Abstract. This thesis project analyzes how the principles and methods of service design, design thinking, and human-centered design research can be utilized to re-imagine a county-level parks department, specifically Allegheny County Parks. Allegheny County Parks is a system of nine parks that have suffered for 30+ years from deferred maintenance, funding cuts, and other shortages. Boyce Park, one of the nine County parks, includes a broad range of prototypical park activities. My previous employment and established relationships made Boyce Park an excellent service design case study. To begin the project, I employed exploratory research methods (e.g., literature reviews, observations, participation in services, surveys, and interviews) to understand the design space. Then, generative research methods (e.g., affinity diagrams, personas, stakeholder maps, and service blueprints) led to the identification of key service improvement areas: organizational structure, increase revenue, infrastructure, user-centered park policies and communications. The area of communications was chosen for further exploration, due to its potential as a first step in transforming the parks and affecting the other service improvement areas. Another round of communications-centered exploratory and generative research (e.g., benchmarking and speed dating) was completed, resulting in a new service ecology and communications system proposal for Allegheny County Parks. A portion of the new communications system, specifically a responsive website design for mobile, tablet and desktop platforms, was prototyped. The responsive design, which showcased an activity finder and reservation system, was evaluated through paper prototyping sessions. The feedback from these sessions was implemented within a final HTML prototype.

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Although the cruise industry and ROPAX ships have achieved steady growth with increased capacity, innovative service provisions and constantly being prepared for events of emergencies, they were not prepared for the sudden COVID-19 pandemic, and the travel restrictions and No Sail order put a halt to their services. Organisational resilience has received a growing interest in the world since its capabilities can support organisations to anticipate, cope and adapt to internal or external changes due to a crisis or unexpected event. This exploratory scenario study seeks to examine the cruise ships organisational resilience and service attributes in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.The empirical findings have been collected by using qualitative semi-structured interviews with four key managers and decision makers within the industry. The findings were themed to find qualitative variations and then analysed in relation to the presented literature through the adaptive change cycle. The adaptive change cycle has been used to explain the drastic and partially chaotic crisis and recovery of cruise services.

Diskussionen inom tjänstemarknadsföring har länge handlat om att klassificera skillnader mellan varor och tjänster i termer om greppbarhet. Senare forskning har visat på klassificeringens irrelevans och presenterat en servicecentrerad logik, där erbjudandet i sig spelar roll för värdet. Filosofin låter varor och tjänster konvergera och ser till icke greppbara aspekter som relationer, dynamik, utbyte och kompetenser. Teorier har visat att kunden är medskapare av värde tillsammans med serviceutövaren och detta synliggörs i interaktionen. Kundens agerande kan således påverka servicesituationen och upplevelsen, vilket leder till en fråga om roller. Vidare är upplevd servicekvalitet subjektiv och grundas i en helhetsupplevelse med emotionella och funktionella inslag. Resonemangen leder vidare till kundens del i serviceupplevelsen och det delade ansvaret.Syftet med denna studie är att utveckla synen kring kundens ansvar i serviceupplevelsen genom att se till aspekter såsom värdeskapande, roller och servicekvalitet.Studiens empiriska del baserades på en kvalitativ intervjuserie med både kunder och serviceutövare i fyra olika branscher samt två introspektioner.Slutligen visar studien på att kundens roll och agerande är av betydelse för värdeskapande i interaktionen. Emotionellt och praktiskt kan kunden bidra såväl positivt som negativt till upplevd servicekvalitet. Kundens ansvar i serviceupplevelsen handlar om möjligheten till att aktivt eller passivt påverka servicesituationen.Nyckelord; service, ansvar, serviceupplevelse, roller, värdeskapande, servicekvalitet, servicecentrerad logik, tjänstemarknadsföring, interaktion. / The theoretical discussion within the area of service marketing has predominantly dealt with how to distinguish the differences between goods and services in terms of tangibility. Later studies have proven its irrelevance by presenting a service-centered logic, in which it is thought the actual offer of the product or service is what matters. This philosophy converges on goods and services, analyzing non-tangible aspects such as relations, dynamics, exchange and competences. Theories have shown that there is a co-production of value between company and customer which can be visible during the service interaction. The behavior and actions of the customer may affect the service situations as well as the experience. This leads to a question about roles. Furthermore, service quality is experienced subjectively. Customers tend to see the whole picture as in an experience, involving both emotional and functional parts.The discussion focuses on the customer’s part in a service experience and shared responsibility.This study aims to develop this discussion and assess the different view points concerning how the customer has a responsibility for the service experience by looking into aspects such as value creation, roles and service quality.The empirical part of the study is based on qualitative interviews from four different branches and two introspections.Conclusively, the study shows the role and acts of the customers are of importance for the value creation and the interaction. Emotionally and functionally, the customer can contribute positively and negatively to experienced service quality. Customer responsibility is about actively or passively using the opportunity to have an effect on the service situation.Key words: service, responsibility, service experience, roles, value creation, service quality, service-centered logic, services marketing, interaction,

