Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar os conteúdos das memórias sociais, construídas por profissionais de saúde, acerca da epidemia do HIV/Aids no Brasil, desde o seu surgimento até os dias atuais. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório-descritivo, pautado na abordagem qualitativa, orientado pela Teoria das Representações Sociais, em interseção com as Memórias Sociais. Os sujeitos do estudo foram 23 profissionais de saúde graduados de serviços ambulatoriais e/ou da atenção básica, atuantes em 18 instituições públicas de saúde da cidade do Rio de Janeiro que possuem o Programa Nacional de DST/Aids. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio de um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada e um questionário de caracterização sócio profissional. Para a análise dos dados foi utilizada a técnica de análise lexical, realizada pelo software ALCESTE 4.10. Na análise do grupo total de sujeitos foram definidas três categorias denominadas: As primeiras décadas da epidemia: a formação da representação social do HIV/Aids e das memórias, abordando a formação das representações e os elementos de memória nas décadas de 80 e 90; As práticas multiprofissionais e o atendimento à pessoa com HIV/Aids nos dias atuais, abordando a cotidianidade e as representações acerca do HIV/Aids na atualidade e Formas de transmissão e precaução pessoal e profissional, abordando a precaução pessoal e profissional implicada na prevenção, enquanto conteúdo atemporal e transversal aos períodos analisados. A análise dos dados revelou que os profissionais de saúde delimitaram as memórias acerca da Aids no inicio da epidemia, associadas ao homossexualidade e à morte, tendo as mesmas se estruturado através da difusão dos conhecimentos estabelecidos na época pela mídia e pelo aparecimento dos primeiros casos assistidos pelos profissionais, que determinaram um cenário de estereótipos atrelados ao HIV e à Aids. A década de 90 foi relembrada como aquela de uma nova esperança com a inserção dos antirretrovirais e o estabelecimento de protocolos de acompanhamento determinando o início de uma mudança da representação. Na atualidade, as representações reconstroem a dinâmica estabelecida pelo Programa de Aids e Hepatites Virais enfatizando o papel das equipes multiprofissionais, a interdisciplinaridade, o tratamento e as práticas de cuidado. Observa-se a inserção de uma nova dinâmica relacionada à diminuição da importância da morte e da homossexualidade na centralidade da representação e a inserção de outros elementos relacionados ao Programa de Aids e Hepatites Virais estabelecido. Conclui-se que as memórias e representações sociais acerca do HIV/Aids e das pessoas acometidas foram construídas com base nas práticas de saúde estabelecidas pelos profissionais e, ainda, apoiadas nas características dos pacientes com Aids em cada período, conforme representadas. / The present study aims to analyze the contents of social memories structured by health professionals, concerning the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Brazil, from its emergence to these days. It is an exploratory and descriptive study, based on the qualitative approach, oriented by the Theory of Social Representations, in intersection with the Social Memories. The subjects of the study were 23 health professionals graduated either in ambulatory service or basic attention. They act in 18 public health institutions from Rio de Janeiro which possess the National Program of STD/Aids. The collection of data was feasible by means of a script of a semistructured interview and a questionnaire about socio-professional characterization. In order to analyze the data, a lexical analysis technique, accomplished by the software ALCESTE 4.10, was used. In the analysis of the entire group of people, three categories have been established, as it follows: The first decades of the epidemic: the formation of HIV/Aids social representation and the formation of memories, approaching the formation of representations and the elements of memory in the 1980s and the 1990s; The multiprofessional practices and the assistance to the person with HIV/AIDS nowadays., approaching everyday life and the representations regarding the HIV/AIDS in current days and Ways of transmission, personal and professional precaution., approaching the personal and professional precaution implicating in the prevention, as non-temporal and transversal content to the analyzed periods. The analysis of the data revealed that health professionals have categorized the memories concerning Aids in the beginning of the epidemic associating them to homosexuality and to death. These memories have been structured through the diffusion of the assisted cases by the professionals, who determined a scenery of stereotypes linked to HIV/Aids. The 1990s has been remembered as a decade of new hope with the insertion of antiretrovirals and the establishment of follow-up protocols determining the beginning of a change in representation. Nowadays, the representations reconstruct the dynamic established by the Program of Aids and Viral Hepatitis emphasizing the role of multiprofessional teams, the interdisciplinarity, the treatment and the practices of medical care. It is noticeable the insertion of a new dynamic related to the reduction of the importance of death and homosexuality in the centrality of representation and the insertion of other elements related to the established Program of Aids and Viral Hepatitis. Therefore, the memories and social representations concerning HIV/Aids and the affected people were constructed under the basis of the health practices which were established by the professionals and, in addition, supported in the characteristics of the patients with Aids in each period, accordingly to its representation.