Yes / Despite the burgeoning interests in the environmental strategy, there is a limited understanding of how human resource slack drives sustainable innovation and environmental performance. This paper contributes to filling this gap by examining the effect of human resource slack on sustainable innovation and its impact on environmental performance. Besides, this paper investigates the contingent effects of intangible resource advantage on this relationship. The hypotheses are tested using data from 301 small and medium‐sized enterprises in Ghana. The results suggest that human resource slack positively relates to sustainable innovation and this relationship is moderated by intangible resource advantage. Also, we find that sustainable innovation mediates the relationship between human resource slack and environmental performance. The insights from our paper provide a nuanced understanding of the relationships among human resource lack, sustainable innovation, and environmental performance. Implications for theory and practices are discussed. / University of Economics Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Yes / This paper utilizes insights from the knowledge-based view and ambidexterity literature to examine the effects of knowledge integration (KI) on innovation via contextual ambidexterity (CA). The paper also investigates the potential moderating role of human resource (HR) slack on the relationship between KI and CA. Using survey data collected from 245 entrepreneurial firms operating in Ghana, the findings show that KI positively relates to CA, and this relationship is moderated by HR slack. In addition, we observed that CA mediates KI and innovation. The broader theoretical and practical implications of the study are outlined.

Yes / This study proposes and tests a model of how and when previous failure experience can impact on subsequent business model innovation of business-to-business (B2B) SMEs. Analysis of survey data from a sample of 182 B2B SMEs in Ghana indicates that failure experience is positively related to business model innovation – and that coopetition capability mediates this failure experience. Further analysis of boundary condition effects reveals that high levels of financial resource slack strengthen the positive relationship between coopetition and business model innovation, while the level of managerial persistence has no effect on failure experience and coopetition relationship. We discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In the current climate of economic environment, organizations need to direct their efforts to maximize the effectiveness of their organizational management. With military organizations is no different, they operate in a highly competitive environment with unique characteristics, which forces them to play their processes with maximum excellence, especially those factors considered most relevant to your performance. Thus, the use of tools and performance indicators, as Slack model, assist in directing the organization through perspectives that align the company's shares with their strategies, allowing thus the performance evaluation and guiding organizational management. In this context, the present study is guided by linking the deployment of the five premises of Slack model, the multi-criteria approach technique Analytic Hierarchy Process and the use of traditional Delphi method as a way to validate the indicators, thus developing a system to register and evaluation of suppliers. Therefore, research is presented as a case study with a qualitative and quantitative approach applied nature and inductive method. As a result of this integration, proposing It will be a system for registration and evaluation of suppliers in Military Organizations based on criteria, with the emphasis on support for organizational management. / Na atual conjuntura do cenário econômico, as organizações necessitam direcionar seus esforços para maximizar a eficácia de sua gestão organizacional. Com as Organizações Militares não é diferente, elas estão inseridas em um ambiente altamente competitivo e com características peculiares, o que as obriga a desempenhar seus processos com máxima excelência, principalmente naqueles fatores considerados como os mais relevantes para o seu desempenho. Assim, o uso de técnicas e indicadores de desempenho, como Modelo de Slack, auxiliam no direcionamento da organização através de perspectivas que alinham ações da empresa com suas estratégias, permitindo, dessa forma, a avaliação de desempenho e norteando a gestão organizacional. Neste contexto, o presente estudo está pautado em vincular o desdobramento das cinco premissas do Modelo de Slack, a técnica de abordagem multicritério Analytic Hierarchy Process e a utilização do método Delphi tradicional como forma de validação dos indicadores, desenvolvendo desta forma uma sistemática para cadastro e avaliação de fornecedores. Assim sendo, a pesquisa apresenta-se como um estudo de caso, com abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa, de natureza aplicada e com método indutivo. Como resultado dessa integração, foi desenvolvida uma sistemática para cadastro e avaliação de fornecedores em Organizações Militares, baseada em critérios, tendo como ênfase o apoio à gestão organizacional.

