Le statut social des dirigeants de sociétés est un sujet en constante évolution en raison des changements de législation, et du rapprochement du régime social des indépendants vers le régime salarié, en particulier pour les petites et moyennes entreprises.Un phénomène d’optimisation à la fois sociale et fiscale a gagné les dirigeants. Ils sont amenés à s’interroger sur le choix d’un régime salarié ou non salarié. Mais pour connaître ou choisir son statut social, le dirigeant doit s’interroger sur la forme de la Société qu’il souhaite créer, ou intégrer, sur la structure juridique, les conditions d’exercice de son activité et sur sa situation tant personnelle que professionnelle. La protection sociale diffère selon le régime salarié ou non salarié non agricole, et confère ainsi des avantages plus ou moins attractifs pour le dirigeant. Le statut social du dirigeant peut lui conférer des avantages non négligeables en matière de rémunération et bénéficier ainsi de dispositifs, jusque là réservés aux salariés.Le statut social des dirigeants est-il susceptible d’évoluer vers une harmonisation du régime salarié et du régime social des indépendants ? Quel conseil donner au dirigeant en quête du statut le plus rentable pour lui, à long terme ?Deux principaux thèmes sont traités : le premier relatif à la détermination des critères, entrant en ligne de compte dans le choix du statut social du dirigeant, le second relatif aux conséquences de ce choix en vue de proposer au dirigeant, une optimisation de son statut et de sa rémunération. / The social status of corporate leaders is a topic constantly changing due to changes in legislation and the reconciliation of the non-employee to a salaried, especially for small and medium enterprises.A phenomenon of optimizing both social and fiscal won the leadership. They are led to question the choice of a salaried or self-employed. But to know or choose their social status, the officer must investigate the form of the Company that wants to create or integrate the legal structure, the conditions for the exercise of its activity and its status as personal professional.Social protection differs depending on a salaried or self-employed, and thus confers benefits more or less attractive to the manager. The status of the leader may confer significant advantages in terms of remuneration and benefit from device, hitherto devoted employees.The social status of leaders it is likely to move towards harmonization of employees and self-employed? What advice would you give to an officer in search of the most profitable status for him in the long run?Two main topics are treated : the first relating to the determination of criteria come into account in the choice of the social status of the leader, the second on the consequences of this choice in order to offer the manager.

On étudie ici comment les Romains de la fin de la République et du début de l’Empire envisagent les opérations de nettoyage corporel. En suivant plusieurs questions pratiques (de quoi se nettoie-t-on ? dans quel but ? où le fait-on, avec quels moyens et comment ?) et en se fondant sur des analyses anthropologiques, archéologiques et lexicologiques, on délimite les domaines dans lesquels les Romains rangent les catégories du sale, du soin corporel et de la juste présentation de soi. Le vocabulaire de la saleté, en particulier, permet de circonscrire un ensemble varié de réalités indésirables : il n’y a pas « une » mais « des » saletés – tout est fonction de contextes – et le lexique reflète cette diversité.La justification de la propreté, au contraire, se fonde sur des prescriptions morales remarquables par leur permanence et leur cohérence tout au long de la période. La propreté doit être entendue comme la traduction concrète de la notion plus large de soin ; et réciproquement, la saleté traduit celle de négligence. Par conséquent, être un bon citoyen, et au-delà, un être humain véritable, cela passe par la propreté – avec une insistance telle qu’elle fait de cet état un marqueur de reconnaissance sociale. Plus on est propre et « brillant », plus on se situe en haut des hiérarchies civiques. Ces prescriptions morales aboutissent à l’émergence de cette réalité bien romaine qu’est le balneum : le lieu privilégié de l’entretien de ce modèle civique, au croisement entre univers moraux, cosmétiques et médicaux. Elles sont appuyées par un ensemble de techniques spécifiques accordant une place privilégiée au frottement du corps, à l’aide d’huile ou de détergents. / This thesis investigates how the Romans envision the operations related to body cleansing at the end of the Republic and the beginning of the Empire. Starting from practical questions – What has to be cleaned? For which purpose? Where does this operation take place? How is it completed? – and leveraging on approaches stemmed from anthropology, archeology and lexicology, we delimitate categories that the Romans link to concepts such as dirtiness, body care or appropriate self-presentation. The terminology of dirtiness, in particular, reveals a manifold set of undesired realities, which nonetheless never appears totally consistent; Depending on the context, there is not one, but several types of dirtiness. On the contrary, the justification of cleanliness is based on a whole range of moral prescriptions which are remarkable by their continuity and their consistency throughout the whole period. It appears that the concept of cleanliness should be understood within the frame of the broader notion of self care. Conversely, dirtiness more generally relates to self negligence. Consequently, being a good citizen, or even living as a genuine human being requires to be clean, to a point where cleanliness becomes a social marker: A clean and “shiny” appearance indicates a higher social status. Hence the growing importance of the balneum as a Roman institution – the place where this model is maintained, across civic, medical and cosmetic representations, through the development of techniques primarily based on body rubbing using oil and detergents.