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research aims at understanding the relationships among the representation of elderlihood conveyed in a telenovela of a prime time and its appropriation by elderly women of popular classes. The objective is to understand how telenovela builds representations of elderlihood as well as how such representations are taken by receptors as concerns building their identities through mediation of gender and social class. Theoretically, it is based on the cultural studies, on latin-american reflections about mediation proposed by Martín-Barbero and on the intersection between studies about elderlihood and media. As for the method, theories of the Codification/Decodification model, proposed by Stuart Hall, and the Culture Communicative Mediations method proposed by Martín-Barbero are articulated. Regarding production, an analysis of elderly representations portrayed in telenovela Passione and reflections about the dynamics of the production of the plot were accomplished. Reception is studied through six elderly women, among 63 to 76 years old, from popular classes, living in Santa Maria-RS. Such study is a critical ethnography of reception. Observation of the domestic space, with registers in the field journal, were used as techniques, along with watching telenovela together with four of those women, exploratory interviews and semistructured/closed interviews. Results point out that telenovela has an important participation on the process of building elderlihood of the receptors, facing a context of wide destabilizations on the ways of representing and living such period of life. Passione, although endorsing the dominant representations, brings significant spaces for negotiation and presents opposing codifications of elderlihood, especially as regards the dimensions of family and affective life/sexuality. Appropriation of the receptors are pervaded by mediations of class and of gender. The class defines a more oppressive experience of the feminine condition, marked by a sexist education, sexual division of labor and interference over their lives, which pervade the ways they mean their elderlihood. Entering elderlihood, for once, seems to turn their traditional representations of elderlihood into an unstable condition. Such dynamics configures their representations of elderlihood and is present on the reception of telenovela, where two different matrixes of reading were found, configuring a negotiated decodification. In general terms, they endorse the dominant codifications of elderlihood. When thinking about the plot in relation to themselves, as concerns identification with the characters, more opposing meanings appear according to more positive meanings of elderlihood that they try to build for themselves. / Este trabalho objetiva compreender as relações entre as representações da velhice veiculadas na telenovela do horário nobre e suas apropriações por mulheres idosas das classes populares. Almeja-se entender como a telenovela conforma representações da velhice e como as mesmas são apropriadas pelas receptoras na conformação das suas identidades a partir das mediações de gênero e de classe social. Teoricamente, baseia-se na perspectiva dos estudos culturais, nas reflexões latino-americanas sobre as mediações realizadas por Martín-Barbero e nas intersecções entre estudos sobre velhice e mídia. Metodologicamente, articula as teorizações do modelo Codificação/Decodificação proposto por Stuart Hall e o modelo das Mediações Comunicativas da Cultura de Martín-Barbero. No âmbito da produção, realizou-se a análise das representações da velhice veiculadas na telenovela Passione e reflexões sobre a dinâmica de produção da trama. A recepção é estudada através de seis mulheres idosas, entre 63 e 76 anos, de classes populares residentes em Santa Maria- RS. O estudo configura-se uma etnografia crítica da recepção. As técnicas utilizadas foram observação do espaço doméstico com registros no caderno de campo, assistência da telenovela junto a quatro entrevistadas, realização de entrevistas exploratórias e entrevistas semi-abertas/fechadas. Os resultados apontam que a telenovela tem participação importante na construção das velhices das receptoras, frente a um contexto de amplas desestabilizações nas formas de representar e viver esse período da vida. Passione, apesar de endossar as representações dominantes, traz espaços significativos para negociação e apresenta codificações opositivas da velhice, especialmente nas dimensões da família e vida afetiva/sexualidade. As apropriações das receptoras são perpassadas pelas mediações de classe e de gênero. A classe define uma vivência mais opressora da condição feminina, marcada por uma educação sexista, divisão sexual do trabalho e ingerência sob suas vidas, que perpassa os modos como elas significam suas velhices. O ingresso na velhice, por sua vez, desestabiliza suas concepções tradicionais de gênero. Essa dinâmica configura suas representações da velhice e se faz presente na recepção da telenovela, onde foram encontradas duas matrizes distintas de leitura, configurando-se uma decodificação negociada. Em termos gerais, elas endossam as codificações dominantes da velhice. Quando pensam a trama em relação a si, na identificação com as personagens, significados mais opositivos vêm à tona, de acordo com os significados mais positivos da velhice que buscam construir para si.