Att skapa en budget handlar om att ta fram en prognos för framtida ekonomiska resultat både vad det gäller likviditet, resultat- och balansräkningen. Den kan ha olika syften inom ett företag och kan användas för att motivera de underordnade cheferna genom att låta dem vara delaktiga i processen då det skapas mål som leder till en belöning. Deltagande i budgetprocessen definieras som en process där de underordnade cheferna är involverade och har befogenhet att påverka budgeteringen. Tidigare forskning visar både fördelar och nackdelar med att låta de underordnade cheferna delta. Positiva effekter är att de underordnade chefer får en motivation genom att delta i processen och de negativa effekterna är att de underordnade cheferna har möjlighet att förhandla in slack i budgeten för att lättare nå de uppsatta målen. Den tidigare forskningen beskriver också olika faktorer som kan påverka att de underordnade cheferna blir motiverade eller får en benägenhet att skapa och förhindra att slack uppkommer. Syftet med denna undersökning var att studera på vilket sätt deltagande i budgetprocessen påverkar de underordnade chefernas motivation och benägenhet till budgetslack. Vidare är syftet att undersöka vilka faktorer som kan påverka att de underordnade cheferna blir motiverade i sitt arbete samt risken för att de förhandlar in slack. För att besvara forskningsfrågan användes en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där tolv intervjuer genomfördes på det specifika företaget. Det fallföretaget som studien är genomförd på arbetar aktivt med att låta de underordnade cheferna delta i budgetprocessen och ses där som en viktig faktor för att processen blir framgångsrik. Resultatet av studien visar att det är av vikt för företag att låta de underordnade cheferna delta i budgetprocessen då det är en av de största orsakerna som leder till motivation för dem. Det visar också att deltagandet leder till att företagsledningen får relevant information till budgeten då det är de underordnade cheferna som har den största kunskapen om sin avdelning. Genom studien går det att utläsa fyra faktorer som leder till att de underordnade cheferna får motivation och dessa är kommunikation, strategisk planering, gemenskap och samarbete samt personligheter. Där är kommunikation den viktigaste faktorn som både indirekt och direkt påverkar de andra faktorerna. Slack anses inte förekomma på detta företag och det går inte genom studien se att deltagande skulle leda till att det skapas slack. Studien visar två faktorer som leder till att slack inte uppkommer i detta företaget och det är informationsasymmetri samt gemenskap och samarbete. / Budget is about producing a forecast for future financial performance, both in terms of earnings, liquidity and balance sheet. It can have different purposes within a company and can be used to motivate the subordinate managers by allowing them to participate in the process when creating goals that lead to a reward. Participation in the budget process is defined as a process in which the subordinate managers are involved and have the authority to influence the budget. Previous research shows both the pros and cons of allowing the subordinate managers to attend. Positive effects are that subordinate managers get motivated by participating in the process and the negative effects are that the subordinate managers can negotiate slack in the budget to more easily reach the goals. The previous research also describes various factors that can influence the subordinate managers to be motivated or tend to create and prevent slack from occurring. The purpose of this survey was to study how participation in the budget process affects the subordinate managers' motivation and likelihood of budget slack. Furthermore, the purpose is to investigate which factors may affect the subordinate managers being motivated in their work and the risk of negotiating slack. To answer the research question, a qualitative research method was used by doing twelve interviews at the specific company. The case company in which the study is conducted works actively to allow the subordinate managers to participate in the budget process which is an important factor in the success of the process. The result of the study shows that it is important for companies to let the subordinate managers participate in the budget process as it is one of the biggest reasons that motivates them. It also shows that the participation leads to the highest management getting relevant information to the budget as it is the subordinate managers who have the greatest knowledge of their department. Through the study, four factors can be identified that lead to the motivation of the subordinate managers, such as communication, strategic planning, community and cooperation, as well as personalities. The communication is the most important factor that both indirectly and directly affects the other factors. Slack is not considered to exist in this company and through the study it is not possible to see that participation would lead to the creation of slack. The study shows that it is possible to read two factors that prevent slack not to occur in this company, and it is information asymmetries as well as community and cooperation.

