Objetivo: Avaliar a segurança e eficácia da injeção transesfincteriana de silicone para o tratamento da incontinência anal, assim como correlacionar os resultados clínicos, ultra-sonográficos e manométricos. Métodos: Pacientes incontinentes foram submetidos à manometria e ultra-sonografia anorretal, índice de incontinência (II) e instrumento de qualidade de vida (FIQL), antes e após injeção do silicone (PTQ) sob anestesia local e profilaxia antibiótica. Os critérios de inclusão foram: incontinência anal, lesão isolada ou múltipla do músculo esfíncter interno do ânus, associada ou não à lesão isolada, em um quadrante, do músculo esfíncter externo do ânus. O instrumento FIQL utilizado inclui quatro domínios: estilo de vida, comportamento,depressão e constrangimento.Os parâmetros da manometria foram: pressão média de repouso (PMR), pressão média (PMCV) e máxima (PmaxCV) de contração voluntária, zona de alta pressão (ZAP) e índice de assimetria (IA). Após três meses de tratamento, os pacientes foram reavaliados através do II, FIQL, manometria e ultra-sonografia anorretal. Um grupo controle composto por 10 homens e 10 mulheres continentes e sem história prévia de cirurgia anorretal foi submetido à manometria após consentimento informado. Resultados: Foram estudados 35 pacientes, 28 mulheres e sete homens com idade média de 60,3 (19-80) anos, antes e após injeção do silicone anal. As complicações observadas incluíram dois hematomas (5,7%), um abscesso anal (2,8%), dor anal em dois pacientes (5,7%) e dificuldade evacuatória em um paciente (2,8%). Notou-se uma melhora do índice médio de incontinência de 11,3 para 4,3 (p < 0,001). Houve melhora de todos os domínios estudados no instumento FIQL (p<0,0001). Pacientes incontinentes apresentaram hipotonia esfincteriana quando comparados aos controles (p < 0,05). As pressões esfincterianas antes e após injeção foram respectivamente: PMR (29,4 mmHg x 35,1 mmHg; p = 0,07), PMCV (68,6 mmHg x 75,9 mmHg; p = 0,20) e PmaxCV (102,2 mmHg x 127,0 mmHg; p = 0,11). Houve aumento médio da ZAP de 1,0 para 1,7 cm (p = 0,002) Em relação aos resultados da manometria: o IA aos 3 e 2 cm apresentou redução significativa após injeção do silicone (p < 0.05 e 0,002). A ultra-sonografia de canal anal demonstrou a presença do silicone nos sítios de injeção em todos os pacientes. Conclusão: Em casos selecionados, a injeção transesfincteriana de silicone é um método seguro e proporciona uma melhora do quadro de incontinência anal, observada pela mudança significativa dos parâmetros de qualidade de vida e índice de incontinência. O provável mecanismo de ação pelo qual o agente estudado melhora o quadro de incontinência parece relacionar-se à correção da assimetria esfincteriana e aumento do comprimento da zona de alta pressão. / Aim: To evaluate safety and efficacy of trans-sphincteric silicone injection for the treatment of anal incontinence and to assess correlation between clinical and physiological results. Methods: Incontinent patients prospectively selected by clinical and physiological evaluation underwent trans-sphincteric silicone injection (PTQ) under local anesthesia. Eight channel manometry with asymmetry index and anal ultrasound were performed before and after injections. Incontinence scale (IS) and quality of life instrument (FIQL scale) were applied before and after injection.Inclusion criteria were: anal incontinence, isolated or multiple injury of the internal anal sphincter associated or not to small, restricted, external anal sphincter defect. FIQL scale included four domains: life-style, behavior, depression and embarrassment. Manometry evaluation included mean resting pressure (MRP), mean squeeze pressure (MSP), maximal squeeze pressure (MaxSP), high-pressure zone (HPZ) and asymmetry index (AI). After 3 months of treatment the patients had been reevaluated through the IS, FIQL scale, manometry and ultrasound. A controlled group of 20 healthy volunteers (10 men and 10 women) underwent anal manometry. Results: 35 patients (28 women and seven men) with a mean age of 60.3 (19-80) years were evaluated. Complications observed were two anal hematomas (5,7%), one perianal abscess (2.8%), two patients complained of anal pain (5,7%) and one patient required assistance for defecation (2,8%). Mean incontinence score improved significantly after injection: 11, 3 to 4,3 (p < 0.001). Significant improvement in the FIQL scale was noticed in all domains (p < 0.0001). Incontinent patients had significantly lower anal pressures when compared to controls (p < 0.05). Manometric pressures before and after injection did not change: MRP (29,4 mmHg x 35,1 mmHg; p = 0.07), MSP (68,6 mmHg x 75,9 mmHg; p = 0.20) e MaxSP (102.2 mmHg x 127.0 mmHg; p = 0.11) The HPZ changed from 1 to 1,7 cm after injection (p = 0.002) AI at 3 and 2 cm showed a significantly change (p < 0.05 and p = 0.001, respectively). Ultrasound images demonstrated the presence of silicone in all sites of injection. Conclusion: In selected cases, trans-sphincteric silicone injection is an effective treatment for anal incontinence, as significant changes in quality of life and incontinence scales can be observed. The mechanism of action for which the studied agent improves anal incontinence seems to be related to improvement in the asymmetry index as well as a change in the HPZ.

Orientador : Celia Marina de Alvarenga Freire / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T16:45:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_MariaElizianePiresde_D.pdf: 6548696 bytes, checksum: a583e3d7f5ab6c842a79ec6878142db1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: As características protetoras das superfícies de aços galvanizados são geralmente intensificadas através da passivação por cromo hexavalente (Cr+6). Porém, por ser este um elemento tóxico, vários estudos visando a substituição do procedimento de cromatização vêm sendo realizados. As resinas de polissiloxanos e materiais híbridos organo-inorgânicos preparados pelo processo sol-gel, podem vir a ser um excelente substituinte ao processo de cromatização. Neste trabalho, filmes híbridos organo-inorgânico e filmes de silicone foram aplicados em aço galvanizado e em camadas de Zn-Fe. Os revestimentos foram então avaliados através de Espectroscopia de Impedância Eletroquímica. Os dados obtidos pela Espectroscopia foram modelados através de um circuito equivalente, permitindo a obtenção dos parâmetros eletroquímicos para os sistemas avaliados. Além disso, o potencial em circuito aberto, para os diferentes sistemas, foi monitorado durante processo de desgaste em sistema pino-disco em solução de NaCI 3%. Os revestimentos foram comparados em termos de resistência à corrosão e coeficiente de fricção. Os resultados mostram um bom desempenho para os revestimentos como protetores de corrosão e o comportamento destes mostraram-se dependente do tipo de revestimento metálico que foi aplicado no aço / Abstract: Chromating pre-treatments have been widely used to improve galvanized steel corrosion resistance. However, due to the high toxicity of chromate ions, chromatation pre-treatments tend to be banned and, in last years, alternative coating systems are under investigation. Recently, polysiloxanes and hybrids materiais by the sol-gel process have been extensively investigated. These materiais may be considered as promising substitutes for chromatation pre-treatments. In this work organic-inorganic hybrid materiais and silicone films have been prepared and applied on galvanized steel and on steeJ electroplated with a Zn-Fe alloy. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) was used as a technique for the evaluation of the corrosion mechanisms of the coating systems and the EIS data was fitted to an equivalent circuit from which the electrochemical parameters were obtained. Additionally, the evolution of open circuit potential, for samples, was monitored during alternative reciprocating sliding against an alumina pin in a 3% NaCl solution. The behaviour of the coatings has been compared in terms of corrosion potential and friction coefficient. Results show the protective character of the hybrid films and silicon resin films, when compared with uncovered specimens. The overall performance of the coating systems appears to be highly dependent on the type of metallic coating applied to the steel / Doutorado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Doutor em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientadores: Lucia Helena Innocentini Mei, Joceli Maria Giacomini Angelini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T13:39:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Noronha_Fabio_M.pdf: 6615415 bytes, checksum: f72688fb0000126501c64a7267950cb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Atualmente, os materiais utilizados como isoladores elétricos vêm sendo