L’étude proposée accompagne une traduction en espagnol d’un extrait du Chant du Dire-Dire de Daniel Danis en vue d’une production de la pièce par la compagnie Tiatro à Santiago du Chili. La méthodologie utilisée s’appuie sur la théorie fonctionnaliste du skopos (Vermeer 1978). Celle-ci envisage chaque traduction comme un acte de communication à part entière, indépendant de celui du texte source, puisqu’elle est destinée à un système socio-culturel différent et ainsi s’adresse à des usagers différents ; d’où la nécessité de soumettre le dispositif du texte source à ces nouveaux paramètres au moment d’établir le « projet » de la traduction. Cette approche fonctionnaliste remet en question le caractère prescriptif de certains concepts proposés pour traduire le théâtre, comme celui de « playability », « performability » ou de « théâtralité ». On constate que ces notions sont trop ambiguës et ne tiennent pas compte des particularités esthétiques de chaque pièce ou du contexte de la représentation. L’établissement du skopos, c’est-à-dire de l’objectif de notre propre traduction destinée à un public chilien, repose principalement sur une analyse dramaturgique et esthétique de la pièce de Danis. Les particularités du texte sont décrites, en particulier, le traitement de la langue, qui constitue le principal défi de la traduction. Celle-ci est étudiée dans ses rapports avec le théâtre québécois de « l’époque du joual » et avec l’oralité populaire pour cerner une singularité porteuse du projet dramaturgique de l’auteur. L’étude détaillée de la pièce est suivie d’une traduction commentée d’un « dire » intitulé Les traces du chaos dans la maison Durant. Cette traduction est présentée sous forme bilingue et accompagnée d’un commentaire explicitant les problèmes rencontrés et les solutions micro-structurelles proposées en fonction du skopos préalablement établi. The present research complements a Spanish translation of an excerpt of Daniel Danis’ Le Chant du Dire-Dire (Song of the Say-Sayer) for a future production by the theatre company Tiatro in Santiago de Chile. The methodology is based on Vermeer’s skopos theory (1978), a functionalist approach to translation. This theory considers every translation an independent communicational act, different from the one established by the source text since it is destined to a different socio-cultural system and thus, different users. As such, it is necessary to adapt the source text system to these new parameters when defining the translation “project”. This functionalist approach puts into question some of the best known concepts advanced in theatre translation during the past twenty years, such as “playability”, “performability” or “theatricality”. They prove too vague and do not take into considering the aesthetic specificities of each play or the context to which they are destined. The parameters of the skopos, in the present case, that of a translation intended to be performed in front of a Chilean audience, is based on a detailed analysis of Danis’ play. This analysis defines the unique attributes of the text, specifically in regards to the use of language. The research also examines the relationship between the play’s language and the “époque du joual” (1960-1970’s) in québécois theatre, as well as its rapport with québécois vernaculars, insofar as they are key in the articulation of the playwright’s dramaturgical project. The analysis of the play is followed by an annotated translation of the “dire” entitled Les traces du chaos dans la maison Durant (Traces of chaos in the Lasting home). This translation, presented in a bilingual format, provides commentary explaining the different problems encountered during the process as well as the micro-structural adaptations proposed according to the pre-established skopos.

The conventional understanding of the liaison interpreter views the professional as a language broker between two or more individuals not speaking the same language. The manner in which this language gap is bridged, according to the conventional understanding, is through copying verbatim what is said in one language (the source language) and pasting it (into the target language). The conventional understanding of the profession and its professionals neglects the multi-faceted nature of the profession along with the many challenges with which its professionals are faced. A liaison interpreter is a professional who forms a bridge between languages, people and culture. When viewed through this lens, new meaning and understanding are gained regarding the work of the liaison interpreter whilst, similarly, unveiling the complexity of the profession. As such, new questions may be raised pertaining to the role of the liaison interpreter in dialogue settings. This mini-dissertation seeks to shed new light on an age old profession whilst unveiling these hidden factors to highlight the benefits of factoring cultural training into interpreter training to better train student interpreters, and equip them with a unique set of skills to assist them in overcoming the unique set of challenges with which liaison interpreters often grapple. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2015. / Modern European Languages / Unrestricted

