-Kl+/- group showed significantly lower survival than did the CLP-WT group. Sepsis-induced AKI was more severe in the CLP-Kl+/- group than in the CLP-WT group, the former showing lower urine output, higher plasma urea, and higher renal tubular damage scores. The CLP-Kl+/- mice also showed decreased tissue perfusion, as evidenced by a more significant increase in lactate, together with greater hepatic injury. Klotho deficiency was also associated with increased oxidative stress, increased systemic/renal tissue inflammatory cytokine production, and greater NF-?B activation. We find it curious that, in the hemodynamic evaluation, the CLP-Kl+/- mice had lower heart rate variability with lower sympathetic activity, a poorer baroreflex response, and a lower blood pressure response to vasopressor agents than did the CLP-WT mice. Our findings suggest that low Klotho expression reduces survival and aggravates sepsis, as well as the associated organic dysfunction, by increasing oxidative stress and the inflammatory response. The use of Klotho protein in the treatment of sepsis and sepsis-induced AKI might constitute a new therapeutic strategy to be evaluated in clinical practice
893

Efeitos da solução salina hipertônica e da pentoxifilina sobre o estresse oxidativo e a atividade inflamatória na sepse induzida por obstrução e isquemia intestinal em ratos / Effects of hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline on oxidative stress and inflammatory activity in sepsis-induced by intestinal obstruction and ischemia in rats

Roberto Rasslan 08 May 2013 (has links)
A obstrução intestinal representa uma das afecções abdominais agudas mais frequentes, com altas taxas de complicações e mortalidade, principalmente na vigência de sepse decorrente da isquemia intestinal. A reanimação volêmica precoce na sepse implica em ganho de sobrevida, entretanto, algumas discussões referentes ao fluido utilizado ou mesmo à terapêutica associada com drogas persistem atuais. Desta forma, o presente estudo propõe avaliar os efeitos da solução salina hipertônica e da pentoxifilina na resposta inflamatória e no estresse oxidativo, em modelo experimental que se assemelha ao problema clínico. Foram utilizados 36 ratos Wistar machos com peso entre 250 e 300 g. Os animais foram submetidos à laparotomia exploradora com ligaduras do íleo terminal a 10 cm e 1,5 cm da válvula íleo-cecal, além de oclusão do pedículo vascular responsável pela irrigação deste segmento intestinal. Após 24 horas, os animais foram reoperados e distribuídos em grupos (N=6), conforme o tratamento: sem reanimação volêmica (OI); Ringer lactato - 32 mL/kg (RL); solução salina hipertônica a 7,5% - 4 mL/kg (SH); pentoxifilina 25 mg/kg (PTX); Ringer lactato com pentoxifilina (RLPT) e solução salina hipertônica com pentoxifilina (SHPT). Ao término do tratamento, realizou-se ressecção do segmento intestinal isquêmico e anastomose para estabelecimento do trânsito intestinal. Os animais foram observados por duas horas, com medidas da pressão arterial média (PAM) registradas em 4 momentos. Após o período de observação, os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia com coleta do intestino e pulmão para análise. A quantificação do malondialdeído (MDA), no pulmão e intestino, foi realizada através do TBARS. No tecido pulmonar, também foram avaliadas as citocinas inflamatórias (IL-1?, IL-6, IL- 10 e CINC-1) pelo método de ELISA e o fator de transcrição nuclear fosforilado (NF-??) por Western blot. Os níveis da PAM, aos cinco minutos após o tratamento, ficaram mais elevados nos grupos RL e SH (p<0,05), com valor maior no SH em relação ao RL (p<0,05); aos 45 minutos, não se observou diferença nos níveis da PAM. A expressão das citocinas IL-1?, IL-6 e CINC-1 foi menor nos grupos SH, PTX e SHPT em relação ao OI e RL (p<0,05). Os grupos SH, PTX e SHPT apresentaram níveis inferiores de IL-1? e IL-6 comparadas ao RLPT (p<0,05) e os grupos SHPT e PTX foram iguais entre si. A expressão de IL-10 foi menor no grupo SHPT quando comparada ao OI (p<0,05). A expressão do NF-?B nos grupos SH, PTX e SHPT foi menor em relação ao OI (p<0,05), sendo que o SHPT ainda foi menor que o RL (p<0,05). Referente ao estresse oxidativo, no pulmão houve menor produção do MDA no grupo SHPT comparado aos demais (p<0,05) e no intestino, o MDA foi inferior nos grupos SH, PTX, RLPT e SHPT comparados aos OI e RL (p<0,05). Estes resultados permitem concluir que a solução salina hipertônica a 7,5% associada ou não à pentoxifilina, e a pentoxifilina isoladamente, atenuam o estresse oxidativo e inibem a ativação do NF-?B, implicando em menor atividade inflamatória com redução na produção de citocinas / Intestinal obstruction is one of the most common acute abdominal diseases, with high rates of complications and mortality, especially in the presence of sepsis due to intestinal ischemia. The early volume resuscitation in sepsis involves survival gain, however, some discussions concerning the fluid used or even combination therapy with drugs persist today. The present study proposes to assess the effects of hypertonic saline and pentoxifylline on inflammatory response and oxidative stress in an experimental model resembling the clinical problem. The study included 36 male Wistar rats weighting between 250 and 300 g. The animals underwent laparotomy with ligation of the terminal ileum 10 cm and 1.5 cm from the ileocecal valve and occlusion of the vascular pedicle responsible for the irrigation of this intestinal segment. After 24 hours, the animals were reoperated and distributed in groups (N=6), according to treatment: without volume resuscitation (OI); Ringer lactate - 32 mL/kg (RL), hypertonic saline 7.5% - 4 mL/kg (HS); pentoxifylline 25 mg/kg (PTX); Ringer lactate with pentoxifylline (RLPT) and hypertonic saline with pentoxifylline (SHPT). After the infusion of the drugs, the ischemic bowel was resected and performed the anastomosis for establishment of intestinal transit. The animals were observed for two hours, with measurements of mean arterial pressure (MAP) recorded in 4 times. After the observation period, the animals were euthanized with bowel and lung collection for analysis. Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1?, IL-6, IL-10 and CINC-1) were assessed by ELISA and phosphorylated nuclear transcription factor (NF-??) was determined by Western blot, both measured in lung tissue. The quantification of the malondialdehyde (MDA) in the lung and intestine was performed using the TBARS assay. Initial levels of MAP were higher in groups RL and HS than others (p<0.05), but at the end levels were similar in all groups. The expression of IL-1?, IL-6 and CINC-1 was lower in the SH, PTX and SHPT groups compared to OI and RL (p <0.05). The SH, SHPT and PTX groups showed lower levels of IL-1? and IL-6 compared to RLPT (p <0.05) and SHPT and PTX groups were equal. The synthesis of IL- 10 was lower in SHPT compared to OI (p <0.05). The expression of NF-?B in SH, PTX and SHPT groups was lower compared to OI (p <0.05), whereas the SHPT was still less than the RL (p <0.05). MDA in the lung was lower in SHPT compared to the other groups (p<0.05) and in the intestine was lower in SH, PTX, RLPT and SHPT groups compared to OI and RL (p<0.05). The results indicate that hypertonic saline 7.5% with or without pentoxifylline, and pentoxifylline alone attenuate oxidative stress and inhibit the activation of NF-?B, resulting in lower inflammatory activity with reduced production of cytokines
894