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:02:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5447.pdf: 1125898 bytes, checksum: ec38b7e797df65183e505a2977ba073a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-03 / In this paper, we defended the school's role as an institutional mediator of the media discourse. For the development of mediations, we proposed the use of traditional media and new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) in the school environment. The need for institutional mediation of media discourse is due to the importance of the media in the formation of social representations we have about various issues, including on socio-scientific issues and also because these representations are responsible for forming our opinions. But the use of ICTs, specifically social networks of internet, is due to the importance of these new technologies in today's society and its potential for teaching, still little explored in the public schools. The social-scientific issue addressed in this paper is the nuclear issue. The choice of subject was due to his controversial aspect of public and social interest and for it has been widely reported in the media. We argue that, like all socioscientific issues, the nuclear issue should be addressed, at school, from the focus on relationships between Science, Technology, Society and Environment (STSE). We created, in internet, the social network "Thinking Physics" in order to, through the sharing of content, promote the participation of high school students from public schools in the discussion on the nuclear issue, thus contributing to the qualitative improvement of the use that young students make of social networks and to the development of technological mediations. To problematize the nuclear issue, we proposed a discussion of the agreement signed in 2010 between Brazil, Turkey and Iran, and to discuss this issue we used four videos aired by the television media and posted on YouTube. Through social networking students had access to the videos and were able to share their opinions through comments. There was broad participation of students in the social network, even though it was optional. The results show us that it is feasible to develop projects that use computers and internet even when school does not have such technology available to students and teachers. We hope this work will contribute to other teachers develop projects aimed at training students in critical and participatory, based on proposals of mediations of media discourse and thus the social networks of internet can become an effective mediation space technology. / Neste trabalho, defendemos o papel da escola como mediadora institucional do discurso midiático. Para o desenvolvimento das mediações, propusemos o uso de mídias tradicionais e de novas Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TICs) no processo de educação escolar. A necessidade de mediação institucional do discurso midiático deve-se à importância da mídia na formação das Representações Sociais que temos sobre diversos assuntos, inclusive sobre temas sociocientíficos e, também, porque essas representações são responsáveis pela formação das nossas opiniões. Já o uso das TICs, mais especificamente das redes sociais da internet, deve-se à importância dessas novas tecnologias na sociedade atual e suas potencialidades para o ensino, ainda pouco exploradas na rede pública de escolas. O tema sociocientífico abordado neste trabalho é a questão nuclear. A escolha do tema se deu em virtude do seu aspecto controverso de interesse público e social. Defendemos que, assim como todos os temas sociocientíficos, a questão nuclear deve ser abordada, na escola, a partir do enfoque nas relações entre Ciência, Tecnologia, Sociedade e Ambiente (CTSA). Criamos, na internet, a rede social Pensando a Física a fim de, por meio do compartilhamento de conteúdos, promover a participação dos alunos do ensino médio de escolas públicas na discussão sobre a questão nuclear, contribuindo, desse modo, para a melhoria qualitativa dos usos que os estudantes jovens fazem das redes sociais e para o desenvolvimento de mediações tecnológicas. Para a problematização da questão nuclear, propusemos uma discussão acerca do acordo firmado, em 2010, entre Brasil, Turquia e Irã e, para discutir o assunto em questão, utilizamos quatro vídeos veiculados pela mídia televisiva e disponibilizados no YouTube. Através da rede social os alunos tiveram acesso aos vídeos e puderam compartilhar suas opiniões por meio de comentários. Houve ampla participação dos alunos na rede social, ainda que ela fosse facultativa. Os resultados obtidos mostram-nos que é viável desenvolver projetos que utilizam computadores e internet mesmo quando a escola não possui tais tecnologias à disposição dos alunos e professores. Esperamos que este trabalho contribua para que outros professores desenvolvam projetos que visem à formação de alunos críticos e participativos, a partir de propostas de mediações do discurso midiático e que, desse modo, as redes sociais da internet possam tornar-se um espaço efetivo de mediação tecnológica.

