Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:30:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 George Moraes De Luiz.pdf: 2443589 bytes, checksum: 3737ca2ddc1c9d08f69f85d104e417c9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This study is focused on risk management strategies in the Aids scenario. Risk management involves five integrated strategies: the safe ones, the laws of damage responsibility, direct government intervention, self-regulation and the communication of the risks. The notion of risk has been gradually changed into a less technical approach and as it was influenced by the sociological perspective developed by Ulrich Beck (1993) and Anthony Giddens (1991), it started to acquire critical character. In this context, risk is considered in its relation with the socio-political conditions of the late modernity societies. In the last two decades, anthropologist Mary Douglas (1982, 1985, 1987, 2000) has added cultural aspects to the discussion of risk evaluation, questioning the hegemony of the objectivists trends. To understand risk management, it is now taken into examination the practices of sex between two men in casual encounters or partnerships. The theories and methodologies on which this study is based are the concepts of sexual practices (PARKER, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2002,) and risky life styles (CASTIEL, 1996, 2006; SPINK, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007). Through the technique known as snow ball, ten subjects were selected to be interviewed within the field of discursive practices from the perspective of quotidian conversations (SPINK, 2000). The information gathered leads us into thinking about the relation between social and cultural factors and the production of risky life styles. Another question is the assimilation of science-based data that is found within the quotidian social context and are interpreted as a potential source for risk management. It is also highlighted the usage of information that is not technically-based and is related to people s beliefs and values, or that exists in the quotidian social context and ends up being a part of the risk management repertoire. To summarize, it seems possible to state that when men who have sex with men choose to do so without using a prophylactic, they develop their own strategies with the intention of decreasing the possibility of STD/HIV infection and/or second infection by HIV, without basing themselves on official government prevention policies. The conclusion is that such pieces of information work as safety belts that allow them to take risks in a safe zone even in a scenario of incertitude / O presente estudo tem como foco as estratégias de gestão de riscos no cenário da aids. A gestão de riscos compreende cinco estratégias integradas: os seguros, as leis de responsabilização por danos, a intervenção governamental direta, a auto-regulação e a comunicação sobre os riscos. Aos poucos, a noção de risco passou a ser considerada menos tecnicamente, e, influenciada pela perspectiva sociológica conduzida por Ulrich Beck (1993) e Anthony Giddens (1991), passou a adotar caráter crítico. Nesse contexto, o risco passou a ser pensado em sua relação com as condições político-sociais das sociedades da modernidade tardia. Nas últimas duas décadas, a antropóloga Mary Douglas (1982, 1985, 1987, 2000) inseriu fatores culturais no debate da avaliação dos riscos, questionando a hegemonia das vertentes objetivistas. Elege-se para entender a gestão de riscos as práticas sexuais entre homens que fazem sexo com homens em parceira casual. O aporte teórico-metodológico que sustenta este trabalho está baseado nas noções de práticas sexuais (PARKER, 1994, 1995, 1997, 2002,) e estilos de vida arriscados (CASTIEL, 1996, 2006; SPINK, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2007). Para tanto, por meio da técnica snow ball, foram selecionados dez participantes que responderam a uma entrevista conduzida na vertente das práticas discursivas, na perspectiva de conversas no cotidiano (SPINK, 2000). As informações levantadas nos conduzem a pensar a relação entre fatores sócio-culturais e a produção de estilos de vida arriscados. Outra questão remete à assimilação de informações de base científica que circulam no cotidiano das pessoas e são interpretadas como potencial fonte na gestão de riscos. Destaca-se ainda o uso de informações que não possuem base científica, mas que estão relacionadas às crenças e aos valores das pessoas, ou que circulam no cotidiano e acabam por fazer parte dos repertórios de gestão de riscos. Em síntese, parece possível afirmar que homens que fazem sexo com homens, quando optam pela prática sexual sem preservativo com parceiro casual, desenvolvem suas próprias estratégias que visam mitigar a possibilidade de infecção por DST, HIV e/ou a reinfecção pelo HIV, sem basear-se necessariamente nas políticas oficiais de prevenção do governo. Conclui-se que essas informações servem como cintos de segurança , os quais permitem arriscar dentro de uma margem de segurança, mesmo que diante de um cenário de incertezas