Análise proteômica, molecular e funcional de potenciais adesinas de Escherichia coli associada à sepse humana (SEPEC) / Proteoimics, molecular and functional analysis of potential adhesins from human sepsis associated Escherichia coli (SEPEC)

Conceição, Rogério Arcuri 1983- 25 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Tomomasa Yano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T23:05:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Conceicao_RogerioArcuri1983-_D.pdf: 4676987 bytes, checksum: 96e3babbbb52c358f5daca2c8166f056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Estudos preliminares sobre adesão e invasão mostraram que 100% de 49 amostras de Escherichia coli associada à sepse humana (SEPEC) foram capazes de aderir e invadir células Vero (Rim de macaco verde africano) e Huvec (Veia umbilical humana). Em análise genotípica, foi observada uma alta prevalência dos genes fimH (98,0%) que codificam para a adesina da fimbria de tipo 1 (F1). No entanto, as cepas analisadas aderiram tanto na presença quanto na ausência de ?-D-manopiranosideo, um inibidor da adesão mediada pela F1. Por esse motivo foram analisadas as proteínas de membrana externa de SEPEC, com o objetivo de se avaliar potenciais fatores adesão e invasão dessas cepas. Por técnicas de proteômica, foram identificadas três proteínas de SEPEC com afinidade a glicoproteínas celulares: OmpA (Proteína de membrana A); FimA (Subunidade maior da fimbria do tipo 1) e YdeR (Subunidade menor da fimbria do tipo 9 - F9). Esses dados foram coerentes com a análise genotípica das amostras SEPEC, pois foi observada uma alta porcentagem dos genes que codificam para as três proteínas descritas anteriormente, sendo que 100% das amostras foram ompA+, 98,0% foram fimA+ e 100% foram ydeR+. Os ensaios de adesão e invasão de SEPEC (OmpA+/ F1+) em células Vero e Huvec mostraram que ?-D-manopiranosideo e GlcNAc, quando atuando juntos, agem como potentes inibidores da adesão e invasão, sugerindo que essas moléculas poderiam estar ocupando os sítios de ligação a carboidratos das duas adesinas F1 e/ou OmpA, respectivamente. Para confirmar essa hipótese, mutantes nulos para ?fimA (OmpA+/ F1-) e ?ompA (OmpA-/F1+) foram construídos, e os resultados de adesão e invasão bacteriana foram similares aos obtidos na presença dos inibidores: ?-D-manopiranosideo e GlcNAc. Mutante nulo para a proteína YdeR da fimbria F9 (OmpA+/ F1+), mostrou significativa redução da adesão e invasão bacteriana em células Vero e Huvec (p ? 0,05) somente na presença dos inibidores da adesão mediada por F1 e OmpA: ?-D-manopiranosideo e GlcNAc, respectivamente. Esses dados sugerem que F9 também contribui para a adesão e invasão de SEPEC. Juntos, nossos dados demonstram que os processos de adesão e invasão de SEPEC são dependentes de OmpA, F1 e F9, as quais podem ser complementares, e devem atuar sinergicamente para a adesão e invasão de SEPEC / Abstract: Our preliminary studies about bacterial adhesion and invasion showed 100% of 49 strains of human sepsis-associated Escherichia coli (SEPEC) were able to adhere and invade Vero (African green monkey kidney) and HUVEC (human umbilical vein) cells. In genotypic analysis, high prevalence of fimH (98.0%), gene encoding for the type 1 fimbrial adhesin was observed. However, all the strains analyzed were able to adhere and invade these cellular lineages both in the presence and absence of the type 1 fimbriae adherence-inhibitor ?-D-mannopiranoside. Consequently, the outer membrane proteins of SEPEC were analyzed in order to find potential adhesion and invasion factors expressed by these strains. Through proteomic techniques, three proteins with affinity to cellular glycoproteins were identified: OmpA (Membrane Protein A); FimA (major subunit of type 1 fimbriae - F1) and YdeR (minor subunit of type 9 fimbriae - F9). These data were consistent with the genotypic analysis of SEPEC strains because a high percentage of the genes encoding these three proteins was observed, being that ompA+ (100%) fimA+ (98%) and ydeR+ (100%). Assays of adhesion and invasion of SEPEC (OmpA+ / F1+) in Vero and HUVEC cells showed that ?-D-manopiranosideo and GlcNAc, when acting together, act as potent inhibitors of adhesion and invasion, suggesting that these molecules could be occupying sites of carbohydrate-binding displayed by adhesins from both F1 and/or OmpA, respectively. To confirm this hypothesis, null mutants ?fimA (OmpA+/F1-) and ?ompA (OmpA-/F1+) were constructed, and the phenotypic results of bacterial adhesion and invasion were similar to those obtained in the presence of inhibitors ?-D-mannopiranoside and GlcNAc. The mutant ?ydeR (OmpA+ / F1+), null mutant for YdeR protein of F9 fimbriae, showed a significant reduction in bacterial adhesion and invasion in Vero and HUVEC (p ? 0.05) just in the presence of inhibitors of cell adhesion mediated by F1 and OmpA. These data suggest that F9 also can contribute to the adhesion and invasion of SEPEC in Vero and HUVEC cells. Hold together, our data demonstrated that adhesion and invasion of SEPEC are OmpA, F1 and F9 dependents, which can be complementary and express synergistic activity leading to enhancing the ability of adhesion and invasion in SEPEC strains / Doutorado / Microbiologia / Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular
895

