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Many families have been deprived access to basic human needs like food, clothing, shelter, protection, education and health services because of poverty. In South Africa poverty remains a challenge, resulting from economic and social inequalities, where 40% of its population still live in poverty (Landman, Bhorat, Van der Berg & Van Aardt 2003). The study aimed at ascertaining and describing the needs identified by adult members living in poverty, in the Lukhanji Municipality. The researcher used a probability, systematic, random sampling method to obtain respondents for the study. A non-experimental, descriptive, quantitative research approach was adopted. A questionnaire was used to collect data from 150 respondents, after which a numerical data analysis was done with the assistance of a statistician. Unemployment could be ascribed to lack of education and skills, which exposed families to poor living conditions, ill-health, insecurity and other social ills. Recommendations were made to solve these problems. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

The overarching aim of the studies in this dissertation is to contribute knowledge about children’s shared social knowledge in their preschool peer cultures, regarding both content and how it is established and maintained. An ethnographic approach has been used to study the shared activities of children, aged 3-5, in the preschool. During 1 ½ years, one preschool setting was visited on a regular basis. One hundred hours of observation have been made and documented through video camera recordings and field notes. The theory of children’s peer cultures (Corsaro, 2005), positioning theory (Harré & Langenhove, 1999a) and social representation theory (Moscovici, 2001) have been used as theoretical tools in the analyses. The empirical results are presented in four articles (articles I-IV) and are all illustrations of the children’s shared social knowledge. The findings are that children’s shared social knowledge involves two main aspects of knowledge about relations; how to establish and maintain relations vis-à-vis various tokens or social resources (articles III and IV), and how to create distance to relations (articles I and II). Another find is that there seems to be a tension between the children’s social knowledge and the social norms explicitly formulated in the studied preschool context. / I den här avhandlingen undersöker Lovisa Skånfors barns sociala vardagsliv i förskolan. Det specifika syftet är att bidra med kunskap om barns gemensamma sociala kunskaper i förskolans kamratkulturer, både vad gäller dess innehåll och hur de etableras och upprätthålls. Författaren har genom ett etnografiskt arbetssätt följt barns gemensamma aktiviteter på en 3-5-årsavdelning i en svensk förskola, under 1,5 år. Resultatet visar att barns gemensamma sociala kunskaper handlar om hur man kan skapa och upprätthålla relationer och hur man kan distansera sig från relationer. Barns sociala relationer skapas och upprätthålls i relation till olika sociala resurser (rätt ålder, specifika kompetenser och tidigare etablerade relationer). Barn skapar dessutom distans till andra barn och vuxna genom att på olika sätt dra sig undan i förskolekontexten. Resultatet visar också att det tycks finnas en spänning mellan barnens gemensamma sociala kunskaper och de normer om kollektivitet som explicit formuleras i den studerade förskolekontexten. Avhandlingen vänder sig till forskare och praktiker med intresse för frågor kring förskola och förskolebarns sociala samspel.

Magistro darbe dėmesys skiriamas virtualiems socialiniams tinklams, jų pagalba vykdomiems komunikaciniams procesams bei realios tarptautinės komunikacinės patirties poveikiui, virtualiame socialiniame tinkle vykdomiems komunikacijos procesams. Ši tema aktuali, nes virtualūs socialiniai tinklai užima vis svaresnes pozicijas globalios komunikacijos kontekste. Virtualios socializacijos procesams vykdyti, būtinas individo realioje erdvėje turimų kontaktų, sukaupto socialinio kapitalo bei komunikacinės patirties integravimas į virtualių socialinių tinklų sukurtas bendravimo sistemas. Magistro darbo objektas virtualūs socialiniai tinklai kaip tarptautinės komunikacijos priemonė. Darbo Tikslas – ištirti, kokią įtaką reali tarptautinė komunikacija turi virtualiame socialiniame tinkle vykstantiems komunikaciniams procesams. Iškelti uždaviniai: išsiaiškinti pagrindinius virtualaus socialinio tinklo veikimo principus; nustatyti realaus ir virtualaus socialinio tinklo sąsajas; išanalizuoti socialinio kapitalo formavimąsi virtualioje erdvėje; įvertinti realios ir virtualios komunikacijos procesų tarpusavio sąveiką; įvertinti realios komunikacijos reikšmę virtualios komunikacijos dinamikai; išsiaiškinti socialinio pasitikėjimo dėmens svarbą virtualios komunikacijos procesuose. Naudojant dokumentų, dokumentinių šaltinių analizę nustatyta, virtualūs socialiniai tinklai veikia plotmėje, kurioje išnyksta riba tarp viešos ir privačios individo erdvės. Socialiniai aspektai perkeliami į virtualią... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Master‘s paper work focuses on virtual social networks and active communication processes online. This topic is actual as virtual social networks takes a commanding lead in the context of global communication. In order to achieve basic goals social capital, communication experience and process of socialisation must be integrated into well based online social networking systems. The object of the master‘s paper is virtual social networks as the mean of international communication. The target of the work is to investigate what kind of impact does the real face to face communication has on the communication processes in the virtual social networks. The tasks set: to find out the main aspects of how does virtual social network works; evaluate the connections between real and online social capital; analyze formation processes of social capital in online sphere; see how real communication affects dynamics of virtual online communication; evaluate the impact of social trust while communicating online. Using the analysis of documents, documentary sources, it was determined that the virtual social networks exists in the space where is no feel of any physical boundaries that limits communication processes. Social communication strength is based on major success and popularity of virtual social networks. Also, it was evaluated that user can’t materialise processes that is happening in online world, but he collects big amount of experience, that has a major impact in the real life... [to full text]