Cette thèse a un double objectif : évaluer la pertinence théorique du modèle du comportement planifié dans le contexte camerounais et valider un modèle intégratif d’explication de l’intention de s’engager dans des programmes de restructuration du travail informel. Nous sommes parti du constat d’un décalage entre la mobilisation croissante en vue de formaliser les activités informelles et leur paradoxale persistance dans les pays en voie de développement en général et au Cameroun en particulier. Il est question de comprendre pourquoi les acteurs du travail informel adhèrent peu aux politiques publiques en faveur dudit secteur.La littérature sur le travail informel l’aborde comme une catégorie d’analyse (Busso, 2005) et a tendance à expliquer l’échec des programmes par des causes exogènes, socioéconomiques et politiques. De ce fait, elle néglige l’importance de la dimension psychosociale dans l’implémentation des politiques publiques et l’accompagnement du changement. L’échec des programmes successifs initiés au Cameroun en vue de restructurer le travail informel justifie l’intérêt d’étudier les déterminants sociocognitifs de l’engagement dans lesdits programmes. En nous appuyant sur les modèles cognitivo-comportementaux, nous nous attendons à ce que les représentations, les croyances et les perceptions puissent permettre de mieux comprendre les intentions des acteurs du ce secteur à s’engager dans les programmes de restructuration dudit travail. Plusieurs approches théoriques sont ainsi mobilisés. La théorie des représentations sociales (Jodelet, 1996), la théorie du comportement planifié (Ajzen, 2015), la théorie du comportement orienté par un but (Locke & Latham, 2002) entre autres.Sept études ont été réalisées. La première explore les représentations sociales du travail informel et des programmes visant sa restructuration. Les six autres études sont empiriques. Elles explorent les liens entre représentations sociales, croyances et attitudes des travailleurs informels et des promoteurs d’unités de production informelles (études 2 et 3). Elles évaluent également la pertinence théorique du modèle du comportement planifié tout comme le rôle médiateur du désir (Bagozzi, 1992) entre l’intention comportementale et ses déterminants (études 4 et 5). Dans les études 6 et 7 sont évaluées l’impact de la connaissance, de la crédibilité perçue des programmes et des acteurs chargés de les piloter, ainsi que la perception de l’information sur l’intention. Les hypothèses sont vérifiées auprès de deux échantillons (travailleurs informels, N =337, et promoteurs d’unités de production informelle, N = 175, respectivement). Le modèle global est évalué.Les résultats confortent les hypothèses de la thèse. Malgré la pertinence du modèle du comportement planifié dans l’explication de l’intention de s’engager dans les programmes, l’intégration de variables nouvelles dans un modèle intégratif permet d’améliorer de façon significative la variance expliquée de l’intention. En effet, cette variance passe de 52.40% à 76% chez les travailleurs informels et de 44% à 78.30% chez les promoteurs d’unités de production informelle avec la prise en compte de ces variables supplémentaires. Par ailleurs, les résultats montrent que la connaissance des programmes joue un rôle prépondérant non seulement dans l’explication de l’intention, mais également de l’attitude. Ces résultats vont dans le sens des travaux antérieurs (Radovic & Hasking, 2013). La crédibilité perçue des programmes apparait aussi comme un déterminant majeur de l’intention chez les travailleurs informels alors qu’elle l’est moins chez les promoteurs d’UPI. Chez ces derniers, on note un effet élevé de la perception de l’information sur l’intention de s’engager dans les programmes de restructuration du travail informel. Ces résultats sont aussi consonants avec la littérature (Lunemberg, 2011) qui soutient que le désir est le déterminant proximal de l’intention. / This thesis has a double objective: to evaluate the theoretical pertinence of the planned behaviour theory (PBT) in the Cameroonian context and to validate an integrative explanatory model of the intention of engaging in the informal work sector restructuring programs. Our stating point was the observation of the distance that exists between the increasing mobilisation towards the formalisation of informal activities and their paradoxical persistence in developing countries in general and particularly in Cameroon. Our preoccupation is to understand why the informal work actors refuse to adhere to public policies in favour of the said sector. Which psycho-social variables could justify their intention and consequentLiterature on the informal work considers it as a category of analysis (Busso, 2005) and has the tendency of explaining the failure of programs by external, socioeconomic and political causes. By doing so, they neglect the psycho-social dimension in the implementation of public policies and the accompaniment of change. The successive failure of programs initiated in Cameroon in order to restructure the informal work justifies the interest towards socio-cognitive determinants of engagement in the said programs. Based on the cognitions-behaviours models, we expect that the representations, beliefs and perceptions could help in the understanding of the intentions of the actors to engage in informal work restructuring programs. Therefore, prediction models of behaviour have been mobilised in order to discern those socio-cognitive factors that can likely explain those intentions. Several theoretical approaches have been used in this framework. These include: the theory of social representations (Jodelet, 1996), the theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen, 2015), the goal oriented behaviour theory (Locke & Latham, 2002), etc.Seven studies have been realised. The first one which is exploratory, analyses the social representations of the informal work and the programs geared towards its reorganization. The six other studies are empirical. They analyse the relationship between social representations, beliefs and attitudes respectively of the informal workers and the informal business promoters (studies 2 and 3); they evaluate the theoretical pertinence of the planned behaviour model just as the mediator role of the desire (Bagozzi, 1992) between the behavioural intention and its determinants (studies 4 and 5). In the 6th and 7th studies are evaluated the impact of the knowledge, the perceived credibility of the programs and the actors in charge of piloting them, as well as the perception of information about those programs on the intention. The hypotheses are verified on two samples (337 informal workers and 175 informal business promoters respectively). The global model is evaluated.The results reinforce the thesis. Despite the pertinence of the planned behaviour model in the explanation of the intention of engaging in the programs, the integration of new variables improve significantly the explained variance of the intention. Indeed, this variance goes from 52.40% to 76% among informal workers and from 44% to 78.30% among informal business promoters. Moreover, the results show that knowledge of programs plays a major role not only in explaining the intention, but also in the attitude. These results are in line with previous works (Radovic & Hasking, 2013). The perceived credibility of the programs appears also as a major determinant of the intention among informal workers while it is less among informal work promoters. Among the latter, there is quite a high effect of the perception of information on the intention of engaging in the informal work restructuring programs. These results are also consistent with the literature (Lunenberg, 2011) which considers the desire as the proximate determinant of the intention.