Detecção do gene 16Sr-RNA e identificação de patógenos bacterianos, causadores de sepse neonatal precoce, pela técnica da RFLP-PCR ("Restriction Fragment Length Polymorfism - Polymerase Chain Reaction") / Detection of gene 16SR-RNA and identification of bacterail pathogens which cause neonatal sepsis through technique of RFLP-PCR - restriction fragmente lenght polymorfism - polymerase chain reaction

Pavan, Tycha Bianca Sabaini, 1983- 23 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Sergio Tadeu Martins Marba / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T19:06:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pavan_TychaBiancaSabaini_M.pdf: 1135745 bytes, checksum: 87193a679a977d0df4230db53eab4297 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever e avaliar a capacidade da "RFLP-PCR" para detectar patógenos bacterianos em recém-nascidos (RN) e determinar seu uso diagnóstico na sepse neonatal precoce (SNP). Foram avaliados RNs assintomáticos, filhos de gestantes com fatores de risco para infecção ovular e RNs com apresentação de sintomas clínicos sugestivos para SNP, nas primeiras 48 horas de vida, atendidos na unidade neonatal do CAISM/UNICAMP/SP. Realizou-se extração genética das amostras de 200?L de sangue total através do kit QIAamp DNA Mini kit column (Qiagen), seguida da detecção do gene universal bacteriano 16 S rRNA e identificação microbiana pelas sucessivas digestões com enzimas de restrições - HaeIII, AluI, DdeI, MnlI. Foram avaliados 65 RN assintomáticos e 178 RN com apresentação de sinais clínicos sugestivo de SNP. Os patógenos detectados foram K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, P. aeruginosa, E.coli, S.pyognes, S. agalactiae, S. epidermidis e S. aureus. Resultados duvidosos ou bactérias não identificadas ocorram em 56 amostras. A positividade da "RFLP-PCR" foi de 55,3% no grupo assintomático e 51,6% no grupo sintomático, sem diferença estatística (p=0,583). Houve comprovação de sete RN com sepse por cultura e 24 com sepse clínica e foram encontrados valores de sensibilidade de 87,8%, especificidade de 46,6%, valores preditivo positivo de 23,3% e preditivo negativo de 95,4%. Em conclusão, o uso da técnica mostrou uma taxa de acurácia baixa para o diagnóstico para a SNP satisfatória / Abstract: Study objective was to describe and evaluate the ability of RFLP-PCR for detection of bacterial pathogens in newborn and to determine its diagnostic utility in early neonatal sepsis. There were evaluated asymptomatic newborns, children of mothers with risk factors for infection ovulate and newborns with presentation of clinical symptoms suggestive of early neonatal sepsis, occurring before 48 hours of life, evaluated at neonatal unit at CAISM-UNICAMP. Whole blood samples were taken from newborns - 200 ?L each. A genetic extraction were performed using QIAamp DNA Mini kit column (Qiagen) and also the detection of bacterial universal 16 S rRNA gene, subsequent microbial identification using restriction digestion enzymes - HaeIII, AluI, DdeI, MnlI. There were 65 asymptomatic infants and 178 symptomatic newborns. The identified bacteria were K. pneumoniae, S. pneumoniae, L. monocytogenes, P. aeruginosa, E.coli, S.pyognes, S. agalactiae, S. epidermidis and S. aureus. Uncertain or unidentified pathogens occurred in 56 samples. RFLP-PCR positivity was 55,3% in the asymptomatic group and 51,6% in the symptomatic group, with no statistical difference (p=0,583). There were culture comproved sepsis in 7 infants and in 24 newborns were made a diagnostic of clinical sepsis. Diagnostic indexes were: sensibility 87.8%, specificity 46.6%, positive predictive value 23.3% e negative predictive value 95.4%. In conclusion, RFLP-PCR had an unsatisfactory accuracy index early neonatal sepsis / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestra em Ciências
896