It is essential for service companies to understand how their customer service experiences are formed. This is especially important since service experiences are highly subjective and involve customers cognitively, emotionally and behaviorally. Although customer service experiences are a well recognised research topic in both, culinary arts and service research, dynamic interactions, activities and the customers’ active involvement have so far gained little attention. As a consequence the approach in previous research paints a rather static picture of customer service experiences. By introducing the principles of service dominant logic a first person view and the understanding of drivers of customer service experiences could be facilitated. The overall aim of the thesis is to extend and deepen the understandin of drivers of favourable and unfavourable customer service experiences.The context selected is the restaurant context. The overall aim is reflected in four intermediate aims. Two separate studies were conducted. First a two-stage questionnaire based study, describing the phone reservation encounter compared to dining satisfaction; second a critical incident technique study including 195 short narratives of customers’ favourable and unfavourable service experiences at restaurants. Interview data were analysed according to constant comparative analysis principles.The main empirical contributions of this thesis are the move from static descriptions of service to examining dynamic drivers of favourable and unfavourable customers’ service experiences, and especially the analysis of social interactions as a driver of service experiences and the categorisation of drivers. Theoretically the thesis introduces the experience driver constellation, reflecting the dynamic process of co-creation in specific situations,when favourable and unfavourable customer service experiences are formed. Suggestions are made to develop the Five Aspects Meal Model and the Experience Room Framework through the addition of actors, the exterior environment and organisational routines to the models.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate key success factors of a business model for digitally enhanced and demand driven manufacturing of personalised apparel products. Through the investigation of a questionnaire and two focus group discussions the research outlines the co-creation of customers and the company when personalising an apparel productafter individual requests. Furthermore, it examines the relationship and impacts of service experiences towards the customer journey of value-adding personalisation. Methodology: This study is based on a mixed-method design. The empirical data weregathered through an online questionnaire, which reached out to 183 participants. Furthermore, the data were collected from two focus group discussions with seven students in total. The  discussions were transcribed, coded and analysed using a comparative analysis approach. The main limitations of the research are the limited amount of questionnaire participants and focus groups as well as the focus on personalisation services regarding apparel products. Findings: The findings of the analysis point out that in order to establish a beneficial demand driven business model for the personalisation of apparel products, a company has to adopt factors such as raising awareness, ensure value-adding integration, ideal information sharing, straightforward operation, incorporate customer’s knowledge, customer satisfaction, enablevaluable personalisation as well as consider customer’s emotion. Additionally, the results illustrate that service experiences have an impact on the customer journey of a personalisation. Contribution: This paper contributes to the academia by investigating a framework for ther elationship between a customer journey and the service experiences while co-designing a product with a company. Practical contributions are made by investigating key success factors for digitally enhanced, demand driven manufacturing of personalised apparel products and by giving new insights in the integration of customers when using the service of personalisation. The generated framework and the key success factors can be principle guidelines for entrepreneurs and established businesses as well as for future investigations.