Japanese children’s literature translated directly into Finnish is a very novel phenomenon, which is why there is currently a vacuum of research in that area. This study aims to begin to fill that vacuum. The present study examines the Japanese children’s literature series Oshiri Tantei and its Finnish translation through one of the most central theories in the field offunctional translation, the skopos theory. Functionalism in translation studies is a broad term for theories which, true to its name, place emphasison the function of the translation in the target culture as a stand alone text rather than equivalence or linguistic equivalence with the original. Focus was placed on analyzing what kind of translation problems there are in the original text, and how the translator has solved these problems. It was then determined, based on these results, if it can be said that the translation conforms to the directives laid down by the skopos theory. The results seem to indicate that strict equivalence with the original text has not been apriority, as several changes both in the meaning and form were observed in the translation. While it cannot be said with complete certainty that this stems solely from conscious thoughts of functionalism by the translator, the translation seems to conform to the principles of the functional skopos theory.

This paper investigates the most effective ways of handling cultural differences in the Japanese-to-English game localization process. The thesis advocates for applying the Skopos theory of translation to game localization; analyzes how topics such as social issues, humor, fan translation, transcreation, and censorship have been handled in the past; and explores how international players react to developers' localization choices. It also includes interviews with three Japanese-to-English translators who have worked with major Japanese game companies to gain insight into how the industry operates today. Through the deconstruction of different aspects of Japanese-to-English localization, this analysis aims to help the game industry better fine-tune Japanese media to Western audiences while still sharing valuable aspects of Japanese culture. The thesis concludes that if Japanese game companies work to improve the localization process by considering more diverse international perspectives, hiring native speakers as translators, and approaching the English script as a creative endeavor in itself, they will be able to both broaden the minds of their global audiences and more effectively capitalize on the worldwide fervor for Japanese video games.

<p>För att se hur olika skopoi påverkar en översättning översattes en källtext parallellt med vardera sitt specifika skopos. En facktext om vikingarna i Irland på 800-talet översattes dels för publicering i en fackbok, dels för publicering i en populärvetenskaplig tidskrift. För att analysera översättningsprocessen under de två översättningarna registrerades det som Christiane Nord (2005) kallar loopar, återkopplingar under översättningsprocessen när ny kunskap kräver en omformulering av strategin. I en egen metodutveckling av Nords modell registrerades och kategoriserades looparna. Den kvantitativa studien visar att klart flest loopar inträffar i inlednings- och avslutningsskedet av översättningen, oavsett skopos. Antalet loopar för ett skopos som går ut på att producera en nära översättning av denna vetenskapliga text, med dess specifika genremarkörer, är högre än antalet loopar vid produktionen av en kraftigt omarbetad populärvetenskaplig översättning. Den kvalitativa studien visar att kulturspecifika kategorier orsakar flest loopar och ofta kräver individuella strategier.</p> / <p>The <em>Skopos </em>theory, as formulated by Vermeer (1984), stresses that all translations have a purpose to fulfil. However, how this purpose is fulfilled depends on the strategy used by the translator. In order to see the effect of two different purposes for one and the same text, a study, conducted as two parallel annotated translations, was carried out on a scientific text about Vikings in Ireland. Nord‟s (2005) term and understanding of „translation loop‟ was used in order to pinpoint when and how often the different skopoi made it necessary to stop, make a loop, and adjust the translation strategy. The quantitative study shows a pattern where most loops occur at the start and at the end of the translation. The qualitative study of the translation loops shows that cultural aspects originate most loops, and they often demand individual strategies.</p>

För att se hur olika skopoi påverkar en översättning översattes en källtext parallellt med vardera sitt specifika skopos. En facktext om vikingarna i Irland på 800-talet översattes dels för publicering i en fackbok, dels för publicering i en populärvetenskaplig tidskrift. För att analysera översättningsprocessen under de två översättningarna registrerades det som Christiane Nord (2005) kallar loopar, återkopplingar under översättningsprocessen när ny kunskap kräver en omformulering av strategin. I en egen metodutveckling av Nords modell registrerades och kategoriserades looparna. Den kvantitativa studien visar att klart flest loopar inträffar i inlednings- och avslutningsskedet av översättningen, oavsett skopos. Antalet loopar för ett skopos som går ut på att producera en nära översättning av denna vetenskapliga text, med dess specifika genremarkörer, är högre än antalet loopar vid produktionen av en kraftigt omarbetad populärvetenskaplig översättning. Den kvalitativa studien visar att kulturspecifika kategorier orsakar flest loopar och ofta kräver individuella strategier. / The Skopos theory, as formulated by Vermeer (1984), stresses that all translations have a purpose to fulfil. However, how this purpose is fulfilled depends on the strategy used by the translator. In order to see the effect of two different purposes for one and the same text, a study, conducted as two parallel annotated translations, was carried out on a scientific text about Vikings in Ireland. Nord‟s (2005) term and understanding of „translation loop‟ was used in order to pinpoint when and how often the different skopoi made it necessary to stop, make a loop, and adjust the translation strategy. The quantitative study shows a pattern where most loops occur at the start and at the end of the translation. The qualitative study of the translation loops shows that cultural aspects originate most loops, and they often demand individual strategies.

