Young people are often expected to find employment after completing their tertiary qualifications but they often face various challenges in finding employment. These challenges may be due to a variety of factors such as the type of qualification that they hold, structural changes in the economy, lack of skills and experience and the lack of relevant social networks. Furthermore, the current economic climate is characterised by low absorption rates of labour in the economy, poverty and inequalities. As such young graduates may experience various negative effects as a result of their unemployment, such as isolation, depression, decreased self-esteem, dependency, discontentment, loneliness, loss of social status and poverty. Social support has been found to have a buffering effect on people experiencing adverse life events such as unemployment. The focus of this current study was therefore to explore the social support experiences of graduates in the township of Mamelodi. This research study was a qualitative, interpretative phenomenological study. Snowballing sampling and purposive sampling were used to obtain research participants who attained tertiary qualifications. Smaller samples of between 6 and10 participants are commonly used in interpretative phenomenological studies. As such, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 participants. The interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Thematic analysis was then used to extract themes from the participant interviews. The participant interviews indicated that the participants experienced a lack of finance as the most significant challenge during their unemployment, as they could not support themselves and their families. The participants experienced social support in the form of encouragement and information about possible employment opportunities from their family, friends, intimate partners and their community. Moreover, the analysis of the participants’ interviews demonstrated that social support, especially from the family, was essential for the unemployed graduates to cope with the negative effects of unemployment, even though they did not want to burden their families with the responsibility of providing them with social support. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

This diploma thesis with the title The social role of pupils in the elementary school consists of two parts. There is a theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part aims to illuminate further the issue of social roles in connection with other factors related to this topic. The most important chapter of the theoretical part is the chapter named Social role, status and position in which is the issue of social roles further described. Then there are discussed even specific social roles with which we may encounter in the primary school. The practical part is based on a survey using a variety of methods of students´ nominations. The aim of this work is to determine the rate of agreement in views of pupils in the class and their class teacher for the functioning of the class and social roles appearing there.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-06T17:07:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thiago Emannuel Medeiros TRACOS DE PERSONALIDADE EM JOG.pdf: 775671 bytes, checksum: edf50e4a5ff1b5d2f1343182a713bec7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The purpose of present study was to examine the psychosocial identity of soccer players from specific positions. The research design was characterized as exploratory, cross-sectional, and comparative descriptive. The study was divided in two phases. On the first phase the aim was to describe the psychosocial characteristics of soccer players concerning: the gender schema; the idiocentric allocentric profile, and the subjective social status. On the second phase the aim was to compare the players psychosocial characteristics with their specific soccer positions, well as study it relationship of subjective social status with the factors of gender schemas of these athletes. On total 152 male athletes were evaluated with age varying between 14 and 20 years old. They were players at developmental categories from two professional soccer clubs in Santa Catarina. Questionnaires were used to determine the participants sociodemographic conditions, sport situations, the gender schema (IMEGA), and the allocentric idiocentric athletes` profile (IA Profile). In addition a subjective social status scale (MacArthur Scale of subjective Social Status, version for young people) was used to data collection. A mix of qualitative and quantitative data analysis was performed in order to examine the players` psychosocial identity from different soccer positions. According to the results, no significant differences between positions were observed concerning gender schema and A-I profile. Although is important mentioning that 60% of athletes were determined as isoesquematics, and 63 % were defined as isocentrics. Differences between positions were viewed in several factors, such as rationality, integrity, self-realization & competitiveness, emotional distance of team, and idiocentrism level. The differences on subjective social status were observed only in family`s social status on community, in which goalkeepers had higher status. Although among other situations of social status, no significant differences were observed, 99.4% and 97.6% of the athletes demonstrate dissatisfied with their subjective social status in the club and category respectively. Finally, the factors emotion, rationality, egocentrism, sensitivity, integrity, and audacity, that compound the gender schema, were related to subjective social status of players in different positions in both clubs and categories. Therefore, it is concluded that there is no common personality trait in relation to gender schemes and profile idiocêntrico allocentric that characterized the positions occupied by the players despite a predominance of isoesquematic and isocentric respectively players. Well as in respect to subjective social status also not a common trait of social status was found although most athletes present with dissatisfaction status. From these findings we emphasize the fact that all athletes with different psychosocial traits fit in various positions. Therefore, the different positions on soccer, that refer to typical actions during the game, are characterized by individuals with specifics gender schema, idiocentric allocentric profiles and subjective social status, although there is not a predominance of these characteristics among the positions. The data related to features in the personality of the players depending on the positions they occupy in the field in which certain characteristics become more evident than others. / O presente estudo objetivou analisar quais os traços de personalidade relacionados aos esquemas de gênero do autoconceito, perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico e status social subjetivo caracterizam as posições específicas em que atuam os jogadores de futebol de campo. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, transversal de cunho descritivo comparativo que primeiramente buscou descrever características psicossociais relacionadas aos esquemas de gênero do autoconceito, perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico e status social subjetivo de indivíduos envolvidos com a prática de futebol com vistas ao rendimento esportivo e comparar as características acima citadas no que diz respeito à posição que cada indivíduo ocupa em campo bem como verificar qual a relação do status social subjetivo com os fatores dos esquemas de gênero desses atletas. Foram coletadas informações referentes a situações sociodemográficas e esportivas dos atletas, bem como foram aplicados dois questionários sendo um sobre os esquemas de gênero (IMEGA) e outro sobre o perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico de atletas (Perfil I-A), além de uma escala de status social subjetivo (Escala MacArthur de Status Social Subjetivo versão para jovens). Foram avaliados 152 atletas do sexo masculino com idade entre 14 e 20 anos pertencentes às categorias de base de dois clubes de futebol profissional do estado de Santa Catarina. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, comparações e regressão com o intuito de observar quais traços de personalidade caracterizavam esses atletas nas diferentes posições de atuação em campo. De acordo com os resultados não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as posições no que diz respeito aos esquemas de gênero do autoconceito e perfil I-A, porém ressalta-se que em torno de 60% dos atletas são isoesquemáticos e 63% isocêntricos, respectivamente. Cabe destacar que ocorreram diferenças entre as posições nos fatores racionalidade, integridade, auto-realização e competitividade, distância emocional da equipe e nível de idiocentrismo. Quanto ao status social subjetivo observaram-se diferenças entre as posições somente na situação de status social da família na comunidade em que os goleiros apresentaram maior status. Apesar de entre as outras situações de status social não foram observadas diferenças significativas, 99,4% e 97,6% dos atletas se demonstram insatisfeitos com o seu status social subjetivo no clube e categoria respectivamente. Por fim, os fatores emotividade, racionalidade, egocentrismo, sensibilidade, integridade e ousadia que compõem os esquemas de gênero do autoconceito foram relacionados ao status social subjetivo dos jogadores das diferentes posições no clube e categoria. Sendo assim, conclui-se que não existe um traço comum de personalidade com relação aos esquemas de gênero e perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico que caracteriza as posições ocupadas pelos jogadores em campo apesar de um predomínio de jogadores isoesquemáticos e isocêntricos, respectivamente. Bem como, quanto ao status social subjetivo também não foi encontrado um traço de status social comum apesar de a maioria dos atletas se apresentarem com insatisfação do status. A partir dessas conclusões ressalta-se o fato de que todos os atletas com distintos traços psicossociais se encaixam nas mais variadas posições. Dessa maneira, as posições e de atuação em campo as quais remetem ações típicas durante o jogo, são caracterizadas por indivíduos com esquemas de gênero do autoconceito, perfil idiocêntrico-alocêntrico e status social subjetivo específico apesar de não haver um predomínio dessas características entre as posições. Esses dados remetem a particularidades na personalidade dos jogadores em função das posições que ocupam em campo em que determinadas características tornam-se mais evidentes do que outras.