substituídos por materiais poliméricos por apresentarem vantagens em relação aos isoladores cerâmicos. Dentre estas vantagens, podem-se citar maior desempenho, melhor resistência ao vandalismo e menor peso. O objetivo desta dissertação foi o estabelecimento de desenvolver requisitos de desempenho para os Isoladores Poliméricos (EPDM- Monômero Dieno/Etileno/Propileno e Silicone) usados na rede elétrica, através de resultados obtidos em ensaios de envelhecimento natural e artificial, tendo como enfoque as linhas de transmissão de 69 kV e 138 kV. Foi realizado um estudo do estado da arte em Isoladores Poliméricos e do estado atual de aplicação e desempenho dos mesmos em campo. Estudos experimentais foram desenvolvidos em produtos retirados de campo e produtos novos, envelhecidos artificialmente em laboratório, segundo metodologias aplicáveis a polímeros. Em paralelo foram estudadas mantas elastoméricas de Silicone e EPDM para elaboração de critérios comparativos. Através dos resultados obtidos, foram sugeridos alguns requisitos de desempenho que poderão ser utilizados em especificações dos mesmos. Nesta dissertação, são apresentados, principalmente, estes resultados obtidos por meio das técnicas de ensaio de Tensões Elétricas, Rugosidade, Densidade, Dureza, FTIR-Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier, DSC-Calorimetria Exploratória, DMTA-Análise Térmica Dinâmico Mecânica e Resistência à Tração. Os resultados obtidos mostraram a importância de controle da rugosidade bem como da necessidade de aditivação do polímero com sistema de termo e foto estabilização / Abstract: Currently, the materials used as electrical insulators are being replaced by polymeric materials have advantages as compared to ceramic insulators. Among these advantages, we can cite higher performance, better resistance to vandalism and lower weight. The objective of this thesis was the establishment of developing performance requirements for Polymeric Insulators (EPDM monomer diene / ethylene / propylene and Silicone) used in power systems, through results from trials of natural and artificial aging, focusing on the lines transmission of 69 kV and 138 kV. We conducted a study of the state of the art in Polymeric Insulators and current state of implementation and performance of the same field. Experimental studies have been developed into products removed from the field and new, artificially aged in the laboratory, according to the methods applied to polymers. Were studied in parallel webs of silicone elastomer and EPDM for developing benchmarks. Through the results, suggested some performance requirements that could be used in the same specifications. In this thesis, are presented, mainly, these results obtained by the techniques of test voltages, roughness, density, hardness, FTIR-Fourier Transform Infrared, Scanning Calorimetry-DSC, DMTA Dynamic-Mechanical Thermal Analysis and Tensile Strength . The results showed the importance of controlling the roughness and the need for additives with the polymer system and picture stabilization term / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:42:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosmary Aires Cunha.pdf: 811607 bytes, checksum: 37675c904b954048b34612362bb4c3d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-23 / The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of lecithin, starch and silicon may have in the efficiency of foliar feeding, that is: Can these products really contribute to the absorption and translocation of minor nutrients? Can the source of nutrient, sulfate and chelate, influence the result? The experiment was carried out under greenhouse condition at Univerdidade Federal de Goiás (Jataí unit)/GO, set in a completely randomized design, with six replications, four factors in study and two levels each, making a 2x2x2x2 factorial arrangement , totalizing 16 treatments. Moreover, it was added a control as an additional treatment, totalizing then, 102 experimental units. Each experimental unit was constituted by a vase of collard green plant. The treatments consisted of 2 minor nutrient sources (sulfate and chalate) and of absence and presence of three substance added to the spray solution: lecithin dewaxed (L), a commercial silicon surfactant (S), and stanch (A). After analyses of the leaves, 30 days after de pulverization, it was clear that the amount of zinc and manganese was influenced by the adjutants and kind of fertilizer. The use of lecithin increased the absorption of zinc sulfate whereas the use of silicon increased only the absorption of zinc chalate. Both chelate and sulfate increased the absorption of manganese. The starch drove to a reducing absorption of zinc chelate. / O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos da lecitina, amido e silicone sobre a eficiência da adubação foliar, utilizando-se sais e quelatos como fonte de micronutrientes. Para isso foi realizado um experimento onde se avaliou os efeitos da adição de diferentes adjuvantes em relação à absorção e translocação de zinco e manganês na forma de sais e quelatos. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições, com quatro fatores em estudo e dois níveis cada, perfazendo um fatorial 2x2x2x2, totalizando dezesseis tratamentos. Além dos tratamentos, foi adicionado testemunha como tratamento adicional, perfazendo, assim, um total de 102 parcelas. Cada parcela foi constituída por um vaso contendo uma planta de couve manteiga. Os tratamentos constaram de combinações entre 2 fontes (sulfato e quelato) e de presença ou ausência de três substâncias na calda de pulverização: lecitina de soja desengordurada (L), um siliconado comercial (S) e gel de amido de mandioca (A). A determinação dos efeitos constituiu-se na análise do teor de zinco e manganês nas folhas novas 30 dias após a pulverização. A adição de lecitina aumentou a absorção do zinco aplicado na forma de sulfato ao passo que o produto siliconado aumentou a absorção apenas do zinco quelatizado. Tanto a lecitina quanto o produto siliconado, quando adicionados a calda de pulverização, aumentaram o teor de manganês. O gel de amido não aumentou a absorção de nenhum micronutriente, levando até mesmo a uma redução do da absorção do quelato de zinco.

L’environnement géostationnaire autour de la Terre présente des conditions complexes influençant les performances ainsi que la durée de vie des satellites. En vol et au cours du temps, les polydiméthylsiloxanes se dégradent ce qui se manifeste par une perte de souplesse, de transparence, ou encore une dégradation de l'état de la surface. Dans ce contexte, le but de cette thèse consiste à étudier l’évolution de la stabilité des polydiméthylsiloxanes en environnement géostationnaire simulé et d’autre part à proposer des solutions qui permettent de limiter la dégradation des propriétés d’intérêts technologiques, optiques en particulier. La stabilisation des polydiméthylsiloxanes soumises aux irradiations UV par l’incorporation de différentes structures d’additifs (Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers, absorbeurs UV, nanocristaux de cellulose) a été étudiée. Une autre approche pour augmenter la stabilité des polydiméthylsiloxanes aux rayonnements UV a été envisagée avec le remplacement du système catalytique actuellement utilisé (catalyseur de Karstedt) par l’emploi de dérivés organométalliques à base de Rhodium ou de Platine. Des solutions concernant la stabilisation de ces polydiméthylsiloxanes aux irradiations H+, comme l’ajout d’additifs tels que le polystyrène, les silsesquioxanes ont également été proposées. / The geostationary environment around Earth is complex which strongly influences the satellites performances and lifetime. In flight and over time, polydimethylsiloxanes exhibit degradations like a loss of flexibility and transparency, or a deterioration of the surface state. In this context, the aim of this work was to study the evolution of polydimethylsiloxanes stability in geostationary environment to find solutions to limit the degradation of interest technological properties, in particular the optical one. The stabilization of silicone resins under UV irradiation has been performed by the incorporation of different additives such as Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers, UV Absorbers and cellulose nanocrystals into the PDMS matrix. Generally, polydimethylsiloxanes networks are obtained by hydrosilylation with highly active Karstedt catalyst. Various organometallics derivatives based on Rhodium and Platinum were studied as alternative catalysts for the cross-linking of polydimethylsiloxane in order to improve the UV stability. Finally, different solutions concerning the stabilization of polydimethylsiloxane to proton irradiation, such as the addition of various additives like polystyrene or silsesquioxanes have been investigated.