p. 1-216 / Submitted by Santiago Fabio (fabio.ssantiago@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-08T18:01:08Z No. of bitstreams: 4 ddddddddddddddw.pdf: 366263 bytes, checksum: 214248a4bc1b1481143085bf55270bb8 (MD5) cccccccccccc.pdf: 805194 bytes, checksum: 2d485e75e2131a0e5774158a2bb3ddb6 (MD5) bbbbbbbbbbbbb.pdf: 575446 bytes, checksum: 3bec72656f3a7823fe14ccc7a732eea9 (MD5) aaaaaaaa.pdf: 612916 bytes, checksum: c1acf4fcb837d2f43c5d65c4fe309d75 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:15:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 ddddddddddddddw.pdf: 366263 bytes, checksum: 214248a4bc1b1481143085bf55270bb8 (MD5) cccccccccccc.pdf: 805194 bytes, checksum: 2d485e75e2131a0e5774158a2bb3ddb6 (MD5) bbbbbbbbbbbbb.pdf: 575446 bytes, checksum: 3bec72656f3a7823fe14ccc7a732eea9 (MD5) aaaaaaaa.pdf: 612916 bytes, checksum: c1acf4fcb837d2f43c5d65c4fe309d75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:15:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 ddddddddddddddw.pdf: 366263 bytes, checksum: 214248a4bc1b1481143085bf55270bb8 (MD5) cccccccccccc.pdf: 805194 bytes, checksum: 2d485e75e2131a0e5774158a2bb3ddb6 (MD5) bbbbbbbbbbbbb.pdf: 575446 bytes, checksum: 3bec72656f3a7823fe14ccc7a732eea9 (MD5) aaaaaaaa.pdf: 612916 bytes, checksum: c1acf4fcb837d2f43c5d65c4fe309d75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A prática do sexo oral e anal sem o uso do preservativo masculino é um importante fator para a infecção pelo HIV e outras DST na população dos homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH) e das travestis. As relações entre características sociais, individuais, institucionais e as práticas sexuais desprotegidas são informações que podem ser utilizadas para estruturar ações de prevenção. Investigar as associações entre fatores de vulnerabilidade e as práticas sexuais desprotegidas além de descrever características dos HSH e travestis faz parte dos objetivos deste trabalho. O presente estudo é um recorte do Projeto Convida, inquérito sobre conhecimentos, atitudes, comportamentos e práticas de risco para a infecção pelo HIV entre HSH na cidade de Salvador na Bahia, em 2003. A população do estudo foi de HSH e travestis residentes na cidade de Salvador e região metropolitana que responderam ao questionário e que freqüentaram a “cena gay” desta cidade. A parte exploratória do estudo foi realizada com a análise de correspondência. Para a classificação da amostra em grupos, utilizou-se a análise de cluster. A modelagem estatística foi realizada utilizando regressão logística, todas norteadas pelo quadro conceitual da vulnerabilidade. A prática do sexo anal e oral desprotegido foi de 48,5% e 68,6% respectivamente, sendo a identidade sexual um importante fator para se descrever tais práticas nos grupos identificados na análise gráfica. Ajustou-se a formação dos grupos com a análise de cluster que permitiu identificar quais as características dos indivíduos que se envolvem mais freqüentemente na prática do sexo anal e oral desprotegido. A associação entre os diferentes grupos dos HSH e travestis e a prática do sexo anal desprotegido foi estatisticamente significante para o grupo dos que se sentem em médio risco de contrair HIV (OR=2,31; IC=1,68;3,19), os que se sentem em alto risco de contrair HIV (OR=1,56; IC95%=1,09;2,24), os que não responderam a percepção de risco (OR=3,20; IC95%=1,05;9,77), os ativos e passivos que gostam de todos os tipos de prática e parceria homossexual (OR=1,67 IC95%=1,07;2,61), os persuadidos/cuidadosos ao sexo desprotegido (OR=1,48; IC95%=1,16;1,89), os persuasivos e persuadidos a prática do sexo anal sem proteção (OR=6,75; IC95%=4,38;10,40). Para o sexo oral desprotegido, a associação foi estatisticamente significante para os grupos dos casados com mulher (OR=0,57; IC95%=0,38;0,87), os ativos e passivos que gostam de todos os tipos de prática e parceria homossexual (OR=3,65 IC95%=2,06;6,45), o ativo e passivo seletivo nos locais que freqüenta (OR=2,16; IC95%=1,25;3,73), o ativo sem preferência de parceiro (OR=2,34 ic95%=1,46;3,75 e os persuasivos e persuadidos a prática do sexo anal sem proteção (OR=2,41; IC95%=1,30;4,43). As práticas sexuais desprotegidas são freqüentes na população dos HSH e travestis da cidade de Salvador, sendo que os homossexuais parecem mais vulneráveis a estas práticas sexuais, seguidos das travestis. Os resultados são consistentes com alguns estudos que mostram a associação entre fatores da percepção de risco, prática do sexo insertivo sem proteção, negociação de regras para as práticas desprotegidas. Uma vantagem foi ter grupos de homens formados através da observação das relações simultâneas entre vários fatores para se observar as associações. A descrição detalhada das relações entre as práticas desprotegidas e características dos grupos de HSH e travestis podem ser usada para subsidiar ações diferenciadas e específicas de prevenção nos locais da “cena gay” de Salvador, convidando estes homens e travestis à práticas sexuais mais protegidas. / Salvador