La production scientifique sur les rapports des femmes à la politique est aussi importante que variée, comme en attestent les nombreuses recherches menées dans les différents champs disciplinaires qui se sont saisis de cette thématique (histoire, science politique, sociologie, psychanalyse….). Il n’existe cependant que très peu d’écrits sur lareprésentation politique des femmes africaines en ce qu’elles ont peut-être de spécifique dans leur capacité d’agir dans ce domaine. L’intérêt de cette recherche est donc de contribuer à l’avancement des connaissances en sociologie politique–s’agissant des femmes en général, des Africaines et notamment des Gabonaises en particulier–. À cet effet, cette thèse se propose d’explorer les mécanismes par lesquels les femmes accèdent aux fonctions électives dans un pays marqué par des pratiques et logiques socio-culturelles limitant leur accès aux sphères de décision. La construction socio culturelle du rapport au pouvoir des élues a été interrogée. Les capitaux personnels et professionnels, la culture sociale et politique, ont été tour à tour examinés afin de ressortir les éléments de l’identité de femme au Gabon et leur articulation avec les exigences de leur métier. L’analyse de genre, a permis de rendre compte de la dimension genrée des rapports sociaux de sexe, des phénomènes politiques, et des pratiques en œuvre non seulement dans les sociétés moderne et traditionnelle, mais aussi dans les institutions, tours à tours lieux de construction et d’expression des rapports de genre. / The scientific productionon women and politics is as important as diverse. Indeed, many research have been conducted in various disciplines such as history, political sciences, sociology, and psycoanalysis that have studied that duo theme. However, there are very few writings on the representation of the specifics of african women to act as a female politician. This research work aims at contributing to the adavancement of knowledge by exploring the mechanisms through which women access elected functions in a country charactirized by socio-cultural practices and logics that restrict women access within the decision-making spheres. The elected socio-cultural constuction relation to powerhas been scrutinized. Proessional and personnal assets, the socio-political culture, all have been scrutinized in order to highlight the components of the woman’s identity in Gabon and their interaction with the requirements of their profession. The gender analysis has enabled to report on the gender-based dimension of the social relationship of sexe, political phenomena and the ongoing praticises in traditional and modern societies and institutions, areas of construction and expresion of gender relations.

A Família e a Escola são espaços de desenvolvimento humano que favorecem os crescimentos físico, cognitivo, afetivo e social do indivíduo preparando-o para sua inserção na sua cultura fortalecendo as suas relações sociais. Contudo, cada uma delas tem as suas especificidades nas suas tarefas. Enquanto a família tem como função básica propiciar condições que favoreçam o pleno desenvolvimento de seus filhos, no que diz respeito ao sentimento de pertença, cuidados físico, emocional e material, a escola, por sua vez, tem como finalidade última, instrumentalizar crianças e jovens para a vida em sociedade, como cidadãos que saibam viver, conviver e agir com competência técnica e emocional, no mundo contemporâneo. É nesse contexto escola/família que se busca investigar essa relação, ao mesmo tempo tão estreita quanto conflituosa. Dessa forma, esta dissertação teve como objetivo compreender as representações sociais que famílias que vivem em situação de vulnerabilidade social, no município de São Lourenço da Mata, fazem ou constroem sobre a escola. Como aporte teórico-metodológico foi utilizada a Teoria das Representações Sociais de Moscovici que proporcionou a compreensão de como as famílias que participaram deste estudo ancoram e objetivam suas representações sociais sobre a Escola, a partir dos valores, sentimentos, crenças compartilhados socialmente por este grupo. A Metodologia do trabalho foi de natureza qualitativa e para a coleta dos dados foram utilizados como instrumentos, a entrevista semi-estruturada e a técnica da Associação Livre. Participaram da pesquisa dez membros de famílias de estudantes de escolas municipais, de uma cidade da Região Metropolitana do Recife, que vivem em situação de vulnerabilidade social. Os achados deste estudo foram analisados através da Análise de Conteúdo Temática, onde buscamos identificar núcleos de sentido a partir das palavras evocadas na Associação Livre e no conteúdo das entrevistas. Como resultado, inferiu-se que as famílias estudadas representam a Escola como educação e respeito, ancoradas no contexto social, político e educacional onde estão imersos e fazem suas objetivações ao matricularem seus filhos na escola com vistas a um futuro mais digno, a um bom emprego. / Family and school are areas of human development that promote physical, cognitive, emotional, and social growth of the individual preparing him for insertion in his culture by strengthening his social relationships. However, each of them has its specific features in its tasks . While families have the primary function of providing conditions which favor the full development of their children, regarding the feeling of belonging, physical, emotional and financial care, school, on the other hand, has as its ultimate