The purpose of the present essay is to study the difficulties of translating, into French, Swedish proper names with a connection to the socio-political organisation of the country, i.e. names of Swedish national institutions and governemental bodies, unions and political parties as well as national and local non-profit organisations, and to discuss, in context, the validity of the various possible translation methods. The source texts used as primary material are excerpts from the book Porr, horor och feminister by Swedish author Petra Östergren (2006) in which she intends to offer a historical and at the same time critical insight into the debate about pornography and prostitution in Sweden. Drawing on both the skopos theory of Vermeer and Reiss and the theories about the translation of cultural elements developed by Swedish scholar Brynja Svane, the author of this essay will, as a first step, analyse the text type, skopos and target audience of both the source texts and the target texts, and, as a second step, sort out all instances of the chosen proper nouns according to the translation method used to render them. The motivations behind each translation choice, above all in accordance with the skopos of the texts but also with the stylistic requirements of the target language, will then be discussed and evaluated in details.

Traducir textos antiguos es un desafío para un traductor, porque además de ser competente en las lenguas tratadas, hay que poder interpretar el contexto cultural del texto original y reproducirlo para los lectores del texto meta. En esta tesina se ha analizado una traducción al sueco de la novela antigua La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades, de los traductores Lars Axelsson y Margareta Marin. El objetivo fue analizar cómo los traductores han superado los problemas y dificultades que se pueden encontrar al traducir un texto antiguo, y qué fue el resultado de una traducción así. Se ha usado una metodología para la traducción de Vinay y Darbelnet y la teoría de skopos de Vermeer, para llevar a cabo el análisis. En el resultado se ha visto que la traducción oblicua fue el método más usado, y el texto meta se diferencia del texto original en varias maneras. A pesar de esto, los traductores han logrado conservar la esencia del texto original en el texto meta. / Translating ancient texts is a challenge for the translator. It is not enough to be competent in the languages in question, it is also necessary to be able to interpret the cultural context and reproduce it for the readers of the target text. In this thesis, the Swedish translation of La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes y de sus fortunas y adversidades by the translators Lars Axelsson y Margareta Marin has been analyzed. The purpose was to analyze how the translators have overcome the problems and difficulties that can be encountered whilst translating an ancient text, and what was the result of such translation. A methodology for translation by Vinay and Darbelnet and the skopos theory by Vermeer have been used to carry out the analysis. As a result, it was seen that oblique translation was the most common method, and the target text is different than the original text in many ways. Despite this, the translators have succeeded with conserving the essence of the original text in the target text.