Au Gabon, le mariage est une institution qui permet l'union de deux personnes et de deux familles. Sur le plan juridique, seul le mariage civil a une valeur légale. Mais le mariage traditionnel encore appelé mariage coutumier reste une étape importante durant laquelle se déroule la cérémonie de la dot. Cette étude traite de la manière dont les gabonais se représentent le couple et le mariage. Notre approche théorique et nos champs d'investigation portent sur l'évolution socio-culturelle de cette institution et sur la relation que les jeunes gabonais établissent entre la culture, leurs comportements et leurs actions sociales. L'intérêt ici est de comprendre les influences qu'exerce le modèle de vie occidental en matière de moeurs et de style de vie par le biais de l'urbanisation, de la scolarisation et des médias. Notre problématique qui se décline en plusieurs questions a pour principal objectif de décrire le modèle de couple et le type de mariage auxquels aspirent ces jeunes. Le travail de terrain réalisé au Gabon et en France nous a permis d'établir une typologie des conduites et des discours recueillis. Les principaux thèmes abordés sont : la polygamie, la dot, le choix du partenaire, le couple mixte, le sida, l'homosexualité et les rapports de séduction. Avec leurs mots, ils posent un regard sur la culture gabonaise et française et nous livrent un discours partagé entre tradition et modernité. Ce travail permet donc une nouvelle approche des rapports de couple et du mariage dans une société gabonaise en plein évolution. / In Gabon, marriage is an institution which allows the union of two persons and two families. In legal terms, only the civil marriage has a legal value. But the traditional marriage still called usual marriage is an important step which takes place at the ceremony of the dowry. This study deals about the way Gabonese represent themselves the couple and the marriage.Our theoretical approach and our fields of investigation concern the sociocultural evolution of this institution and the relationship which the Gabonese establish between the culture, their behavior and their social actions. The interest here is to understand the influences there is with the western model of life in customs and lifestyle by means of the urbanization, the schooling and the media. Our problematic witch comes in several questions has for main objective to describe themodel and the type of couple the young people are expecting. About the work done in Gabon and France we can see a typology of behavior and speech collected. The main topics are : polygamy, dowry, mate choice, mixed couple, Aids, homosexuality and seduction. With their words, they have an special eye on Gabonese and French culture and have ashared speech between tradition and modernity. This work gives a new approach about couple relationships and marriage in a society in full evolution in Gabon.

Following the Covid-19 pandemic, a relatively mild global disruption, our global society experienced large-scale shortages of high-tech materials, the increasing cost or absence of many commodities usually taken for granted, and the floundering of industries that facilitate our global industrial civilisation such as shipping and aviation. By comparison, catastrophic climate change stands to be far more devastating.  Body-Safe Apocalypse is an attempt to encourage a shift in thinking and practice away from the presumed possibility of eternal “sustainable” growth within a digital, high-tech global context and towards a practical, grounded framework of understanding, preparing for, and working beyond the collapse of global, high-tech, industrial civilisation. The method of exploration is through an analysis of sexual materiality, the contextualisation of sexual and broader materiality within a failing industrial civilisation, and the creation of a sex toy using materials and processes accessible in a collapsing/collapsed global civilisation.  As well as focusing on the craft and materiality of sexual practices in a collapse context, Body-Safe Apocalypse provides theoretical framework on collapse meant to address a current gap in design literature, critique on the current Western/anglo design paradigm that is yet to consider the catastrophic as non-speculative, and encouragement to designers to look into- and then beyond- the upheavals and endings of the systems most of us have built our lives/careers around and upon.