purpose to lead children and young people for life in society as citizens able to live, socialize and act competently in the contemporary world. It is in this context school/family that it is sought to investigate this relation, which is as narrow as it is conflicting. Thus, our thesis main goal was to understand the social representations that families that live in situations of social vulnerability, in São Lourenço da Mata, make or build about school. The chosen theoretical and methodological support was Moscovicis Social Representation Theory, which provided the understanding of how families that joined this study anchor and objectivize their social relationships about school, considering the values, feelings and social beliefs shared by this group. The methodology of the study was of qualitative nature, and for data collection were utilized semi-structured interviewing and the Free Association technique. Ten members of municipal school students families participated, from a city of the Metropolitan Region of Recife, who live in situations of social vulnerability. The findings of this work were analyzed by the Analysis of the Theme Content, where we sought to identify centers of meaning from the words evoked in Free Association as well as the content of the interviews. As a result, we infer that the group of studied families represents the School as" education" and "respect", supported by the social, political and educational environment where they are in and make their objectives when en rolling their children at school aiming for a more dignified future, and a good job.

Esta dissertação trata das representações produzidas e veiculadas pela mídia sobre o futebol. A partir do aporte teórico dos Estudos Culturais, em sua vertente pós-estruturalista, busco analisar a construção de uma representação de futebol moderno na Revista Placar, da Editora Abril, o mais importante periódico esportivo brasileiro. Para isso, concentro meu estudo nas edições publicadas entre abril de 1995 e março de 1999, período imediatamente posterior a uma profunda reforma editorial, na qual revista adotou o lema “Futebol, Sexo & Rock and Roll”. O exame desse material me permite afirmar que, a representação de futebol moderno produzida pela revista naquele momento gira em torno de três eixos principais: 1) a gestão moderna: onde valores empresariais são incorporados e o futebol é administrado como um negócio que objetiva, direta ou indiretamente, ao lucro financeiro; 2) o torcedor moderno: entendido como um consumidor, distanciado no estádio de seus pares e da própria partida, e com sua relação com o clube dessacralizada; e, finalmente, 3) o jogador moderno: pensado e produzido cientificamente, e preocupado em vender bem sua imagem. Por fim, concluo refletindo sobre os pontos de contato e articulação entre estes três eixos. / This dissertation is about those football representations produced and spread by the media. Starting from the theoretical contribution of the Cultural Studies, in their post-structuralist side, I aim to analyse the construction of a representation of modern football in the Placar magazine, from the Abril publishing house, the most important Brazilian sports paper. In order to do so, I focus my study on those editions issued between April 1995 and March 1999, being this the right off subsequent period to an editorial deep reform in which the magazine adopted the “Football, Sex & Rock and Roll” motto. The study of this material allows me to assert that the representation of modern football produced by the magazine at that time revolves around three main points: 1) modern management: where business values are introduced and football is managed as a business that, directly or indirectly, leads to financial profit; 2) the modern supporter: taken as a consumer, set aside in the stadium from the other supporters and from the match itself, and with their demystified relationship with the club; and, finally, 3) the modern player: scientifically thought and produced and concerned about selling his own image appropriately. Finally, I conclude reflecting about the contact and articulation among these three main points. / Esta disertación trata de las representaciones producidas y vehiculadas por los medios de comunicación sobre el fútbol. A partir del aporte teórico de los Estudios Culturales, en su vertiente pos-estructuralista, busco analizar la construcción de una representación de fútbol moderno en la revista Placar, de la Editorial Abril, la publicación deportiva brasileña más importante. Para ello, concentro mi estudio en las ediciones publicadas entre abril de 1995 y marzo de 1999, período inmediatamente posterior a una profunda reforma editorial, en la cual la revista adoptó el lema “Fútbol, Sexo & Rock and Roll”. El examen de este material me permite afirmar que, la representación del fútbol moderno producida por la revista en aquel momento, gira en torno a tres ejes principales: 1) la gestión moderna: donde se incorporan los valores empresariales y el fútbol es administrado como un negocio que conduce, directa o indirectamente, al lucro financiero; 2) el hincha moderno: entendido como un consumidor, distanciado en el estadio de los demás seguidores y del propio partido, y con su relación con el club desacralizada; y, finalmente, 3) el jugador moderno: pensado y producido científicamente, y preocupado por vender bien su imagen. Por fin, concluyo reflexionando sobre los puntos de contacto y articulación entre estos tres ejes.