L'objectif de ce travail a été de comprendre les mécanismes menant à la formation de Nitrure de Gallium monocristallin ( GaN ) sur substrat de silicium par croissance cristalline en configuration Vapeur-Liquide-Solide (VLS), à partir d'une phase liquide de gallium, dans la perspective d'un amélioration ultérieure de la qualité des couches hétéro-épitaxiales de GaN sur silicium destinées aux composants pour l'électronique de puissance.Notre étude s'est concentrée autour de la croissance sur couche-germe 3C-SiC déposée par CVD sur silicium, l'ajout de cette couche intermédiaire permettant d'obtenir des couches de GaN en compression, tout en évitant les interactions chimiques entre le silicium du substrat et le Ga liquide.Une étude expérimentale paramétrique a mis en lumière la sensibilité de la croissance du GaN vis à vis des principaux paramètres de croissance ( température, flux de précurseur azoté ), et en particulier l'influence de ces paramètres sur les proportions des quantités formées des deux polytypes les plus stables du GaN ( 3C-GaN et 2H-GaN ). Nous avons montré, par exemple, qu'une simple variation de 50°C de la température conduit à une variation importante du mode de nitruration des gouttes de gallium, et à un changement radical du polytype majoritaire du GaN formé. Nous avons aussi montré que la croissance cristalline du GaN est très sensible à l'état de surface de la couche-germe CVD de 3C-SiC hétéro-épitaxial. Celle-ci est composée d'une coalescence d'îlots de SiC. Cette morphologie particulière impose sa géométrie quasi-périodique à la distribution des gouttes de gallium et peut favoriser la nucléation du GaN en périphérie des gouttes dans les premiers stades de la croissance.A partir des résultats de cette exploration préliminaire, nous avons pu identifier des conditions de croissance permettant de réaliser une couche quasi-continue de GaN par coalescence de cristallites résultant de la nitruration de gouttes de gallium liquide submicroniques / The aim of this work was to understand the mechanisms that lead to the formation of monocrystalline gallium nitride ( GaN ) on silicon substrate by crystalline growth with the Vapor-Liquid-Solid (VLS) configuration, from a gallium liquid phase, in the perspective of an ulterior improvement of the GaN hetero-epitaxial layers quality on silicon intended for power electronics components. Our study focused on the growth on 3C-SiC seed-layer deposited by CVD on silicon, this layer adding permits to obtain GaN layers in compression with avoiding any interactions between the silicon substrate and the liquid gallium. A parametric experimental study has enlightened the sensitivity of the GaN growth with the growth conditions (the temperature, the flux of the nitrogen precursor) and particularly the influence of the parameters on the ratio of formed quantities of the two most stable GaN polytypes (3C-GaN ou 2H-GaN). We have shown, for example, that a simple variation of 50°C of the temperature permits an important variation of the gallium droplets nitriding mod, and of the GaN preferential polytype. We also showed that the growth of GaN is very sensitive to surface state of the 3C-SiC CVD hetero-epitaxial seed-layer. This one is composed of some SiC coalescing islands. This peculiar morphology imposes its quasi-periodic geometry at the gallium droplet distribution and can favor the GaN nucleation at the droplet periphery during the first stage of the growth. From the results of this preliminary exploration, we were able to identify some growth conditions allowing to obtain an almost continued layer of GaN resulting of the nitriding of submicronic liquid gallium droplets

La famille des élastomères silicones LSR (Liquid Silicone Rubber) de haute technicité est identifiée comme celle possédant les plus forts arguments de développement au cours des prochaines décennies en raison de leurs propriétés spécifiques et de leurs facilités de mise en forme en grande série. Notamment, le moulage par injection du LSR sur d’autres matières telles que les thermoplastiques ou les métaux est aujourd’hui possible, ce qui ouvre la possibilité d’obtenir des composants multi-matières, multi-couleurs et de nouvelles fonctionnalités. Cette thèse se concentre sur la transformation des élastomères silicones LSR dans le but de mieux appréhender les phénomènes impliqués, afin d’améliorer les procédés d’élaboration et d’optimiser les conditions de transformation des composants élastométriques mono ou bi-matières à géométrie et propriété fonctionnelle bien définie. Les comportements rhéologique, cinétique et thermique des élastomères silicones ont été étudiés et caractérisés sous des conditions réelles de mise en œuvre par différentes méthodes associées. Un modèle thermo-rhéo-cinétique a été développé et ensuite implémenté dans un code de calcul de remplissage Cadmould® pour simuler le