Brain and sepsis, from macro- to microcirculation

Taccone, Fabio 09 June 2014 (has links)
Summary<p>Brain dysfunction is a frequent complication of sepsis and is usually defined as “sepsis-associated encephalopathy” (SAE). Its pathophysiology is complex and related to a number of processes and pathways, while the exact mechanisms producing neurological impairment in septic patients have not been completely elucidated. Alterations in cerebral blood flow (CBF) have been suggested as a key component for the development of SAE. Reduction of CBF may be caused by cerebral vasoconstriction, induced either by inflammation or hypocapnia. More importantly, the natural mechanisms that protect the brain from reduced/inadequate CBF can be impaired in septic patients, especially in those with shock, and this further contributes to cerebral ischemia if blood pressure drops below a critical threshold. Hypercapnia is associated with a narrower autoregulatory plateau, which may potentially results in large CBF variations when mean arterial pressure (MAP) varies within usual targets. However, few data are available on the role of PaCO2 on cerebral autoregulation (CA). Finally, as SAE occurs also in patients without hemodynamic instability, alterations in brain tissue perfusion could occur independently from hypotension; thus, alterations in cerebral microcirculation, which largely regulates regional flow and blood-cellular nutrients exchanges, could contribute to SAE. In septic animals, these microcirculatory abnormalities could be implicated in the development of electrophysiological abnormalities observed during sepsis and contribute to neurological alterations. However, these findings were limited by several factors, including the technique used to assess the microcirculation, the short time of observation and the limited amount of fluid resuscitation used in those models. <p>In the first part of this work, I evaluated CA and the potential influence of PaCO2 on CA in patients with septic shock. In 21 mechanically ventilated patients, I observed that 14 of them had impaired CA. All the 7 patients with a PaCO2 ≥ 40 mmHg but only 7 of the 14 patients with a PaCO2 <40 mmHg had an impaired CA (p=0.046). Specifically, 4/9 (44%) patients with PaCO2 < 35 mmHg, 7/9 (77%) with PaCO2 between 35 and 42 mmHg, and 3/3 (100%) with PaCO2 > 42 mmHg had impaired CA. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that a PaCO2 threshold of 38 mmHg had a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 100% for the prediction of impaired CA, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.76 (95% confidence interval: 0.52–0.91).<p>In the second part of this work, I hypothesized that altered cerebral microcirculation may occur in the early phase of sepsis and contribute to brain hypoxia. In a clinically relevant model of ovine fecal peritonitis, I showed that there was a progressive deterioration of cerebral microvascular flow in septic animals (n=10) when compared to sham animals (n=5), starting already after 6 hours from sepsis induction and becoming significant at 12 hours thereafter. Moreover, changes in the cerebral microcirculation were not related to changes in MAP, cardiac output or blood lactate levels, suggesting that these alterations in the brain may occur even when global perfusion pressure is maintained, i.e. in non-hypotensive conditions. In a second study, including 10 septic and 5 sham animals, I found that cortical microvascular alterations were associated with decreased cerebral oxygenation. Furthermore, cerebral metabolic disturbances compatible with tissue hypoxia (i.e. increased brain lactate/pyruvate ratio, LPR) occurred mostly during shock, suggesting that hypotension is a critical factor in the development of anaerobic metabolism in the septic brain. Nevertheless, I showed in a third study (n=8) that the reversal of hypotension using vasopressor agents, although increased cerebral oxygenation and slightly reduced LPR, did not significantly influence the alterations of cerebral microcirculation and was associated with an increase in glutamate and glycerol, suggesting ongoing excitotoxicity and cellular damage. These alterations in cerebral microcirculation, oxygenation and metabolism may then contribute to the pathogenesis of SAE.