Cette recherche, inscrite dans le champ de l’éducation comparée, étudie les représentations sociales que se font les futurs enseignants et les enseignants débutants de français au Ghana et d’anglais au Togo par rapport à leur formation professionnelle initiale. Notre cadre théorique est construit principalement autour de la théorie des représentations sociales, la professionnalisation et le rapport au savoir. Par le biais de l’approche compréhensive de l’éducation comparée qui se donne pour objet de comprendre les phénomènes dans leurs contextes, sans chercher à transférer des pratiques d’un pays à l’autre, nous cherchons à comprendre si la formation professionnelle octroyée parvient à mener les futurs enseignants de ces langues à l’acquisition des compétences professionnelles suffisantes pour l’exercice de leur métier. Sur le plan méthodologique, la recherche privilégie une démarche hypothético-déductive. Nos données empiriques se composent de 40 entretiens semi-directifs dont 30 (15 par pays), réalisés auprès de futurs enseignants et 10 (5 par pays), auprès d’enseignants débutants. Les données qualitatives ont fait objet d’une analyse de contenu thématique. Les résultats montrent que, la majorité des futurs enseignants et les enseignants débutants trouvent leur formation pratique insuffisante et peu professionnalisante. Cependant le public togolais se représente plus favorablement la formation théorique et le futur métier ou le métier en cours d’exercice, pour les enseignants débutants. Les résultats révèlent également qu’il existe une relation étroite entre le profil d’entrée des enquêtés et leurs représentations envers la formation ainsi que l’exercice de l’activité professionnelle. / This research is founded in comparative education and studies the social representations of future and beginning foreign language teachers in Ghana against those in Togo with respect to their initial professional training. The study is inspired mainly by the theory of social representations, professionalization and by the concept of relationship to knowledge. Using a comprehensive approach of comparative education that focuses on understanding phenomena in their contexts, without intending a transfer of practices from one country to another, we seek to determine whether the available training programs prepare the subjects adequately toward acquisition of professional skills and career readiness. The study privileges hypothetic-deductive approach. Our empirical data consists of 40 semi-structured interviews of which 30 (15 from each country) collected from future teachers and 10 (5 from each country) from beginning teachers. The qualitative data is analyzed using content analysis. Results show that a majority of future and beginning teachers find their practical training insufficient and not career centered. In spite of this fact, contrary to the Ghanaian public, the Togolese public has positive representations in respect to their theoretical training and career readiness. The results equally reveal that there is a close relationship between teachers' profile prior to training and their representations as regards their training and their career readiness.

Intérêt du sujet : Dans le domaine de la grande consommation, de nombreuses innovations échouent sur le marché européen. L’innovation étant une des variables clé du modèle économique des sociétés occidentales, l’identification des vecteurs de réussite ou d’échec des produits nouveaux est fondamentale pour le succès des entreprises. Parmi les trois groupes de déterminants de l’acceptation des produits nouveaux (les caractéristiques liées à la personne, au produit ou au système social), nous nous intéressons au dernier, jusque là négligé par la littérature.Objectif : Identifier les freins sociaux qui interviennent dans le processus de diffusion d’une innovation.Contribution attendue : Les apports théoriques attendus de ce travail doctoral sont triples :(1) la prise en compte de la théorie des représentations sociales pour la compréhension du comportement d’achat innovateur; (2) la détermination des éléments de la représentation sociale des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques et la mise en évidence d’une potentielle segmentation par la représentation; (3) et l’identification de freins potentiels à l’acceptation de produits nouveaux.Méthode : Deux études ont été menées : tout d’abord une étude de la représentation sociale des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques au travers de deux méthodes (n=97 et n=205) ; puis une étude des motivations à l’achat de panneaux solaires photovoltaïques par les récits de vie(n=16). Principaux résultats : Ce travail doctoral a permis de mettre en évidence trois freins à la diffusion des panneaux solaires photovoltaïques : (1) le changement social induit par l’acceptation de l’innovation; (2) la potentielle multiplicité des représentations sociales et le problème que cela engendre sur la communication interpersonnelle; (3) et le refus d’appartenance au groupe de référence perçu du produit nouveau. / Topic of interest: in the fast moving consumer good, many innovations fail to introduce the European market. Innovation is a key variable in the economic model of Western societies,therefore identifying the success or the failure antecedents is crucial for the company’s success. Among the three groups of antecedents of the acceptance of new products(personal, product and social characteristics), we will focus on the last one, which has been neglected in the diffusion literature.Objective: Understanding the social barriers which intervene in the innovation diffusion process.Contribution expected: The expected theoretical contributions are threefold: (1) introducing the social representation’s theory to understand the innovative consumer behavior; (2)determining the photovoltaic solar panels’ social representation’s association and highlighting a potential segmentation through the social representation; and (3) identifying the potential barriers to innovation acceptance.Method: Two studies were conducted: first, a study on the social representation of photovoltaic solar panels using two methods (n=97 and n=205); then a study on the motivation in installing photovoltaic solar panel using life stories (n=16)Main results: This doctoral work highlight three barriers to photovoltaic solar panels diffusion: (1) the social change induced by the innovation’s acceptance; (2) the potential multiplicity of the social representations and the way it affects the interpersonal communication;