This thesis is about the social, political, and economic interactions that took place in and around the Universities’ Mission to Central Africa (UMCA) in two very different regions: north-eastern Tanzania and Zanzibar. The mission was for much of the period a space in which people could – often inventively – make a living through education, employment, and patronage. Indeed, particularly in the period preceding British colonial rule, most Christians were mission employees (usually teachers) and their families. Being Christian was, in one sense, a livelihood. In this era before the British altered the political economy, education had only limited appeal, while the teaching profession was not highly esteemed by Africans, although it offered some teachers the security and status of a regular income. From the 1860s to the 1910s, the UMCA did not offer clear trajectories for most of the Africans interacting with it in search of a better life. Markers of coastal sophistication, such as clothing or Swahili fluency, had greater social currency, while the coast remained a prime source of paid employment, often preferable to conditions offered by the mission. By the end of the period, Christians were at a social and economic advantage by virtue of their access to formal institutional education. This was a major shift and schooling became an obvious trajectory for future employment and economic mobility. Converts, many of whom came from marginal social backgrounds, sought to overcome a heritage of exploitative social relations and to redraw the field for the negotiation of dependency to their advantage. However, as this thesis shows, the mission also contributed to new sets of exploitative social relations in a hierarchy of work and education.

This study examined the claim that animated films influence childrens' opinions of accented-English. Two hundred and eighteen 3rd through 5th graders participated in a web-based survey. They listened to speakers with various accents: Mainstream US English (MUSE), African American Vernacular English (AAVE), French, British, and Arabic. Respondents judged speakers' personality traits (Work Ethic, Wealth, Attitude, Intelligence), assigned jobs/life positions, and provided personal information, movie watching habits, and exposure to foreign languages. Results indicate: (1) MUSE ranks higher and AAVE lower than other speakers, (2) jobs/life positions do not correlate with animated films, (3) movie watching habits correlate with AAVE, French, and British ratings, (4) foreign language exposure correlates with French, British, and Arabic ratings.

“The Bedroom and the Barnyard: Zoomorphic Lust Through Territory, Procedure, and Shelter in ‘The Miller’s Tale’” is an academic endeavor that takes Chaucer’s zoomorphic metaphors and similes and analyzes them in a sense that reveals the chaos of what is human and what is animal tendency. The academic work is expressed in the adjunct creative project, Haunchebones, a 10-minute drama that echoes the tale and its zoomorphic influences, while presenting the content in a stylized play influenced by Theatre of the Absurd and artwork from the medieval and early renaissance period.

No description available.

