The master’s thesis deals with modelling of various architectures of hybrid powertrains for three vehicle sizes in GT-SUITE and compares them in daily commuting operating mode. On top of making of the hybrid vehicle simulation models, control algorithms had to be created to manage the energy split between the internal combustion engine and the electric motor for each of the architectures. Routes to work and back were logged using the GPS and postprocessed to obtain the speed and the road grade profiles. Resulting data was used as an input in simulations of daily commuting. To compare all hybrid powertrain architectures, fuel economy and electricity consumption were evaluated for WLTP and daily commuting operating modes. Finally, the environmental impact of each topology was assessed based on an estimation of corresponding well-to-wheel emissions.

No description available.

L'intérêt pour les véhicules électriques ne cesse de croitre au sein de la société contemporaine compte tenu de ses nombreuses interrogations sur l’environnement et la dépendance énergétique. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous essayons d’améliorer l’acceptabtabilité sociétale du véhicule électrique en essayant de faire avancer la recherche sur le diagnostique des défauts d’une chaine de traction électrique. Les résultats escomptés devraient permettre à terme d’améliorer la fiabilité et la durabilité de ces systèmes.Nous commençons par une revue des problèmes des défauts déjà apparus dans les véhicules hybrides séries qui disposent de l’architecture la plus proche du véhicule électrique. Une étude approfondie sur le diagnostic des défauts d’un convertisseur de puissance statique (AC-DC) ainsi que celle du moteur synchrone à aimants permanents est menée. Quatre types de défauts majeurs ont été répertoriés concernant le moteur (court-circuit au stator, démagnétisation, excentricité du rotor et défaut des roulements). Au niveau du convertisseur, nous avons considéré le défaut d’ouverture des interrupteurs. Afin d’être dans les mêmes conditions d’utilisation réelle, nous avons effectué des tests expérimentaux à vitesse et charge variables. Ce travail est basé aussi bien sur l’expérimentation que sur la modélisation. Comme par exemple, la méthode des éléments finis pour l’étude de la démagnétisation de la machine. De même, l’essai en court-circuit du stator du moteur en présence d’un contrôle vectoriel.Afin de réaliser un diagnostic en ligne des défauts, nous avons développé un modèle basé sur les réseaux de neurones. L’apprentissage de ce réseau de neurone a été effectué sur la base des résultats expérimentaux et de simulations, que nous avons réalisées. Le réseau de neurones est capable d'assimiler beaucoup de données. Ceci nous permet de classifier les défauts en termes de sévérité et de les localiser. Il permet ainsi d'évaluer le degré de performance de la chaine de traction électrique en ligne en présence des défauts et nous renseigner ainsi sur l'état de santé du système. Ces résultats devraient aboutir à l’élaboration d’une stratégie de contrôle tolérant aux défauts auto-reconfigurable pour prendre en compte les modes dégradés permettant une continuité de service du véhicule ce qui améliorera sa disponibilité. / The interest in the electric vehicles rose recently due both to environmental questions and to energetic dependence of the contemporary society. Accordingly, it is necessary to study and implement in these vehicle fault diagnosis systems which enable them to be more reliable and safe enhancing its sustainability. In this work after a review on problem of faults in the drivetrain of series hybrid electric vehicles (SHEV), a deep investigation on fault diagnosis of AC-DC power converter and permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) have been done as two important parts of traction chains in SHEVs. In other major part of this work, four types of faults (stator winding inter turn short circuit, demagnetization, eccentricity ant bearing faults) of a PMSM have been studied. Inter turn short circuit of stator winding of PMSM in different speeds and loads has been considered to identify fault feature in all operation aspects, as it is expected by electric vehicle application. Experimental results aiming short circuits, bearing and eccentricity fault detection has been presented. Analytical and finite element method (FEM) aiming demagnetization fault investigation has been developed. The AC-DC converter switches are generally exposed to the possibility of outbreak open phase faults because of troubles of the switching devices. This work proposes a robust and efficient identification method for data acquisition selection aiming fault analysis and detection. Two new patterns under AC-DC converter failure are identified and presented. To achieve this goal, four different level of switches fault are considered on the basis of both simulation and experimental results. For accuracy needs of the identified pattern for SHEV application, several parameters have been considered namely: capacitor size changes, load and speed variations. On the basis of the developed fault sensitive models above, an ANN based fault detection, diagnosis strategy and the related algorithm have been developed to show the way of using the identified patterns in the supervision and the diagnosis of the PMSM drivetrain of SHEVs. ANN method have been used to develop three diagnosis based models for : the vector controlled PMSM under inter turn short circuit, the AC/DC power converter under an open phase fault and also the PMSM under unbalanced voltage caused by open phase DC/AC inverter. These models allow supervising the main components of the PMSM drivetrains used to propel the SHEV. The ANN advantages of ability to include a lot of data mad possible to classify the faults in terms of their type and severity. This allows estimating the performance degree of that drivetrains during faulty conditions through the parameter state of health (SOH). The latter can be used in a global control strategy of PMSM control in degraded mode in which the control is auto-adjusted when a defect occurs on the system. The goal is to ensure a continuity of service of the SHEV in faulty conditions to improve its reliability.