Lamaholot is a population found on Flores and in the Solor Archipelago of Eastern Indonesia. The population is village-based and divided into patrilineal descent groups. Marriage is coupled with bridewealth and follows a pattern of asymmetric marriage alliance between descent groups. This thesis shows that a small group of Lamaholot in the administrative regency of East Flores shares certain traditions with a neighbouring population called Ata Tana ‘Ai. Ata Tana ‘Ai are a sub-group of the Sikka population in the administrative regency of Sikka. Descent group among Ata Tana ‘Ai are matrilineal and households were traditionally based in scattered gardens. Marriage is not coupled with bridewealth and instances of asymmetric marriage alliance between descent groups are here a consequence rather than a cause of marriage. The current fieldsite seems to have been part of the ceremonial system of Ata Tana ‘Ai and also to have shared a tradition of dispersed settlement in the gardens. The descent groups might initially have been matrilineal, but in the recent past there was also a habit of dividing children between the parental descent groups. Recent traditions of dividing children can be found throughout central-east Flores, but seemingly not to same extent as at the fieldsite. The payment of elephant’s tusks was a central feature in the acquisition of group members at the fieldsite and could be paid by both men and women. These payments were not necessarily tied to marriage and did not serve as bridewealth. In the last century outer social factors, such as the Catholic mission and the creation of the Dutch colonial state, have resulted in that many of the traditional practices at the fieldsite have been replaced with traditions from Lamaholot elsewhere. The residence pattern is now village-based, but gardens retain a central social and ritual position. The role of the elephant’s tusks has taken different expressions throughout this period of social change, and alongside the changing role of tusks, the traditional social and material authority of women at the fieldsite has declined, whereas that of men has increased. This thesis examines the current and the traditional practices in and around the fieldsite, and focuses on local definitions of descent group, kinship, and inheritance, looking at both biological and social perspectives.

Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objectif de développer une typologie socioculturelle de la consommation d’alcool à partir des mesures d’usages, de contextes et de motivations à boire pour approfondir notre connaissance sur les pratiques collectives de boire au Canada et d’explorer la variabilité des pratiques selon les caractérisations sociodémographiques et socioéconomiques des buveurs . Partant du constat des limites conceptuelles des modèles typologiques développés en alcoologie qui ne permettent pas d’observer toute la complexité des pratiques du boire dans une société puisqu’ils sont construits principalement à partir de l’usage, cette thèse propose de conceptualiser les pratiques de boire comme l’interface de l’usage, des contextes de consommation et des motivations à consommer. Les données utilisées proviennent de l’enquête GENder, Alcohol, and Culture: an international study – Canada. Uniquement les buveurs réguliers (consommant au moins une fois par mois) ont été retenus dans le cadre de cette thèse. Des analyses de correspondances et des analyses de classes latentes ont permis de dériver des typologies tridimensionnelles des pratiques de boire et de les associer à des caractéristiques sociales. Les résultats de recherche sont présentés en trois articles scientifiques qui répondent chacun à un objectif spécifique de la thèse. Le premier article présente une classification des buveurs réguliers canadiens en six grands types et établit le lien entre ces types et le genre ainsi que le groupe d’âge. Le deuxième article teste l’invariance de la typologie selon le genre et propose des classifications distinctes pour les femmes et pour les hommes en lien avec le groupe d’âge et le niveau d’éducation. Le troisième article se concentre sur les buveurs réguliers en emploi et examine l’association entre la position socioprofessionnelle dans la hiérarchie sociale et les pratiques de boire. / This doctoral thesis aims to develop a socio-cultural typology of alcohol consumption through measures of use, contexts and motivations to drink in order to explore and deepen our knowledge about collective practice of drinking in Canada, and to explore the variability of practices along demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of drinkers . The general hypothesis of the thesis stipulates that existing typologies in alcohol research do not allow for the exploration of all the complexities of drinking practices within a society because they are based primarily on alcohol consumption. We believe that adding contextual and motivational dimensions to the dimension of use allows for improving the observation and description of collective practices of drinking, which are associated with it. Quantitative data from the GENACIS, GENder, Alcohol, and Culture: an international study – Canada project helped to validate the main research hypothesis. Only regular drinkers (consuming at least once a month) were selected as part of this thesis. Multiple correspondence analysis and latent class analysis permitted to derive three typologies of drinking practices, associated to social features. The results of the research are presented in three scientific articles, each of which responds to a specific objective of the thesis. The first article presents a classification of Canadian drinkers in six major types and establishes the link between these types, age and gender. The second article tests the invariance of the typology according to gender and proposes separate classifications for women and men in relation to age group and level of education. The third section focuses on regular drinkers’ employment and examines the association between professional position in the social hierarchy and practice of drinking.