moulage par injection des élastomères silicones LSR ou encore le surmoulage de thermoplastiques. Pour la validation des modèles choisis et des paramètres identifiés, les essais d’injection sur l’outillage industrielle instrumenté ont été réalisés et confrontés à des résultats numériques obtenus. Enfin, la caractérisation de l’adhésion et l’adhérence interfaciale entre les thermoplastiques et les élastomères silicones a été réalisé sous différentes sollicitations complexes. De plus, l’évolution d’adhérence interfaciale des assemblages collés au cours de la vulcanisation des élastomères silicones a été caractérisée par l’essai de traction en utilisant un rhéomètre rotatif sous différentes modes de chauffage. / The family of high technology silicone elastomers LSR (Liquid Silicone Rubber) is identified as having the strongest arguments for development in the coming decades due to their unique properties and easy forming in large series. In particular, the injection molding of LSR on other materials such as thermoplastics or metals is possible today, which opens the possibility of obtaining multi-material, multi-color and new features components. The work presented in this thesis focuses on the transformation of silicone elastomers in order to better understand the phenomena involved, as to improve production processes and optimize processing conditions for mono or bi-material components in geometry and property functional well defined. The rheological, curing kinetic and thermal behaviors of silicone elastomers have been studied and characterized under real conditions of production by different methods combined. A thermo-rheo-kinetic model was then developed and implemented in commercial computer software Cadmould® to simulate the injection molding process of LSR or the overmolding process of LSR on to thermoplastics. For the validation of the models chosen and the parameters identified, the injection molding tests on industrial instrumented tools were performed and compared to numerical results. Finally, the characterization of interfacial adhesion between the thermoplastic and silicone elastomers was carried out under various adhesion tests. Moreover, the evolution of interfacial adhesion in thermoplastic/silicone components during the vulcanization of silicone elastomers has been characterized by the tensile test using a rotating rheometer in different heating cycles

Now a days. additive Manufacturing is becoming a major part of the manufacturing industries all around the world. Even, it is still a developing field.Its main advantage is its ability to print different types of shapes, in different sizesand good quality. The additive manufacturing technologies is capable of bring down the costs of the manufacturing when compared to other traditional methodsof manufacturing. This technology gives the flexibility to making complex shapesaccording to the clients and customers requirements also this technology canreduce time and human effort/involvement needed in the manufacturing industries. Now 3D printing has more influence in Swedish market more than ever and thisthesis is a part of a project of DiSAM – Digitalization of supply chain in Swedish Additive Manufacturing to implement 3D Printing into Swedish market. This thesis describe how advance materials and new manufacturingtechnologies can play a very important role in building the future and from thisstudy we are trying to find out whether the additive manufacturing technology can replace the traditional manufacturing process like injection molding. The main aim of the thesis is to design and fabricate a simple mould geometry for producing Silicone Rubber products using additive manufacturing and to assess the quality ofthe obtained product in terms of surface topography. Our project partner UnimerPlast &amp; Gummi AB who is a major producer of plastics and rubber products is facing a problem in the production of silicone rubber products. They want to produce a mould for producing silicone rubber products using additivemanufacturing. In this thesis we had made the study in two parts, a design part and ananalysis part. In the design part we sorted out one material which is suitable for our application that is to produce a mould for making silicone products while in analysis part we made a study about the surface topology and its quality to see whether 3D printed moulds could produce silicone rubber products with same or better surface quality than the one which are produced using conventional injection moulding process. As a result of our study we came to know that high temperature resin can be used for making moulds to produce silicone products and only factor affecting the quality of the surface of mould or silicone product is built orientation and other factors like layer thickness, curing temperature and time does not have any impact on the surface quality.