Im Zuge strenger werdender Emissionsrichtlinien und steigender Kraftstoffpreise spielt die Energieeffizienz mobiler Arbeitsmaschinen eine zunehmend wichtigere Rolle. Die Firma Gottwald Port Technology GmbH hat in diesem Zusammenhang einen hybriden Antriebsstrang für einen Hafenmobilkran (HMK) in Zusammenarbeit mit der Technischen Universität Dresden erforscht und umgesetzt. Bei diesem Hybridsystem wird die kinetische und potentielle Energie aus dem elektrischen Hub- und Drehwerk des Krans, welche zuvor im Bremswiderstand in Wärme umgewandelt wurde, durch einen elektrischen Energiespeicher zurückgewonnen. Im Gegensatz dazu ist das hydraulisch betriebene Wippwerk noch nicht rückspeisefähig. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Identifikation einer technischen Lösung zur Energierückgewinnung aus der hydraulischen Anlage eines HMK und die Bewertung des erreichbaren Kraftstoffeinsparpotentials. Zunächst wird das bestehende hydraulische System untersucht, um die Anforderungen an das rückspeisefähige Konzept zu ermitteln. Dazu werden Modelle der Kinematik und Kinetik des Wippwerks abgeleitet. Anhand einer Entscheidungsanalyse wird ein hydraulisches Konzept aus einem Katalog verfügbarer Alternativen ausgewählt. Im Anschluss daran wird ein energieflussbasiertes Modell des Konzepts in Matlab/Simulink erstellt und in das bestehende Simulationsmodell integriert. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen ein großes Einsparpotential an Dieselkraftstoff durch den Einsatz des rückspeisefähigen Hydrauliksystems. / Due to stricter emission restrictions and rising fuel costs energy efficiency of mobile work machines is getting more important. In cooperation with Dresden University of Technology, Gottwald Port Technology GmbH has developed a mobile harbour crane with a hybrid drive train. This system can recuperate the kinetic and potential energy from the electrical slewing and hoisting gear, which was formerly dissipated to heat. This paper deals with the identification of a technical solution to recuperate energy form the hydraulic luffing gear to determine the potential reduction of fuel consumption. At first, the actual hydraulic system is analyzed to estimate the requirements of the new recuperation system. For that purpose, models of the kinematics and kinetics of the luffing gear are created. With the help of weighted criteria, a hydraulic concept is chosen of several alternatives. Afterwards, an energy flow based model in Simulink/Matlab is created and integrated in the existing simulation model of the crane. The simulation results confirm a considerable reduction of diesel fuel due to the application of hydraulic recuperation system.

Im Zuge strenger werdender Emissionsrichtlinien und steigender Kraftstoffpreise spielt die Energieeffizienz mobiler Arbeitsmaschinen eine zunehmend wichtigere Rolle. Die Firma Gottwald Port Technology GmbH hat in diesem Zusammenhang einen hybriden Antriebsstrang für einen Hafenmobilkran (HMK) in Zusammenarbeit mit der Technischen Universität Dresden erforscht und umgesetzt. Bei diesem Hybridsystem wird die kinetische und potentielle Energie aus dem elektrischen Hub- und Drehwerk des Krans, welche zuvor im Bremswiderstand in Wärme umgewandelt wurde, durch einen elektrischen Energiespeicher zurückgewonnen. Im Gegensatz dazu ist das hydraulisch betriebene Wippwerk noch nicht rückspeisefähig. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Identifikation einer technischen Lösung zur Energierückgewinnung aus der hydraulischen Anlage eines HMK und die Bewertung des erreichbaren Kraftstoffeinsparpotentials. Zunächst wird das bestehende hydraulische System untersucht, um die Anforderungen an das rückspeisefähige Konzept zu ermitteln. Dazu werden Modelle der Kinematik und Kinetik des Wippwerks abgeleitet. Anhand einer Entscheidungsanalyse wird ein hydraulisches Konzept aus einem Katalog verfügbarer Alternativen ausgewählt. Im Anschluss daran wird ein energieflussbasiertes Modell des Konzepts in Matlab/Simulink erstellt und in das bestehende Simulationsmodell integriert. Die Simulationsergebnisse zeigen ein großes Einsparpotential an Dieselkraftstoff durch den Einsatz des rückspeisefähigen Hydrauliksystems. / Due to stricter emission restrictions and rising fuel costs energy efficiency of mobile work machines is getting more important. In cooperation with Dresden University of Technology, Gottwald Port Technology GmbH has developed a mobile harbour crane with a hybrid drive train. This system can recuperate the kinetic and potential energy from the electrical slewing and hoisting gear, which was formerly dissipated to heat. This paper deals with the identification of a technical solution to recuperate energy form the hydraulic luffing gear to determine the potential reduction of fuel consumption. At first, the actual hydraulic system is analyzed to estimate the requirements of the new recuperation system. For that purpose, models of the kinematics and kinetics of the luffing gear are created. With the help of weighted criteria, a hydraulic concept is chosen of several alternatives. Afterwards, an energy flow based model in Simulink/Matlab is created and integrated in the existing simulation model of the crane. The simulation results confirm a considerable reduction of diesel fuel due to the application of hydraulic recuperation system.