<p><p><p><p><p>Résumé<p>La dysfonction cérébrale est une complication fréquente du sepsis et elle est généralement identifiée comme « encéphalopathie associée au sepsis » (sepsis-associated encephalopathy, SAE). La physiopathologie de la SAE est complexe et liée à des nombreux processus et voies de signalisation, même si les mécanismes qui induisent cette dysfonction cérébrale chez les patients en sepsis n’ont pas été clairement élucidés. Des anomalies du débit sanguin cérébral (cerebral blood flow, CBF) ont été proposées comme une des déterminants pour le développement de l’SAE. La réduction du CBF pourrait être induite par une vasoconstriction cérébrale, élicitée pas l’inflammation ou par l’hypocapnie. De plus, les mécanismes qui naturellement règlent le CBF pour qu’il soit ni diminué ni inadéquat aux besoins cellulaires peuvent être altérés pendant le sepsis, particulièrement en cas de choc septique, et ceci pourrait davantage contribuer au développement de zones d’hypoperfusion cérébrale si la pression artérielle diminue au-dessous d’un seuil critique. Un autre point important est que l’hypercapnie est associée à une diminution du plateau d’autorégulation du CBF, ce qui pourrait potentiellement causer des larges variations du CBF endéans des valeurs de pression artérielle considérés comme normaux en pratique clinique; malheureusement, très peu de données sont disponibles sur le rôle de la PaCO2 sur l’autorégulation cérébrale (cerebral autoregulation, CA). Enfin, vu que l’SAE survient aussi chez des patients qui n’ont pas d’instabilité hémodynamique, des anomalies de la perfusion cérébrale régionale pourraient se produire en absence de toute hypotension artérielle ;en effet, des altérations de la microcirculation cérébrale, qui règle le débit sanguin au niveau des tissues et l’échange d’oxygène et nutriments entre la circulation sanguine et le cellules, peuvent aussi contribuer au développement de la SAE. Dans des modelés expérimentaux de sepsis, les altérations microcirculatoires ont été associées à des troubles électrophysiologies et à la présence d’anomalies « cliniques ». Cependant, ces données ont été biaisées par le type de technique utilisée pour évaluer la microcirculation, le temps d’observation très court et la quantité limitée de fluides administrés au cours de la réanimation liquidienne dans ces modelés. <p>Dans la première partie de ce travail, j’ai décrit les anomalies de la CA et l’impact de la PaCO2 sur la CA chez des patients en choc septique. En étudiant 21 patients en ventilation mécanique, j’ai pu observer que 14 d’entre eux avaient une CA altérée, y compris 7/14 avec une PaCO2 < 40 mmHg et 7/7 avec une PaCO2 ≥ 40 mmHg (p = 0.046). De plus, 4/9 (44%) avec PaCO2 < 35 mmHg, 7/9 (77%) avec PaCO2 between 35 and 42 mmHg, and 3/3 (100%) avec PaCO2 > 42 mmHg avaient une CA altérée. L’analyse selon la « Receiver Operating Characteristic » (ROC) montrait une sensibilité de 50% et une spécificité de 100% pour prédire une CA altérée, avec un seuil de PaCO2 de 38 mmHg (l’aire sous la courbe de l’analyse ROC était à 0.76 [95% ICs: 0.52–0.91]).<p>Dans la deuxième partie de ce travail, j’ai émis l’hypothèse que des anomalies de la microcirculation cérébrale peuvent survenir dans la phase précoce du sepsis et contribuer au développement d’une hypoxie tissulaire. Dans un modelé de péritonite fécale induite chez le mouton, très proche de la situation clinique, j’ai pu montrer que il existe une détérioration progressive de la microcirculation cérébrale chez les animaux septiques (n-=10) quand comparés aux animaux témoins (n=5) qui commence déjà a la sixième heure de l’induction du sepsis and devient significative après 12 heures. De plus, les changement de la microcirculation cérébrale n’étaient pas corrélés à ceux de la pression artérielle, du débit cardiaque ou des taux de lactate, ce qui suggère que ces anomalies peuvent se produire aussi en conditions de stabilité hémodynamique. Dans une deuxième étude comprenant 10 animaux septique et 5 témoins, j’ai observé que les anomalies microcirculatoires étaient associées à une diminution de l’oxygénation cérébrale tissulaire. Toutefois, les anomalies du métabolisme cérébral compatible avec une hypoxie tissulaire (des valeurs élevées du rapport lactate/pyruvate, LPR) se développaient que dans la phase du choc septique, indiquant que l’hypotension artérielle est le facteur déterminant pour ces anomalies métaboliques au cours du sepsis. Cependant, dans une troisième étude sur 8 animaux en sepsis, j’ai démontré que la correction de l’hypotension par administration de vasopresseurs, même si elle était associée à une augmentation de l’oxygénation cérébral et une diminution du LPR, n’améliorait pas de façon significative la microcirculation cérébrale et s’accompagnait par une augmentation des taux de glutamate et glycérol, ce qui plaidait plutôt pour un excitoxicité persistante et une progression des lésions cellulaires. Toutes ces anomalies de microcirculation, oxygénation et métabolisme cérébral pourraient contribuer à la pathogenèse de l’SAE.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences médicales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
897