Syfte: I takt med att hållbarhet blir allt viktigare, erhåller företagen en betydelsefull roll i arbetet för ett hållbart samhälle. Vilket medfört ett stort intresse för hur ESG-betyget påverkar de finansiella aspekterna av verksamheten i både företagsvärlden och den akademiska världen. Mycket av den tidigare forskningen har fokuserat på välutvecklade marknader när denna relation studerats, till följd av detta riktar denna studie in sig på tillväxtmarknader. I denna kontext har institutionella faktorer bidragit till att resultaten från tidigare forskning är motstridiga. Studiens syfte är att undersöka sambandet mellan ESG-betyg och finansiell prestation, samt hur financial slack påverkar denna relation på tillväxtmarknader. Metod: Studien har en deduktiv ansats och tillämpar en kvantitativ metod. Med hjälp av regressionsanalyser undersöks sambandet mellan ESG-betyg och finansiell prestation, samt hur financial slack påverkar det studerade sambandet på tillväxtmarknader. Urvalet består av 2 287 företag från 19 tillväxtmarknader fördelat över 11 sektorer. Samtliga data avser år 2022 och är hämtade från Refinitiv Eikons databas. Sekundärdata har analyserats genom univariat-, bivariat- och multivariat analys i statistikprogrammet IBM SPSS. Resultat och slutsats: Resultaten antyder ett positivt samband mellan ESG-betyg och ROE, samt mellan G-betyg och finansiell prestation. Samtidigt som inget samband observeras mellan E- och S-betyg och finansiell prestation. Vidare antyder resultaten att financial slack inte påverkar relationen mellan ESG-betyg och finansiell prestation. Examensarbetets bidrag: Studien bidrar med ny och ökad kunskap beträffande sambandet mellan ESG-betyg och finansiell prestation. Dels genom att en relativt outforskad kontext, i form av tillväxtmarknader studeras, dels då de tre dimensionerna av ESG och dess effekt på den finansiella prestationen undersöks var för sig. Förslag till framtida forskning: Med bakgrund mot studiens begränsningar föreslås att framtida forskare tillämpar en longitudinell forskningsdesign när sambandet mellan ESG-betyg och finansiell prestation studeras, detta för att fånga upp förändringar över tid. Ett ytterligare förslag är att använda marknadsbaserade mått för att mäta finansiell prestation. / Aim: As sustainability becomes increasingly important, companies are given a significant role in the work towards a sustainable society. Which has led to a great deal of interest in how the ESG-rating affects the financial aspects of the business in the corporate community as well as in the academia. Much of the previous research has focused on developed markets when studying this relationship, as a result this study focuses on emerging markets. In this context, institutional factors have contributed to conflicting results from previous research. The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between ESG-score and financial performance, as well as how financial slack affects this relationship in emerging markets. Method: The study has a deductive research approach and uses a quantitative method. Using regression analyses, the relationship between ESG-score and financial performance is examined, as well as how financial slack affects this relationship in emerging markets. The sample consists of 2 287 companies from 19 emerging markets, operating in 11 different sectors. All data refer to the year 2022 and are retrieved from Refinitiv Eikon's database. The secondary data has been analyzed through univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis in the statistics program IBM SPSS. Results and conclusions: The results indicate a positive relationship between ESG-score and ROE, as well as between G-score and financial performance. Meanwhile, no relationship is observed between E-, and S-score and financial performance. Furthermore, the results suggest that financial slack does not affect the relationship between ESG-score and financial performance. Contribution of the thesis: The study contributes with new and increased knowledge regarding the relationship between ESG-score and financial performance. By studying a relatively unexplored context, in the form of emerging markets, and by examining the three dimensions of ESG and its effect on financial performance individually. Suggestions for future research: Due to the study's limitations, it is suggested that future researchers apply a longitudinal study design when investigating the relationship between ESG-score and financial performance, so that changes over time can be observed. Another suggestion is to use market-based key ratios to measure financial performance.