SammanfattningTitel: AI och tjänster – en kvantitativ studie om konsumenters inställning till AI inom tjänster  Nivå: Examensarbete på grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Lina Bremmers och Ellinor LingvallHandledare: Peter EkDatum: 2023 - juni  Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka konsumenters inställning till AI inom tjänster utifrån de tre kategorierna: mekanisk AI, tänkande AI och kännande AI. Utifrån kategorierna är syftet att besvara inom vilka tjänster konsumenterna har en positiv inställning till AI och om konsumenternas inställning förändras när AI ger en bättre serviceupplevelse.  Metod: Studien har utförts utifrån en kvantitativ forskningsmetod med en deduktiv ansats. Undersökningen genomfördes i form av en enkät som förmedlades via sociala medier och läroverk och fick svar från 142 respondenter. Svaren analyserades genom univariat- samt bivariat analys i form av t-test.  Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet visar att konsumenter är positivt inställda till användandet av AI för tjänster inom mekanisk AI och till viss del inom tänkande AI. Resultatet visar vidare att konsumenter har en negativ inställning till användandet av AI för tjänster inom kännande AI. Studiens resultat visar även att serviceupplevelsen påverkar konsumenters inställning till användandet av AI inom majoriteten av tjänsterna.  Examensarbetets bidrag: Studiens syfte utgick från det forskningsgap som tidigare fanns och som innebar en avsaknad av ett konsumentperspektiv när det kommer till användning av AI inom tjänster. Detta examensarbete bidrar till forskningen genom att fylla detta gap.  Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Studien har identifierat 3 punkter för framtida forskning. 1. Undersöka vilka andra påverkningsfaktorer som finns när det kommer till inställningen till AI. 2. Undersöka om inställningen till AI påverkas av demografi. 3. Genomföra denna studies undersökning igen i framtiden för att se om konsumenters inställning till AI har förändrats.  Nyckelord: Artificiell Intelligens, AI, tjänster, Mekanisk, Tänkande, Kännande, serviceupplevelse, konsumenter. / AbstractTitle: AI and services - a quantitative study of consumer attitudes towards AI in services Level: Bachelor thesis in Business EconomicsAuthor: Lina Bremmers and Ellinor LingvallSupervisor: Peter EkDate: 2023 - june  Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate consumers' attitudes towards AI in services based on the three categories: mechanical AI, thinking AI and knowledge AI. Based on the categories, the aim is to answer within which services consumers have a positive attitude towards AI and whether attitudes change when AI provides a better service experience.  Method: The study has been carried out based on a quantitative research method with a deductive approach. The survey was carried out in the form of a questionnaire that was mediated via social media and the educational institution and received 142 answers. The answers were analyzed by univariate and bivariate analysis in the form of t-tests.  Results and conclusions: The result shows that consumers are positively disposed to the use of AI for services in mechanical AI and to some extent in thinking AI. The result further shows that consumers have a negative attitude towards the use of AI for feeling AI services. The results of the study also show that the service experience affects consumers' attitude towards the use of AI within the majority of services.  Contribution of the thesis: The purpose of the study was based on the research gap that previously existed and which meant a lack of a consumer perspective when it comes to the use of AI in services. This thesis contributes to the research by filling this gap.  Suggestion for future research: The study has identified 3 points for future research. 1. Investigate what other influencing factors exist when it comes to the attitude towards AI. 2. Investigate whether the attitude to AI is influenced by demographics. 3. Conduct this study's survey again in the future to see if consumer attitudes toward AI have changed.  Key words: Artificial Intelligence, AI, services, mechanical, thinking, feeling, service experience, consumers.

Ce travail doctoral a eu pour but de comprendre le rôle dynamique des moments de différentes intensités et valences perçues aux trois périodes d'une expérience de service (début, milieu, fin) sur la satisfaction globale dans le temps. Une revue de la littérature a été effectuée, s'articulant autour de quatre axes de recherche : l'expérience de service, la satisfaction du client, l'évaluation rétrospective d'une séquence temporelle et la mémoire, combinée alternativement à l'étude qualitative. Notre étude empirique comporte deux phases. Tout d'abord, une étude préalable a été réalisée par la méthode expérimentale en laboratoire comprenant 3 sous pré-tests. L'étude a eu pour but d'identifier 12 événements de services qui constituent ensuite une expérience (un festival) composée de trois périodes dont chacune comprend 4 différents événements (4 moments). L'étude principale a traité de ce festival en contexte réel (trois expérimentations, au Vietnam) en manipulant trois dimensions (saillance, valence et position temporelle de l'événement) avec une mesure longitudinale de la satisfaction globale (immédiatement après l'expérience, trois semaines après et six mois plus tard). Les tests des hypothèses sont réalisés à partir d'ANOVA-mesure répétée, d'équations structurelles, et d'analyse de dominance / This doctoral work attempts to understand the dynamic role of different moments within a service experience having different intensities, valences and existing across different service periods (start, middle, and end) on global satisfaction levels within a longitudinal perspective. The literature review which focuses on four streams: service experience, client satisfaction, retrospective evaluation of a temporal sequence, and memorization, was conducted alongside a qualitative study. It was followed by our empirical study which has two phases. The first phase is the preliminary studies in the laboratory wherein 3 pre-tests were conducted in order to identify 12 different moments of a service experience suitable for enactment in the final study as a real life festival. Moreover, the structure of the festival was also selected from the results of these pre-tests. In the second phase, a real life festival (3 different experiments, in Vietnam) was organized and the three dimensions (intensity, valence and temporal position) of the moments were manipulated. Additionally, a longitudinal measurement of global satisfaction (immediately after the festival, 3 weeks after the festival, 6 months after the festival) was taken. The data was subsequently treated with repeated measures ANOVA, structural equation modeling and dominance analysis. Results show differential effect of the moments on global satisfaction over time depending on the different levels of intensity, valence and temporal position