This paper analyses the translation methods used in translating a colloquial, culture-specific text containing allusions and informal language. The analysis focuses on the difficulties arising in the translation of culture-specific phenomena and aspects such as slang and cultural references as well as allusions and language play. The theoretical framework used for structuring the analysis is supported by the theories of Newmark (1988), Nida (1964), Schröter (2005), Reiss (1989), Pym (2010) and Leppihalme (1994), among others. The results indicate that the translation of culturally and connotatively charged words require knowledge and understanding of languages and cultures alike. Further, the results indicate that concept of a word or concept being ‘untranslatable’ may originate from such lack of understanding or knowledge and that further research on the subject is needed.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar uma investigação das diferenças de orientações culturais entre o Brasil e os Estados Unidos a partir da análise de um corpus de resenhas de viajantes e aplicar esses resultados em uma proposta de tradução funcionalista na área do turismo. Cultura, neste trabalho, é entendida como sistema compartilhado para a interpretação da realidade e organização da experiência (Katan, 2004: 26), noção relacionada às orientações culturais ou tendências que as culturas desenvolvem para determinados padrões de percepção da realidade. Adotamos o referencial teórico de três áreas: Estudos Interculturais para a eleição do modelo de orientações culturais que norteia a análise (Hall, 1977; Hofstede, 2001; Trompenaars e Hampden-Turner, 2012; Walker et al. 2003); Linguística de Corpus e sua perspectiva da linguagem como sistema probabilístico (Sinclair, 1991); Teoria Funcionalista da Tradução (Vermeer, 1989) e seu enfoque na função comunicativa do texto final como o fio condutor das estratégias tradutórias. O corpus de estudo é composto por resenhas de hotéis extraídas do site TripAdvisor, escritas em inglês por americanos e em português por brasileiros. Foram compiladas 15 mil resenhas, totalizando 2.160.333 palavras, divididas em dois subcorpora em cada idioma: resenhas de americanos sobre hotéis nos EUA e sobre hotéis no Brasil; resenhas de brasileiros sobre hotéis nos EUA e sobre hotéis no Brasil. Esse corpus foi explorado com o auxílio do software WordSmith Tools 7 (Scott, 2016). No total, foram apresentadas nove análises, com base nas palavras-chave das cinco categorias semânticas estabelecidas: VALOR/JULGAMENTO Brazilian (standards) e star; ATENDIMENTO staff e complain; ESTADIA experience e disappointing; ESTRUTURA FÍSICA room e lobby; COMODIDADES breakfast. A cultura americana foi caracterizada pelas orientações à comunicação low context, ao individualismo, ao pensamento indutivolinear e ao universalismo. Dentre outras características, observou-se uma alta expectativa de que a estrutura física e os serviços prestados pelo hotel sejam consistentes e compatíveis com o padrão da rede e categoria de estrelas. A cultura brasileira demonstrou tendência às orientações à comunicação high context, ao coletivismo, ao pensamento dedutivo-sistêmico e ao particularismo. Como consequência, as resenhas dos brasileiros demonstram ser mais pautadas em descrições gerais e impressões pessoais do que em critérios concretos e objetivos. Esses e outros achados embasaram a proposta de tradução funcionalista (português > inglês) de um site de hotel, demonstrando que o conhecimento sobre as orientações culturais, quando aplicado à tradução no âmbito do turismo, permite que se produza um texto final alinhado à sua função informativa e persuasiva. / The aim of this research is to carry out a cross-cultural corpus-based analysis of Brazilian and American travelers reviews, interpreting results within the theoretical frame of cultural orientations. We then apply the findings to a functionalist translation of a tourism text. Culture is defined as a \"shared system for interpreting reality and organizing experience\" (Katan, 2004: 26), which is closely related to the concept of cultural orientations or tendencies that cultures develop towards certain patterns of perception. This research draws on the principles of three major areas: Intercultural Studies for selecting the cultural orientations model that underpins the analysis (Hall, 1977; Hofstede, 2001; Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 2012; Walker et al., 2003); Corpus Linguistics and its perspective of language as a probabilistic system (Sinclair, 1991); and the Skopos Theory of Translation (Vermeer, 1989) that sees the communicative function of the target text as the guiding principle behind translation strategies. The study corpus is comprised of TripAdvisor hotel reviews written in English by American travelers and in Portuguese by Brazilian travelers. A total of 15,000 reviews and 2,160,333 words were compiled, divided into two subcorpora in each language: American reviews of hotels in the USA and hotels in Brazil; Brazilian reviews of hotels in the USA and hotels in Brazil. This corpus was explored with the aid of WordSmith Tools 7 (Scott, 2016). A total of nine analyses were presented, based on keywords from five semantic categories: VALUE/JUDGMENT - \'Brazilian (standards)\' and \'star\'; SERVICE - \'staff\' and \'complain\'; STAY - \'experience\' and \'disappointing\'; PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES - \'room\' and \'lobby\'; AMENITIES - \'breakfast\'. Americans displayed a low-context orientation to communication, linear-inductive orientation to thinking as well as individualism and universalistic orientations. As a consequence, Americans showed high expectation for consistency and compatibility among hotel physical attributes, services provided and hotel chain or star rating. Brazilians exhibited cultural orientations towards high-context communication, deductive-systemic thinking, particularism and collectivism. Among other characteristics, Brazilian reviews proved to be mostly based on general descriptions and personal impressions rather than concrete and objective criteria. These and other findings created the basis for our functionalist approach to a translation (Portuguese > English) of a hotel website, thus showing that an understanding of cultural orientations plays a role in tourism translation, helping ensure the target tourism text reaches its informative and persuasive functions.