Recent issues such as priority access of renewable resources recommended by European energy directives and increase the electricity trading among countries lead to new requirements on the operation and expansion of transmission grids. Since AC grid expansions are limited by legislative issues and long distance transmission capacity, there is a considerable attention drawn to application of HVDC transmission grids on top of, or in complement to, existing AC power systems. The secure operation of HVDC grids requires a hierarchical control system. In HVDC grids, the primary control action to deal with power or DC voltage deviations is communication-free and local. In addition to primary control, the higher supervisory control actions are needed to guarantee the optimal operation of HVDC grids. However, the implementation of supervisory control functions is linked to the arrangement of system operators; i.e. an individual HVDC operator (central structure) or sharing tasks among AC system operators (distributed structure). This thesis presents distributed control of an HVDC grid. To this end, three possible supervisory functions are investigated; coordination of power injection set-points, DC slack bus selection and network topology identification. In this thesis, all three functions are first studied for the central structure. For the distributed solution, two algorithms based on Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) and Auxiliary Problem Principle (APP) are adopted to solve the coordination of power injection. For distributed selection of DC slack bus, the choice of parameters for quantitative ranking of converters is important. These parameters should be calculated based on local measurements if distributed decision is desired. To this end, the short circuit capacity of connected AC grid and power margin of converters are considered. To estimate the short circuit capacity as one of the required selection parameters, the result shows that the recursive least square algorithm can be very efficiently used. Besides, it is possible to intelligently use a naturally occurring droop response in HVDC grids as a local measurement for this estimation algorithm. Regarding the network topology, a two-stage distributed algorithm is introduced to use the abstract information about the neighbouring substation topology to determine the grid connectivity. / <p>QC 20170306</p>

A relação entre o Grau de Internacionalização (GI) e o desempenho das empresas multinacionais (EMNs) tem sido amplamente estudada na literatura de negócios internacionais. Entretanto, a maior parte dos estudos é realizada com empresas dos países desenvolvidos. De modo a contribuir com o desenvolvimento da teoria de internacionalização-desempenho, o presente estudo analisou essa relação no universo das EMNs de economias em desenvolvimento: Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul (BRICS). O principal objetivo do trabalho foi analisar se a estratégia de expansão internacional dessas EMNs está sendo traduzida em forma de eficiência e eficácia na gestão do negócio da empresa. O modelo hipotético do trabalho considera duas variáveis moderadoras da relação internacionalizaçãodesempenho: (1) Folga Organizacional (FO); e (2) Intensidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (IP&D). A amostra do estudo corresponde a 219 EMNs dos países integrantes dos BRICS, sendo que as informações levantadas referem-se a um período de 9 anos (2002-2010), totalizando 834 pares de observações para cada variável presente no modelo. Os dados foram obtidos junto a duas fontes: (1) Compustat Data; e (2) Thomson One. Após análises de regressão múltipla, utilizando o método dos Mínimos Quadrados Ordinários (MQO), verificou-se uma relação não linear quadrática em forma de \"U\" entre o grau de internacionalização e o desempenho das EMNs dos países integrantes dos BRICS. Adicionalmente, os resultados mostram um positivo e significante efeito moderador da FO sobre a relação internacionalização-desempenho, entretanto, o mesmo não se verificou para a IP&D. Duas importantes implicações deste estudo para os gestores de negócios internacionais nas regiões dos BRICS é que: (1) os benefícios da expansão internacional não surgem de uma hora pra outra, mas exigem paciência para serem alcançados; (2) os gestores devem enxergar a FO como uma ferramenta estratégica de atuação no contexto internacional. Com base nos resultados encontrados, implicações e indicações para futuras pesquisas são fornecidas. / The relationship between the degree of internationalization and performance of multinational companies (MNCs) has been widely studied in the literature of international business. However, most studies are conducted with companies from developed countries. In order to contribute to the development of the theory of internationalization-performance, this study examined this relationship in the universe of MNCs in developing economies: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). The main objective of this study was to analyze the strategy of international expansion of these MNCs is being translated in the form of efficiency and effectiveness in managing the company\'s business. The hypothetical model of the work considers two moderating variables of internationalization-performance relationship: (1) Organizational Slack (OS); and (2) Research and Development Intensity (R&DI). Sample corresponds 219 MNCs from BRICS countries, and collected data refers to 2002-2010 period, totaling 834 pairs of observations for each variable in the model. Data were obtained from two sources: (1) Compustat Data; and (2) Thomson One. Multiple regression analysis, using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) method, showed a U-Shaped curvilinear relationship between the degree of internationalization and performance in MNCs from BRICS countries. Additionally, results show a positive and significant moderating effect of FO on internationalization-performance relationship, however, the same was not true for R&DI. Two important implications of this study for managers of international business in the regions of the BRICS is that: (1) the benefits from international expansion require patience to achieve; and (2) managers must see FO as strategic tool for performance in an international context. Based on the findings, implications and directions for future research are provided.