Le contrôle des procédés représente un enjeu majeur pour les industries chimiques et pétrochimiques afin de garantir la qualité des produits, le contrôle des coûts, le maintien de la productivité et la maîtrise des risques. L'analyse menée directement au coeur des procédés constitue la voie la plus efficace. Cependant, dans la majorité des applications, les analyses élémentaires sont réalisées essentiellement en laboratoire et très rarement en ligne, par la mise en oeuvre de différentes technologies, le plus souvent lourdes et onéreuses. Ce travail de thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un grand projet d'innovation qui couvre le champ de l'analyse élémentaire en ligne, domaine actuellement peu étudié. La technique d'analyse retenue est la spectrométrie LIBS en raison de sa rapidité et de son application à tout état de la matière sans préparation d'échantillon, ce qui lui offre un fort potentiel pour l'analyse en ligne. Cette technique est investiguée afin de réaliser des analyses en ligne d'éléments présents dans des matrices liquides : saumures, huiles silicone et produits pétroliers. L'optimisation des différents paramètres de mesure est réalisée et une approche d'optimisation s'appuyant sur un plan d'expériences est proposée. Différents modes d'échantillonnage de liquide et plusieurs montages LIBS sont étudiés afin de répondre aux problématiques évoquées. Enfin, une transposition au monde industriel est présentée avec le suivi du soufre en ligne dans des produits pétroliers sur un pilote industriel. Les résultats sont encourageants, mais la stabilité perfectible des mesures dans le temps implique d'explorer de nouvelles pistes d'amélioration / Process control is a major challenge for chemical and petrochemical industries so as to ensure product quality, cost control, sustainable productivity and risk management. To do so, carrying out the analysis directly at the core of the process is the most efficient way. However, for most applications, elemental analyzes are mainly performed in the laboratory and rarely on-line, which requires the implementation of different technologies, usually complex and expensive. This work is part of a large innovative project that covers the field of on-line elemental analysis, a research area still understudied to this day. The analytical technique selected here is the Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Indeed, its speed and its capability to analyze all states of matter without sample preparation, gives it a great potential for on-line analysis. This technique is investigated in order to achieve on-line analysis of elements contained in various liquid matrices: brines, silicone oils and petroleum products. The optimization of different measurement parameters is performed, including an experimental design based approach. Different liquid sampling configurations and several LIBS setups are designed in order to tackle the issues encountered. Finally, a transposition to the industrial world is presented through on-line monitoring of sulfur in petroleum products on an industrial pilot process. The results are promising, but improving the stability of measurements over time still requires further research

The introduction part of the thesis focuses on the overview of rapid prototyping in foundry industry. Principles of the most important RP methods are described and the FDM method is analyzed in more detail. This method was used in the practical part for the production of wax patterns with silicone moulds. The wax patterns were used for the production of castings using the lost wax method. The result of this work is determination of dimensional changes during the whole process of casting manufacture from the drawing to the final casting.