This quantitative study sought to identify and describe factors influencing HIV disclosure and sexual practices among 340 PLWHA on ART at Mbabane National Referral VCT/ART Centre, Swaziland. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A high general HIV disclosure rate (94.1%; f=320; N=340) was observed of which 57.5% (f=184; n=320) was to sexual partners. X2 procedures indicate an association with gender, residential region, religion, and period of being on ART. The majority (70.2%; f=179; n=255) of the respondents used condoms all the time to avoid infecting their sexual partners (99.2%; f=243; n=245) and to avoid contracting STIs (99.2%; f=243; n=245). X2 procedures indicate an association with gender, residential region, marital status, number of sexual partners, knowledge of the HIV status of sexual partners and period of being on ART. The single leading reason for not using the condom was sexual partners’ refusal to use condoms (85.7%; f=54; n=63). / Health Studies / M.A.(Health Studies)

Cette thèse espère contribuer à l’histoire socio-culturelle du couple américain durant la période d’après-guerre. En discutant du récit national au travers d’aspects qui sont souvent considérés comme évident – génération, âge, situation géographique, individu et institution ainsi que cultures locales et nationales – ce travail essaie de nuancer ces définitions catégoriques qui en sont venues à représenter les années 1950 et 1960 tout comme l’ubiquité du discours sur la culture nationale. Le mariage, la famille, le genre, la sexualité, faire la cour (dating), les pratiques sexuelles et la culture des jeunes forment le cadre par lequel cette étude essaie d’éclairer la norme incarnée par le couple blanc, hétérosexuel, de classe moyenne. En introduisant deux villes du nord-ouest des Etats-Unis – Boise dans l’Etat d’Idaho et Portland dans l’Etat d’Oregon – dans une réflexion portant sur le récit national, cet essai tente d’élargir l’histoire locale de ces deux villes et de complexifier l’analyse des conventions sociales. L’histoire orale associée à des documents issus des archives d’universités locales et d’annuaires étudiants (yearbooks) ont permis à cette étude d’observer comment l’expérience d’américains « ordinaires » diffère et s’accorde avec le récit national dans des villes qui n’ont reçus que peu d’attention universitaire durant cette période et sur ces thèmes. Les informations des recensements, les documents et les discours politiques de l’époque étayent le modèle répandu d’un couple cent pour cent américain, alors que les films éducatifs, les livres de bonnes manières et les rubriques de chroniqueurs ont permis à ce travail d’explorer le processus au travers duquel cet idéal s’est imposé. Ce modèle connait un âge d’or pendant la « longue décennie » des années 1950. La mémoire collective nous dit qu’il constitue alors le dernier phare de la tradition familiale mais aussi peut-être son point de rupture. Cet essai défend l’idée que cet archétype n’était ni traditionnel ni catalyseur de bouleversements. Le couple blanc et hétérosexuel de classe moyenne était plutôt le point culminant de facteurs politiques, sociaux, économiques et culturels qui ont finalement ébranlés le couple « traditionnel », ce modèle ayant échoué à véritablement incarner les idéaux de la nation qu’il était supposé représenter. A la fin de la « longue décennie » des années 1950 cette norme représentait un statu quo, alors que les jeunes qui devaient perpétuer son héritage avaient consciemment et inconsciemment déjà commencé à saper ses fondations. / This thesis hopes to contribute to the postwar socio-cultural historiography on the American couple. In putting the national narrative into a discussion with some of its oft taken for granted aspects—generation, age, location, the individual and the institution, and local and national cultures—, this work attempts to provide nuance to the categorical definitions that have come to characterize the 1950s and the 1960s as well as the pervasiveness of the national culture’s voice. Marriage, family, gender, sexuality, dating, sexual activity, and youth culture are the framework through which this study has tried to elucidate the standard embodied in the white, middle-class, heterosexual couple. In incorporating two cities in the northwest United States—Boise, Idaho and Portland, Oregon—into a discussion about the national narrative, this dissertation tries to widen their local histories and complexify national convention. Oral histories paired with documents from the local universities’ archives and yearbooks have allowed for this work to look at how “average” Americans’ experiences differed from and coincided with the national narrative in places that