本研究在探討資訊科技所創造出的虛擬化體驗，是否影響顧客在虛擬旅遊的體驗價值，並進而影響顧客對實體旅遊的消費意願，最後來探討虛擬化體驗系統的複雜性對消費意願的影響程度。我們以虛擬紫禁城和虛擬武漢線上景點導覽系統為研究案例，分兩階段模式來分析使用者消費意願．系統使用前，採用計畫行為理論及涉入程度的構面來衡量觀光旅遊之消費意願；系統使用過後，用互動性和生動性來探討虛擬觀光景點之體驗價值的關係，研究結果顯示虛擬紫禁城及虛擬武漢的虛擬體驗皆對實體旅遊之消費意願有所影響。 / This paper aims to study how the experience of tourism virtualization derived from information technology affects not only the customer’s experiential value of virtual tourism, but also intention of traveling in the future. Moreover, we discuss how the complexity of virtual experience systems impacts customer intention. Two on-line tour systems, the virtual Forbidden City and the virtual Wuhan, are utilized in a sequence of experiments for tourism experience. Before using the system, the constructs of Theory of Planned Behavior and Involvement Theory are employed to measure the intention of traveling. After then, two constructs, interactivity and vividness, are adopted to explore how the experiential value of virtual tourism impacts the intention of travelling. Our research results show that experiential values of the virtual Forbidden City and the virtual Wuhan both have impacted the intention of travelling.

自古鄰里相親敦親睦鄰，然而近年生活習慣與居住型態轉變，集合式公寓社區成為都市人們主要的住宅型態，人們與鄰里之間的互動日漸減少，以致於鄰里關係疏離。基此，本研究主旨在探討透過服務設計方法，改善都市集合式社區的住戶與鄰里之間的人際互動與溝通。 本研究以服務體驗工程方法論為研究方法，分三個階段進行研究。第一階段「服務體驗需求洞察研究」階段，透過深度訪談與參與觀察，挖掘社區住戶與鄰里主要有兩個接觸情境，即兩個不同的研究方向: (1)一為主動型住戶與鄰里往來而形成社區團購；(2)二為管委會與住戶的溝通與服務。比較兩個方向對社區的影響性後，擇第二個方向為本研究的研究方向。首先，採用人物誌分析出流程中三方使用者，包含住戶、管委會與總幹事，再以顧客旅程地圖發現三方溝通流程「管委會與住戶之間的溝通」及「住戶參與管委會的經驗」影響社區鄰里的互動關係，在流程的三部分中共發現16個問題與需求。 接著，第二階段進行「服務設計」，以普及至使用者中壯年齡層的智慧型手機為服務載具，設計社區社交平台「比鄰Belink App」，提供四項功能：「社區公告」、「提問求助」、「知識交流」與「委員會議」，改善住戶擔任委員參與管委會或是與管委會接觸的體驗。最後，第三階段「服務原型測試與評估」，邀請三方使用者以放聲思考法依照指定的情境使用「比鄰Belink App」，並填寫整體使用評估量表，再根據測試結果與意見回饋提出第二版設計，修改操作模式、介面按鈕的位置、顏色與形狀等等。 總結，研究成果為：（1）發現住戶與管委會在溝通流程三階段的16個問題與痛點；（2）了解中壯年齡層住戶的智慧型手機使用經驗；（3）提出符合使用需求的「比鄰Belink App」四大功能設計；（4）完成App使用性測試與可行性評估，使用者滿意提供的功能，三方使用者可更即時、公開與正向地進行溝通；但易用性方面雖具備可記憶性但易學性低，需修改設計。研究成果可作為日後相關研究參考。