Il bullismo è un fenomeno di gruppo in cui bambini e ragazzi possono essere coinvolti con ruoli differenti Il presente progetto di ricerca comprende tre studi originali, focalizzati su tre comportamenti ed esperienze connesse al bullismo: la condotta prevaricante, il comportamento di difesa della vittima e la vittimizzazione. Il primo studio ha esaminato gli effetti principali e di interazione dell'empatia affettiva e cognitiva, della preferenza sociale e della popolarità percepita su questi tre ruoli di coinvolgimento nel bullismo, nella media fanciullezza e nella prima adolescenza. Il secondo studio ha analizzato le relazioni esistenti tra abilità di teoria della mente (ToM), comportamento prepotente, difesa della vittima e vittimizzazione in un campione di media-fanciullezza. Sono anche stati controllati gli effetti di moderazione delle relazioni tra ToM e coinvolgimento nel bullismo esercitati da variabili individuali e relazionali. Il terzo studio, un progetto di ricerca longitudinale a breve termine, ha riesaminato le associazioni tra variabili rinvenute nel primo studio, valutandone il valore predittivo, oltre a rilevare eventuali effetti di moderazione della stabilità nel tempo di questi comportamenti e situazioni connessi al bullismo. / Bullying is a group phenomenon in which children may be involved with different roles. This project includes three original studies, focussed on three bullying-related behaviours or experiences: bullying, victimization, and defending the victim. The first study examined main and interaction effects of affective and cognitive empathy, social preference and perceived popularity on these three ways of participation in bullying, in middle-childhood and early adolescence. The second study analyzed the relationships between theory of mind skills (ToM), bullying, defending and victimization in a middle-childhood sample. Several individual and relational variables were controlled for, and their moderation effects on the relationships between ToM and involvement in bullying were examined. The third study was a short-term longitudinal research project, examining the predictive values of the associations between variables found in the first study and some possible moderation effects of the stability over time of these social behaviours and situations related to bullying.

Chemical senses play a critical role in predator-prey and social interactions of many animals. Predators often evoke adaptive escape responses by prey, one of which is the release of chemicals that induce adaptive avoidance behaviors from both predators and conspecifics. I explore the use of chemicals in predator-prey and social interactions, using a crustacean model system, the spiny lobster. As predators, spiny lobsters are opportunistic, polyphagous feeders, and they rely heavily on their chemical senses during feeding. Some of their potential prey deter attacks through chemical defenses that act through the spiny lobsters’ chemical senses. An example of this is sea hares, Aplysia californica, which secrete an ink when vigorously attacked by sympatric spiny lobsters, Panulirus interruptus. I show that that this ink defends sea hares from spiny lobsters through several mechanisms that include phagomimicry, sensory disruption, and deterrence, and that the ink’s efficacy is enhanced by its naturally high acidity. As prey, spiny lobsters rely heavily on their chemical senses to assess risk from predators. One way to assess risk of predation is through ‘alarm cues’, which are injury-related chemicals. I show that injured Caribbean spiny lobsters, Panulirus argus, release alarm cues in their hemolymph, and that nearby conspecifics detect these cues using olfaction. Hemolymph from conspecifics induces primarily alarm behavior in the form of retreat, sheltering, and suppression of appetitive responses. In contrast, hemolymph from heterospecifics, depending on phylogenetic relatedness, induces either mixed alarm and appetitive behaviors or primarily appetitive behaviors. Spiny lobsters also use chemical cues to assess risk during social interactions with conspecific. I show that spiny lobsters use urine-borne chemical signals and agonistic behaviors to communicate social status and that these chemical signals are detected exclusively by the olfactory pathway. Dominant animals increase urine release during social interactions, whereas subordinates do not. Experimental prevention of urine release during interactions causes an increase in agonism, but this increase is abolished when urine of dominants is reintroduced. My findings lay the foundation for neuroethological studies of risk-assessment systems mediated by intraspecific chemical cues.

El propósito de la tesis es estudiar las características socioeconómicas y el estatus social subjetivo de las mujeres inmigrantes y analizar su relación con la salud. Así como, explorar los determinantes del estatus social subjetivo y como las mujeres explican la influencia de los mismos en sus trayectorias de salud. El estudio utilizó metodología cuantitativa y cualitativa. Se observó una asociación débil entre las medidas del estatus socioeconómico y la salud percibida. El estatus social subjetivo fue significativamente asociado con la salud percibida, lo que sugiere que puede ser un indicador relevante para el estudio de las desigualdades en salud Las entrevistas muestran las trayectorias de salud y las desigualdades en los determinantes sociales de salud de las inmigrantes en relación a la población Cántabra. Los determinantes del estatus social subjetivo y de la salud de las mujeres se encuentran, principalmente, en el contexto socioeconómico y político de España.