Studies in patients with sepsis and organ failure: diagnostic and therapeutic aspects

Sakr, Yasser 26 June 2007 (has links)
Sepsis et défaillances viscérales; aspects diagnostiques et thérapeutiques<p><p>Le sepsis est un problème fréquemment rencontré en unité de soins intensifs (USIs) avec une morbidité et une mortalité élevées. Comprendre les mécanismes physiopathologiques du sepsis est essentiel à la fois pour mieux déterminer les bénéfices et/ou les effets indésirables des thérapies déjà en cours et développer de nouvelles statégies thérapeutiques. Des études épidémiologiques offrent une vue d´ensemble sur l´importance de la mobidité et la mortalité liées au sepsis et permettent d’apporter un élément de réponse aux questions essentielles concernant le sepsis et son traitement à l’USI, ce qui permet de réaliser les fondements de nouvelles études contrôlées randomisées à venir.<p>Ces dernières années, un certain nombre d´études ont été publiées concernant les données épidémiologiques sur la fréquence de survenue, les facteurs associés et le coût engendré par la prise en charge des patients atteints de sepsis. Cependant, vu la dynamique du sepsis qui est un syndrome multifactoriel et complexe, une mise à jour régulière de nos connaissances sur le diagnostic, la prise en charge et le pronostic du sepsis est d’importance capitale.<p>L´étude SOAP, une étude de cohorte, multicentrique d´observation a été réalisée pour mieux définir l´incidence du sepsis et les caractéristiques des patients hospitalisés en USI en Europe. Chez tous les patients admis entre le 1er et le 15 mai 2002 dans 198 USI dans 24 pays d´Europe, les données épidémiologiques, cliniques et biologiques et les maladies chroniques sous-jacentes ont été relevées de façon prospective. Les patients ont été suivis jusqu´à leur décès ou leur sortie de l´USI pendant une durée de 60 jours. <p>Sur 3147 adultes, avec un age moyen de 64 an, 1177 (soit 37.4%) avaient un sepsis; parmi eux 777 (soit24.7%) avaient un sepsis à l´admission. L´origine du sepsis était le plus souvent pulmonaire (68%) et abdominale dans 22%. Une preuve bactériologique a été mise en évidence dans 60% des cas. Les germes rencontrés étaient un staphyloccoque doré (30%, dont 14% méthicilline-résistant), Pseudomonas sp.(14%), Escherischia coli (13%). Par analyse multivariée, Pseudomonas sp. était le seul germe associé à une mortalité plus élevé. Les patients septiques avaient des défaillances viscérales plus graves, un séjour hospitalier et en USI plus long et une mortalité plus élevé que les patients sans sepsis. Chez les patients septiques l´âge, un état de choc, un cancer, un bilan hydrique positif et une admission médicale (plutôt que chirurgicale) étaient les facteurs pronostiques corrélés à une mortalité plus élevée. Il y avait des variations considérables selon les pays, avec une corrélation importante entre la fréquence du sepsis et les taux de mortalité en USI dans chaque pays.<p>Des publications récentes ont suggéré que les conditions de ventilation mécanique pouvaient influencer le devenir des patients présentant un ALI et un ARDS. Nous avons étudié si l´utilisation de volumes courants plus élevés en cas d´infection/sepsis que ceux utilisés dans l´étude ARDSnet (> 7,4ml/kg) avait des conséquences péjoratives (en terme de mortalité) chez les patients présentant un ALI/ARDS.<p>Sur les 3147 patients inclus dans l´étude SOAP, 393 (soit 12,5%) avaient les critères d’ALI/ARDS. Le taux de mortalité en USI et la mortalité hospitalière étaient plus élevés chez ces patients (respectivement 39 contre 16% et 46 contre 21 %, p < 0,001). Un analyse multivariée en régression logistique prenant le devenir en USI comme facteur déterminant a montré que les facteurs pronostiques indépendants étaient: l´existence d´un cancer, l´utilisation de volumes courant plus élevés que ceux utilisés dans l´étude ARDSnet, le degré de défaillance multiviscérale et un bilan hydrique positif. Le sepsis, le choc septique et la saturation d´O2 au début de l´ALI/ARDS n´avaient pas de valeur pronostique.<p>Chez les patients en USI, l´utilité d´un monitorage par cathéter artériel pulmonaire (PAC) est discutable. Nous avons étudié les aspects épidémiologiques de l´utilisation du monitorage artériel pulmonaire dans les USI en Europe et leur impact en terme de mortalité. Les patients sous PAC (n: 481, 15,3%) étaient plus âgés, plus souvent atteints d´une cardiopathie, moins souvent d´un cancer et en majorité des patients “chirurgicaux”. La mortalité en USI et hospitalière étaient plus importante chez les patients monitorés (respectivement 28,1 contre 16,8 et 32,5 contre 22,5%, p<0,001). Cependant le monitorage artériel pulmonaire n´était pas un facteur de risque indépendant pour la durée de séjour de 60 jours en analyse multivariée. De plus, et chez 453 malades pairés (“propensity matched-pairs”), les taux de mortalité en USI et hospitalière étaient similaires (27 contre 26 and 31 contre 33 %, p:NS). La survie à 60 jours était également similaire dans les 2 groupes appairés (Log Rank: 0,02, p = 0,89). Cette étude suggère que le monitorage artériel pulmonaire n´est pas corrélé à une mortalité supplémentaire dans cette population hétérogène.<p>La drogue vasoactive “idéale” à administrer en cas de choc est également controversée. Nous avons étudié l´influence de l´administration de dopamine sur l’état de choc. Sur 3147 patients, 1058 (soit 34%) avaient un état de choc tout le long de la période d´étude; 462 (soit 15%) avaient un choc septique. Le taux de mortalité en USI par état de choc était de 38 % et de 47 % en cas de choc septique. Parmi les patients en état de choc, 375 (soit 35 %) recevaient de la dopamine (groupe dopamine) et 683 (soit 65 %) n´en recevaient pas. L´âge, le sexe, les scores de sévérité (SAPS II et SOFA) était comparables dans les 2 groupes. Le groupe dopamine avait un une mortalité en USI et hospitalière plus élevée (respectivement 43 contre 36%, p:0,02 et 50 contre 42%, p = 0,01). L´étude des courbes de survie Kaplan-Meier a montré une survie à 30 jours diminuée dans le groupe dopamine (log Rank: 4,6; p: 0,032). Dans une étude multivariée prenant le taux de mortalité en USI comme facteur indépendant, l´âge, un cancer, les patients admis pour raison médicale (non-chirurgicale), le score SOFA moyen plus élevé, un bilan hydrique positif et l´administration de dopamine étaient des facteurs pronostiques indépendants. Cette étude suggère que l´administration de dopamine est associée à une augmentation de la mortalité en cas de choc. Afin de confirmer cette hypothèse, une étude prospective comparant la dopamine à la noradrénaline dans la prise en charge de l´état de choc a été lancée.