have received very little scholarly attention on this time and these themes. Census data, scientific studies, political documents and speeches substantiate the pervasiveness of the “All-American couple,” while educational films, etiquette books, and advice columns have helped this thesis explore the process through which the ideal came into being. This model experienced a heyday during the long 1950s. Dominant memory tells us that either it was the last beacon of familial tradition or the breaking point for change. This dissertation contends that the archetype was neither traditional nor the catalyst for change. Rather the white, heterosexual middle-class couple was a culmination of political, social, economic, and cultural factors that ultimately undermined the “traditional” couple because it failed to truly embody the ideals of the nation it was purported to represent. By the end of the long 1950s, this model had become the status quo, but the young people who were to carry it into the future had consciously and unconsciously began chipping away at its foundations.

This quantitative study sought to identify and describe factors influencing HIV disclosure and sexual practices among 340 PLWHA on ART at Mbabane National Referral VCT/ART Centre, Swaziland. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. A high general HIV disclosure rate (94.1%; f=320; N=340) was observed of which 57.5% (f=184; n=320) was to sexual partners. X2 procedures indicate an association with gender, residential region, religion, and period of being on ART. The majority (70.2%; f=179; n=255) of the respondents used condoms all the time to avoid infecting their sexual partners (99.2%; f=243; n=245) and to avoid contracting STIs (99.2%; f=243; n=245). X2 procedures indicate an association with gender, residential region, marital status, number of sexual partners, knowledge of the HIV status of sexual partners and period of being on ART. The single leading reason for not using the condom was sexual partners’ refusal to use condoms (85.7%; f=54; n=63). / Health Studies / M.A.(Health Studies)

This study identified pregnancy-related challenges encountered by student nurses at SAMHS Nursing College, with an aim of identify factors contributing to student nurses' pregnancies as well as finding ways to deal and minimize the rate of the pregnancies amongst the student nurses. Thirty (30) structured interviews were conducted with student nurses who were pregnant and those who delivered their babies during the period 2002 to 2007. It has been revealed that ignorance is the major contributing factor for student nurses' pregnancies, 63% of the pregnancies were not planned, 52% of the respondents related their pregnancies to risk taking as they engaged in unprotected sex without the use of contraceptives, and thus it was concluded that student nurses are engaging themselves in risk behaviours and also engaging in unsafe sexual practices. The study also found that student nurses face physical, social, emotional as well as academic problems during pregnancy and after the delivery of their babies. Student nurses should be encouraged to use condoms and other methods of contraception, coupled with educating them on life skills, provision of recreational facilities; provision of counseling and support services may be the tool to minimise the unplanned pregnancies. / Health Studies / (M.A.(Public Health ))

This study identified pregnancy-related challenges encountered by student nurses at SAMHS Nursing College, with an aim of identify factors contributing to student nurses' pregnancies as well as finding ways to deal and minimize the rate of the pregnancies amongst the student nurses. Thirty (30) structured interviews were conducted with student nurses who were pregnant and those who delivered their babies during the period 2002 to 2007. It has been revealed that ignorance is the major contributing factor for student nurses' pregnancies, 63% of the pregnancies were not planned, 52% of the respondents related their pregnancies to risk taking as they engaged in unprotected sex without the use of contraceptives, and thus it was concluded that student nurses are engaging themselves in risk behaviours and also engaging in unsafe sexual practices. The study also found that student nurses face physical, social, emotional as well as academic problems during pregnancy and after the delivery of their babies. Student nurses should be encouraged to use condoms and other methods of contraception, coupled with educating them on life skills, provision of recreational facilities; provision of counseling and support services may be the tool to minimise the unplanned pregnancies. / Health Studies / (M.A.(Public Health ))