Measuring socioeconomic position (SEP) in population chronic disease and risk factor surveillance systems is essential for monitoring changes in socioeconomic inequities in health over time. A life course approach in epidemiology considers the long-term effects of physical and social exposures during gestation, childhood, adolescence, and later adult life on health. Previous studies provide evidence that socioeconomic factors at different stages of the life course influence current health status. Measures of SEP during early life to supplement existing indicators of current SEP are required to more adequately explain the contribution of socioeconomic factors to health status and monitor health inequities. The aim of this thesis was to examine how a life course perspective could enhance the monitoring of SEP in chronic disease and risk factor surveillance systems. The thesis reviewed indicators of early life SEP used in previous research, determined indicators of early life SEP that may be useful in South Australian surveillance systems, and examined the association of SEP over the life course and self-rated health in adulthood across different population groups to demonstrate that inclusion of indicators of early life SEP in surveillance systems could allow health inequities to be monitored among socially mobile and stable groups. A variety of indicators, such as parents’ education level and occupation, and financial circumstances and living conditions during childhood, have been used in different study designs in many countries. Indicators of early life SEP used to monitor trends in the health and SEP of populations over time, and to analyse long-term effects of policies on the changing health of populations, need to be feasible to measure retrospectively, and relevant to the historical, geographical and sociocultural context in which the surveillance system is operating. Retrospective recall of various indicators of early life SEP was examined in a telephone survey of a representative South Australian sample of adults. The highest proportions of missing data were observed for maternal grandfather’s occupation, and mother’s and father’s highest education level. Family structure, housing tenure, and family financial situation when the respondent was aged ten, and mother and father’s main occupation had lower item non-response. Respondents with missing data on early life SEP indicators were disadvantaged in terms of current SEP compared to those who provided this information. The differential response to early life SEP questions according to current circumstances has implications for chronic disease surveillance examining the life course impact of socioeconomic disadvantage. While face-to-face surveys are considered the gold standard of interviewing techniques, computer-assisted telephone interviewing is often preferred for cost and convenience. Recall of father’s and mother’s highest education level in the telephone survey was compared to that obtained in a face-to-face interview survey. The proportion of respondents who provided information about their father’s and mother’s highest education level was significantly higher in the face-to-face interview than in the telephone interview. Survey mode, however, did not influence the finding that respondents with missing data for parents’ education were more likely to be socioeconomically disadvantaged. Alternative indicators of early life SEP, such as material and financial circumstances, are likely to be more appropriate than parents’ education for life course analyses of health inequities using surveillance data. Questions about family financial situation and housing tenure during childhood and adulthood asked in the cross-sectional telephone survey were used to examine the association of SEP over the life course with self-rated health in adulthood. Disadvantaged SEP during both childhood and adulthood and upward social mobility in financial situation were associated with a reduced prevalence of excellent or very good health, although this relationship varied across gender, rurality, and country of birth groups. Trend data from a chronic disease and risk factor surveillance system indicated that socioeconomic disadvantage in adulthood was associated with poorer self-rated health. The surveillance system, however, does not currently contain any measures of early life SEP. Overlaying the social mobility variables on the surveillance data indicated how inequities in health could be differentiated in greater detail if early life SEP was measured in addition to current SEP. Inclusion of life course SEP measures in surveillance will enable monitoring of health inequities trends among socially mobile and stable groups. Life course measures are an innovative way to supplement other SEP indicators in surveillance systems. Considerable information can be gained with the addition of a few questions. This will provide further insight into the determinants of health and illness and enable improved monitoring of the effects of policies and interventions on health inequities and intergenerational disadvantage. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1367190 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Population Health and Clinical Practice, 2009