<p>Nous avons également étudié l´administration des solutions d´albumine dans les USI en Europe et son influence en terme de mortalité :350 patients (soit 11,2%) ont reçu de l´albumine et 2793 patients (soit 89 %) n´en ont pas reçu. Les patients du groupe albumine étaient plus souvent cirrhotiques, atteints de cancer, “chirurgicaux” ou de sepsis. Ces patients avaient un séjour en USI et un taux de mortalité plus élevé, mais étaient également plus sévèrement malades comme en témoignent des scores SAPS II et SOFA plus élevés. Un modele de Cox (risque proportional) a montré que l´administration d´albumine était significativement corrélée avec une moindre survie à 30 jours. La mortalité en USI et hospitalière était plus élevée chez les patients du groupe albumine que chez ceux n´en ayant pas reçu (respectivement 35 contre 21% et 41 contre 28%, p<0,001). Nous en avons conclu que l´administration d´albumine était associée avec une moindre survie chez ces patients gravement malades. Des études prospectives randomisées et contrôlées sont nécessaires pour étudier les effets de l´administration d´albumine sur la survie de ces patients pris en charge en USI.<p>Finalement, nous avons étudié les effets de l´administration de solutions d’hydroxyethylamidon (HES) sur la fonction rénale chez les patients inclus dans l´étude SOAP. Les patients ayant reçu une solution de HES (n: 1075, soit 34%) étaient plus âgés (moyenne+/- DS: 62+/- 18 ans, p: 0,022), avaient en majorité des affections chirurgicales ou hématologiques, une défaillance cardiaque, un score SAPS II ou SOFA plus élevé et étaient moins susceptible de recevoir un support rénal extracorporel (2 contre 4%, p<0,001) que ceux n´ayant pas reçu de solution de HES. Le score SOFA rénal était significativement plus élevé au cours du séjour en USI indépendamment du liquide de remplissage utilisé. Cependant, dans le groupe HES plus de patients avaient besoin de support rénal extracorporel que dans le groupe “non-HES” (11 contre 9%, p: 0,006). Toutefois, en analyse multivariée, l´administration de HES n´était pas associée à un besoin plus élevé de support rénal extracorporel. Le sepsis, la défaillance cardio-vasculaire, une hémopathie maligne et un score SOFA rénal de base > 1 étaient tous associés à un besoin plus élevé de RRT.<p>Les altérations microcirculatoires sont fréquentes chez les patients septiques. Les sont directement liées à la sévérité du sepsis et plus marquées chez les patients qui sont décédés que chez ceux qui ont survécu, sans toutefois être corrélées à l´état hémodynamique ou aux besoins en agents vasoactifs. Ces obnservations ont été faites au début de la maladie si bien que leur évolution dans le temps n´a pas bien pu être caractérisée. L´OPS est une nouvelle technqiue, qui permet d´étudier la microcirculation des tissus recouverts d´un fin épithélium, comme les muqueuses. Cette technique a été validée pour l´étude de la microcirculation chez l´homme et l´animal.<p>Pour préciser l´évolution de l´altération de la microcirculation et son pronostic en terme de morbidité et de mortalité chez les patients présentant un choc septique, nous avons étudié chez 49 patients en choc septique, l’évolution des altérations microcirculatoires (par OPS) du jour du début de l´état de choc et de façon quotidienne les jours suivants jusqu´à résolution complète du choc ou le décès. Au début de l´état de choc, les survivants et les non survivants avaient la même densité de capillaire et le même pourcentage de capillaire perméable au niveau du tissu étudié. La microcirculation était préservée chez les survivants, mais pas chez les patients décédés. Malgré un statut hémodynamique et des besoins en drogues vasoactives similaires ainsi qu´à des taux de saturation en oxygène comparable, les patients décédés des suites du choc septique dans un tableau de défaillance multiviscérale avaient un pourcentage de capillaires perfusés significativement inférieur aux patients ayant survécu. Nous en avons conclu que les altérations de la microcirculation s´améliorent rapidement en cas d’évolution favorable, mais au contraire progressent en cas de défaillance multiviscérale.<p>Pour étudier les effets de la transfusion de concentrés érythrocytaires sur la microcirculation au cours du sepsis, nous avons évalué la microcirculation de la muqueuse sublinguale à l´aide de l´OPS chez 35 patients avant et après la transfusion de 1 à 2 unités de concentrés érythrocytaires. Cinq séquences de 20 secondes chacune ont été enregistrées et analysées par une méthode semi- quantitative. La transfusion de concentrés érythrocytaires a augmenté le taux d´hémoglobine, la pression artérielle et le transport en oxygène. La microcirculation ne s´est pas significativement altérée mais des variations individuelles considérables ont été relevées. Les modifications de la perfusion capillaire après transfusion ont été significativement corrélées avec le degré inital de perfusion capillaire. La perfusion capillaire de base était significativement inférieure chez les patients qui ont augmenté leur perfusion capillaire de plus de 5% par rapport à ceux ne l´ayant pas augmenté, et cela à conditions hémodynamiques et de transport d´oxygène similaire dans les 2 groupes. Ces résultats montrent que la microcirculation muqueuse sublinguale n´est pas altérée par l´apport de concentrés érythrocytaires en cas de sepsis. Cependant, la perfusion capillaire de base peu augmenter en cas d´altération préexistante.<p>Et finalement, pour évaluer les effets de la dobutamine sur la microcirculation chez les patients septiques, nous avons étudié 10 malades sous dobutamine (administrée à la dose de 5 mcg/kg.min) pendant 2 heures suivies par l´application de 10 - 2 M d´acéthylcholine sur la muqueuse sublinguale. Un monitorage hémodynamique complet avant et après l´administration de dobutamine a été réalisé. Les enregistrements ont été obtenus grâce à l´OPS avant et après l´administration de dobutamine et d´acétylcholine. La dobutamine augmente significativement la perfusion capillaire et ce avec de larges variations individuelles, alors que la densité capillaire est restée constante. L´adjonction topique d´acéthylcholine restitue entièrement la perfusion et la densité capillaire. Les modifications de la perfusion capillaire n´ont pas été en rapport avec les fluctuations de la pression artérielle et de l´index cardiaque. La baisse de la lactacidémie était proportionnelle à l´augmentation de la perfusion capillaire, et sans corrélation avec les modifications de l´index cardiaque. Nous en avons conclu que l´administration de 5 mcg/kg.min de dobutamine en cas de choc septique peut augmenter la perfusion capillaire sans toutefois la restaurer. Ces modifications sont indépendantes des fluctuations de l´hémodynamique systémique.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
898