Este estudo se propõe a analisar como a combinação dos indicadores em um modelo de medida de desempenho (MMD) impacta na criação de folga orçamentária em uma organização pública. A administração pública (AP) em geral, a partir do movimento New Public Management passou a importar ferramentas e técnicas do setor privado para gerenciar suas ações. A literatura sobre medidas de desempenho no setor privado, relata que a avaliação de desempeho está relacionada à criação de folga orçamentária. Os trabalhos no setor público relatam que uma das ferramentas mais importadas do setor privado é a avaliação e medida de desempenho. Dessa forma, este trabalho verificou se um subconjunto das variáveis que influenciam na criação de folga orçamentária existe nas administrações públicas e analisa qual o impacto dessas variáveis na criação de folga orçamentária. O estudo de campo se deu na administração pública brasileira. O estudo foi baseado na análise das séries históricas (de meta e realizado) dos indicadores do MMD da Secretaria de Estado da Fazenda (Sefaz) de um estado brasileiro. Os resultados dessa análise foram triangulados com evidências obtidas por meio de entrevistas em profundidade feitas com funcionários públicos da Sefaz. Os resultados apresentados aqui não confirmam a teoria onde indicadores contábeis e relacionados a bônus estão relacionados positivamente na criação de folga orçamentária. / This study aims to analyze how the combination of indicators in a model of performance measurement (MMD) impacts on the creation of budgetary slack in a public organization. The public administration (PA) in general, from the New Public Management movement has imported tools and techniques of the private sector to manage their actions. The literature on performance measures in the private sector, reports that the evaluation of performance is related to the creation of budgetary slack. Some papers in the public sector reported that performance assessment and measurement is one of the implemented used tools from the private sector. Thus, this study examined whether a subset of variables that influence the creation of budgetary slack exists in public administration and considers what impact of these variables in the creation of budgetary slack. The field study was made in the Brazilian public administration. The study was based on analysis of historical data (goal and realized) of the indicators of MMD Brazilian State Secretary of Finance (Sefaz). The results of this analysis were triangulated with evidence obtained through in-depth interviews with public officials. The results presented here do not confirm the theory in which accounting-related and bonuses-related indicators are positively related in the creation of budgetary slack.

Denna uppsats behandlar ämnet budgetslack samt olika faktorers påverkan inom tre skildaverksamheter. Budgetslack är vanligt förekommande inom de flesta verksamheter och sessom ett problem som minskar verksamheters konkurrenskraft. Det råder dock delademeningar om vilka faktorer som ökar respektive minskar existensen av slack samtförekommande studier som motsäger varandra. Vi ansåg därför att det vore intressant attstudera ämnet närmare och valde att fördjupa oss i hur faktorerna budgetstyrning,företagsmiljö, agerande i eget intresse, informationsasymmetri, deltagandegrad ibudgetförhandlingen samt budgetmålens inverkan samverkar. Utifrån vår empiriska dataupprättade vi en egen modell som visar hur dessa faktorer påverkade förekomsten av slackinom de tre olika verksamheterna.Syftet med denna uppsats är att förstå hur olika faktorers påverkan på budgetslack skiljer sigåt mellan olika verksamheter. Vidare syftar studien till att presentera existerande attitydersamt förekomsten av budgetslack.Resultatet av vår studie visade att olika faktorers påverkan på budgetslack skiljer sig åtberoende på vilken typ av verksamhet det gäller. Vi identifierade slack av något slag inomåtminstone två verksamheter men inte några förebyggande åtgärder. Detta kan i det ena falletbero på att slack inte ansågs existera och i det andra på att det inte var något somprioriterades. Utöver de påverkande faktorer som nämndes i teorin har vi även identifierat enhög kostnadskontroll som en åtgärdande faktor av slack. Vidare har vi i denna studie sett attslack inte nödvändigtvis måste vara något dåligt då det bland annat bidrar till en högarbetstillfredsställelse och ansvarskänsla hos personalen vilket i sin tur minskar förekomstenav det så kallade ”dåliga” slacket. / Program: Civilekonomprogrammet