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Nowadays, it is known that the issues involving health have a relation with several determinants. Among them, the environment is present, because it is where life develops. Therefore, the relation health and environment is an important aspect to be considered in the practices of workers of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) teams. In view of this, we have the following research question: how are health and the environment constituted in the social representation of Family Health Strategy teams? The objective of the study is to know the social representations (SR) about health and environment of employees of the FHS teams and to identify the relationship between the SR of health and the environment and their actions in the daily work. To reach the objectives listed, we chose the qualitative method, based on the methodological theoretical framework of social representations. The study was developed in a municipality located in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul. The participants of the study were 25 workers from different professional categories, working in the FHS teams of the municipality studied. Data collection took place between February and June 2016, through documentary research and semi-structured interviews. The data were analyzed through content analysis in the thematic modality, evidencing the central nucleus and the peripheral elements that structure the social representations. The study complied with all the ethical and legal determinations set forth in Resolution 466 of December 2012 of the National Health Council. It was approved by the Research Ethics Committee under No. 1,380,372, and obtained the Certificate of Ethical Assessment (CEA) of Number: 51719215.9.0000.5346. From the analysis process the following SR was outlined: The salubrity of the territory, which is the central category of the study. The peripheral elements associated with it are: water, sewage, urban solid waste, pesticides and air pollution. In this perspective, the health territory assumed the centrality of the SR, since it is from this that the other elements that make up the SR were delineated and outsourced by the participants. From this representation it can be inferred that the understanding of the relationship health and environment is intrinsically related to the damages that the environment can cause in health, which materializes as a relation of cause and effect. / Atualmente, sabe-se que as questões que envolvem a saúde possuem uma relação com diversos determinantes, dentre os quais, o meio ambiente merece destaque especial. Nesse sentido, a relação saúde e meio ambiente é um importante aspecto a ser considerado, particularmente, nas práticas de trabalhadores das equipes de Estratégias Saúde da Família (ESF). Diante disto, tem-se a seguinte questão de pesquisa: como a saúde e o meio ambiente estão constituídos na representação social das equipes de Estratégia Saúde da Família? O estudo tem como objetivos: conhecer as representações sociais (RS) sobre saúde e meio ambiente de trabalhadores das equipes de ESF e identificar a relação entre as representações sociais sobre saúde e meio ambiente das equipes da ESF e o cotidiano laboral. Para alcançar os objetivos elencados optou-se pelo método qualitativo, baseado no referencial teórico metodológico das representações sociais. O estudo foi desenvolvido em um município localizado no interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Os participantes do estudo foram 25 trabalhadores de diferentes categorias profissionais, atuantes nas Equipes de ESF do município estudado. A coleta dos dados ocorreu entre os meses de fevereiro a junho de 2016, por meio de pesquisa documental e entrevista semi-estruturada. Os dados foram analisados através da análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática, evidenciando o núcleo central e os elementos periféricos que estruturam as representações sociais. O estudo cumpriu todas as determinações éticas e legais previstas na Resolução 466 de Dezembro de 2012 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Foi aprovado no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa sob no 1.380.372, e obteve o Certificado de Apresentação para Apreciação Ética (CAAE) de número: 51719215.9.0000.5346. A partir do processo de análise delineou-se a seguinte RS: A salubridade do território, a qual constitui a categoria central do estudo. Os elementos periféricos a ela associados são: a água, o esgotamento sanitário, os resíduos sólidos urbanos, os agrotóxicos e a poluição atmosférica. Nesta perspectiva, o território em saúde assumiu a centralidade da RS, pois é a partir dele que os demais elementos que compõem a RS foram delineados e externalizados pelos participantes. A partir desta representação pode se inferir que a compreensão da relação saúde e meio ambiente está intrinsecamente relacionada com os danos que o meio ambiente pode causar na saúde, o que se materializa como uma relação de causa e efeito.