Dynamical models for neonatal intensive care monitoring

Stanculescu, Ioan Anton January 2015 (has links)
The vital signs monitoring data of an infant receiving intensive care are a rich source of information about its health condition. One major concern about the state of health of such patients is the onset of neonatal sepsis, a life-threatening bloodstream infection. As early signs are subtle and current diagnosis procedures involve slow laboratory testing, sepsis detection based on the monitored physiological dynamics is a clinically significant task. This challenging problem can be thoroughly modelled as real-time inference within a machine learning framework. In this thesis, we develop probabilistic dynamical models centred around the goal of providing useful predictions about the onset of neonatal sepsis. This research is characterised by the careful incorporation of domain knowledge for the purpose of extracting the infant’s true physiology from the monitoring data. We make two main contributions. The first one is the formulation of sepsis detection as learning and inference in an Auto-Regressive Hidden Markov Model (AR-HMM). The model investigates the extent to which physiological events observed in the patient’s monitoring traces could be used for the early detection of neonatal sepsis. In addition, the proposed approach involves exact marginalisation over missing data at inference time. When applying the ARHMM on a real-world dataset, we found that it can produce effective predictions about the onset of sepsis. Second, both sepsis and clinical event detection are formulated as learning and inference in a Hierarchical Switching Linear Dynamical System (HSLDS). The HSLDS models dynamical systems where complex interactions between modes of operation can be represented as a twolevel hidden discrete hierarchical structure. For neonatal condition monitoring, the lower layer models clinical events and is controlled by upper layer variables with semantics sepsis/nonsepsis. The model parameterisation and estimation procedures are adapted to the specifics of physiological monitoring data. We demonstrate that the performance of the HSLDS for the detection of sepsis is not statistically different from the AR-HMM, despite the fact that the latter model is given “ground truth” annotations of the patient’s physiology.
899

Einfluss einer Statin-Therapie auf das Überleben von Patienten mit Sepsis-assoziiertem ARDS / Impact of statin therapy on mortality in patients with sepsis-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome

Steinau, Maximilian 29 June 2017 (has links)
No description available.
900

Comparison of the trough levels of two vancomycin formulations in a selected preterm infant population

Griesel, H.A January 2014 (has links)
>Magister Scientiae - MSc / The aim of this study was to compare the trough plasma levels of Aspen-Vancomycin® (AV); and Sandoz-Vancocin CP® (SV) in premature infants with suspected Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. The study was designed as a prospective, double blind, randomised trial involving male and female premature infants admitted in the Neonatal Intensive care Unit (NICU) at Netcare Blaauwberg and N1-city Hospitals for treatment of suspected MRSA-infection between April 2012 and June 2013. The inclusion criteria were: 29-35 weeks postmenstrual age (PMA), informed and written consent from parents of each premature infant enrolled in the study. Blood samples (0.3-0.4ml) were collected for renal function test and vancomycin trough levels determination. Blood samples for vancomycin trough level assay were collected thirty minutes prior to the administration of the third dose of vancomycin. Statistical analysis was performed and estimation was made giving an indication of how many infants will be needed to make the study statistically significant. Wilcoxon Two-Sample test was performed to determine the p-values and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to determine the correlation between trough levels and variables. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. A total of 19 premature infants met with study criteria, 10 (5 females and 5 males) received AV and 9 (6 females and 3 males) receive d SV. There was no statistical significant difference between the demographic (GA, BW, PMA, PNA, weight at trial entry, height at trial entry) and biological (albumin, serum creatinine concentration and glomerular filtration rate) parameters of the premature infants in the AV and SV group. There were no statistical significant difference between trough level 1 of AV and SV, although trough level 1 had a lower trend in the SV group (p=0.118). No AV trough level 1 was below the minimum effective concentration (<5μg/ml). It was found that 30% of AV trough level 1 was within the therapeutic range (5-10μg/ml) and 70% of AV trough level 1, were above minimum toxic concentration (>10mg/l). It was found that 22.2% of SV trough level 1 was below minimum effective concentration, 44.4% of SV trough level 1 was within therapeutic range and 33.3% of trough level 1 was above minimum toxic concentration. No correlation was found between trough level 1 and the demographic and biological parameters of the premature infants in the AV group. SV had a positive correlation with GA, BBW, PMA and a negative correlation with PNA

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