No description available.

The introduction of hybrid powertrains has made it possible to utilise unconventional engines as primary power units in vehicles. The free-piston energy converter (FPEC) is such an engine. It is a combination of a free-piston combustion engine and a linear electrical machine. The main features of this configuration are high efficiency and a rapid transient response. In this thesis the free-piston energy converter as part of a hybrid powertrain is studied. One issue of the FPEC is the generation of pulsating power due to the reciprocating motion of the translator. These pulsations affect the components in the powertrain. However, it is shown that these pulsations can be handled by a normal sized DC-link capacitor bank. In addition, two approaches to reduce these pulsations are suggested: the first approach is using generator force control and the second approach is based on phase-shifted operation of two FPEC units. The latter approach results in higher frequency and lower amplitude of the pulsations, which reduce the capacitor losses. The FPEC start-up requirements are analysed and by choosing the correct amplitude of the generator force during start-up the energy consumption can be minimised. The performance gain of utilising the FPEC in a medium sized series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV) is also studied. An FPEC model suitable for vehicle simulation is developed and a series hybrid powertrain, with the same performance as the Toyota Prius, is dimensioned and modelled. Optimisation is utilised to find a lower limit on the SHEV's fuel consumption for a given drivecycle. In addition, three power management control strategies for the FPEC system are investigated: two load-following strategies using one and two FPEC units respectively and one strategy based on the ideas of an equivalent consumption minimisation (ECM) proposed earlier in the literature. The results show a significant decrease in fuel consumption, compared to a diesel-generator powered SHEV, just by replacing the diesel-generator with an FPEC. This result is improved even more by using two FPEC units to generate the propulsion power, as this increases the efficiency at low loads. The ECM control strategy does not reduce the fuel consumption compared to the load-following strategies but gives a better utilisation of the available power sources. / QC 20101116

Several aspects make today’s transport system non-sustainable: • Production, transport and combustion of fossil fuels lead to global and local environmental problems. • Oil dependency in the transport sector may lead to economical and political instability. • Air pollution, noise, congestion and land-use may jeopardise public health and quality of life, especially in urban areas. In a sustainable urban transport system most trips are made with public transport because high convenience and comfort makes travelling with public transport attractive. In terms of emissions, including noise, the vehicles are environmentally sustainable, locally as well as globally. Vehicles are energy-efficient and the primary energy stems from renewable sources. Costs are reasonable for all involved, from passengers, bus operators and transport authorities to vehicle manufacturers. The system is thus commercially viable on its own merits. This thesis presents the results from three projects involving different concept buses, all with different powertrains. The first two projects included technical evaluations, including tests, of two different fuel cell buses. The third project focussed on development of a series hybrid-bus with internal combustion engine intended for production around 2010. The research on the fuel cell buses included evaluations of the energy efficiency improvement potential using energy mapping and vehicle simulations. Attitudes to hydrogen fuel cell buses among passengers, bus drivers and bus operators were investigated. Safety aspects of hydrogen as a vehicle fuel were analysed and the use of hydrogen compared to electrical energy storage were also investigated. One main conclusion is that a city bus should be considered as one energy system, because auxiliaries contribute largely to the energy use. Focussing only on the powertrain is not sufficient. The importance of mitigating losses far down an energy conversion chain is emphasised. The Scania hybrid fuel cell bus showed the long-term potential of fuel cells, advanced auxiliaries and hybrid-electric powertrains, but technologies applied in that bus are not yet viable in terms of cost or robustness over the service life of a bus. Results from the EU-project CUTE show that hydrogen fuelled fuel cell buses are viable for real-life operation. Successful operation and public acceptance show that focus on robustness and cost in vehicle design were key success factors, despite the resulting poor fuel economy. Hybrid-electric powertrains are feasible in stop-and-go city operation. Fuel consumption can be reduced, comfort improved, noise lowered and the main power source downsized and operated less dynamically. The potential for design improvements due to flexible component packaging is implemented in the Scania hybrid concept bus. This bus and the framework for its hybrid management system are discussed in this thesis. The development of buses for a more sustainable urban transport should be made in small steps to secure technical and economical realism, which both are needed to guarantee commercialisation and volume of production. This is needed for alternative products to have a significant influence. Hybrid buses with internal combustion engines running on renewable fuel is tomorrow’s technology, which paves the way for plug-in hybrid, battery electric and fuel cell hybrid vehicles the day after tomorrow. / QC 20100722