Belly Dance in the Context of the Western and Arab Islamic Societies The present work deals with the development and social status of the belly dance and professional belly dancers in the Arab Islamic society and examines to which extent that status was influenced by the West and how the belly dance made its way to the Western culture. The work concentrates on the 19 th and 20 th centuries with a special focus on Egypt as a centre of the belly dancing. This work is supplemented with a questionnaire, the results of which depict the development of the social status of the belly dance and dancers in the Arab society at the beginning of the 21 st century.

本研究旨在從社會認知觀點探討顧客衣著線索與顧客購買行為線索對員工正向情緒表達之影響，以及探討員工知覺顧客社會地位與前期購買意願之中介效果。過去在員工正向情緒表達相關研究上，雖有探討顧客衣著線索與購買行為線索對員工正向情緒表達之影響，但並未深入探討其中之歷程，本研究認為認知心理學領域中之基模概念，可以解釋過去在情緒表達研究中，顧客外表與行為線索對第一線服務員工正向情緒表達影響關係的研究發現。 本研究以百貨公司化妝品專櫃之櫃員與其互動之顧客為研究對象，共觀察及記錄93筆交易互動，以實地場域之觀察法進行研究，研究結果發現，如同預期，顧客之衣著線索及購買行為線索對員工正向情緒表達皆有顯著的正向影響，顯示顧客若穿著愈高貴或是展現越多購買行為線索，員工會表現得越親切，研究結果驗證了過去情緒表達相關之研究發現；然而，員工知覺顧客社會地位與員工知覺顧客前期購買意願之中介效果並不如預期達顯著，顯示顧客衣著線索與購買行為線索並非透過激發員工對顧客社會地位與前期購買意願之基模影響員工正向情緒表達，而可能透過激發了別的基模來影響員工之正向情緒表達。整體而言，本研究所提之研究假說部分符合預期，而研究結果可對情緒表達與社會認知基模理論相關研究提供理論貢獻與實務意涵。 / According to social cognitive psychology, targets’ cues can arouse perceivers’ schemas, and then help perceivers to form an impression on the target person. This point of view can help explain the past related research on employee’s positive affective displays. According to the past researches’ research findings, customers’ clothing and behaviors have obvious effects on employees’ positive affective displays. Moreover, base on schema theory, customers’ clothing and purchase behavior cues are believed to arouse employees’ social status schema and pre-purchase intention schemas respectively, and make employees to have a perception on customers’ social status and pre-purchase intention, and therefore have different positive emotional expressions on different customers. Employees’ perception on customers’ social status and pre-purchase intention are believed to play mediator roles in those processes. This study examined the 93 face-to-face interactions between employees and customers in the department store cosmetics section. Results showed customers’ clothing and purchase behavior cues are positively related to employees’ positive affective displays, as predicted. In other words, the more dignity the customer dressed or the more purchase behaviors he/she displayed, the more positive affective displays the employee showed. However, the mediator roles of employees’ perceptions on customers’ social status and pre-purchase intention were not found in the research. Over all, part of hypothesizes are predicted. The results have both theoretical and practical contributions to emotional expression research and social cognitive research.

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