Abstract Problem: Previously, only few wealthy individuals had the opportunity to engage luxury consumption. Today, money and time is a lot more dispersed and thus give the regular citizen a chance to purchase luxury goods. Productivity and quality management has led to a growing production of luxury goods and has been spread to the mass population. Previous studies have proven that there is a relationship between possessions and identities, but lack research on younger consumers and their agendas for luxury consumption. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore how young consumers are using luxury consumption when constructing their identities and if this new group of luxury consumers consume luxury goods in a new way. Method: In order to fulfill the purpose of this thesis, an epistemological relativistic assumption has been made, and includes a qualitative exploratory research design with an inductive approach. The primary data was collected through semi-structured interviews, where participants had an interest in luxury consumption. Conclusion: Our findings suggests that there is a new group of young consumers who construct their identity through luxury consumption, based on the symbolic meanings and the perceived personal reward. This social group uses luxury consumption to conform with their preferred social references, but also to differentiate themselves. Certain possessions, interests and the environment an individual live in were all found to be important tools for young consumer when they construct their identity. “We are what we buy” has been proven to be a central concept in young consumers identity creation of this study.

This thesis examines the nature of mass factionalism and rebellious alignment during the Chinese Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1968. This period in Chinese history presents an internecine mass conflict that boasts the largest political upheavals of the 20th century. The most puzzling question of the explosion of this intense rebellious rivalry lies in the mechanisms and processes of insurgents’ political choices: Why did people join and affiliate with different insurgent groups? What decision did people make and what were their reasons? In conventional social structural analyses of contentious politics, mass actors’ decisions are affected by functionally differentiated interests inherent in their pre-existing social positions. This model defines mass rebellion and factional alignment as a form of interest group politics, attributing political choices to participants’ pre-existing sociopolitical status quo and thus pits different social groups against one another. As a result, similar occupational and status groups in the previous hierarchical structure would make similar political choices that lead them to form well-defined competing factions. In contrast to this static structural interpretation, I propose a contextual process model to analyze processes of political division and factional contention within political movements. With a case study of Guangzhou, I argue that rebellious alignment was rooted in their political interactions in a rapidly evolving phase of the conflict, rather than rising from the tensions that existed between different socio-economic layers of society. During the times of radical instability such as the Chinese Cultural Revolution, political ambiguity and contingency were the defining characteristics. In such unstable political environment, the basic elements of the movement changed so many times: each phase of the rebel movement projected itself by means of different actors, agendas, targets, and so on. Consequently, individual rebels observed their embedded local political environment, interpreted it, and subsequently chose a course of action in a dynamic process. In this regard, mass actors from identical social strata in the previous hierarchical structure would make different political choices and tactically choose their factional camp.

No description available.

Occupant une place essentielle dans la société, le sport ne pouvait échapper plus longtemps au droit, en particulier le sportif professionnel. Le statut social du sportif, acteur central du spectacle sportif, fait l'objet d'une construction de plus en plus élaborée, car nécessaire. Le régime du salariat sportif, qui se limite aux contrats conclus entre les sportifs professionnels et les clubs sportifs, sans que l'on puisse les assimiler à des artistes, obéit à la fois aux droits étatique et communautaire, mais également aux pouvoirs sportifs, que ce soit la réglementation ou la justice sportive. La spécificité du salariat sportif repose sur ce pluralisme juridique, de sources et d'organes de justice, avec l'intégration dans le régime social du sportif de la norme sportive. Le droit du travail est particulièrement propice à une telle intégration, notamment la place qu'il fait à la négociation collective et au principe de faveur. Le juge y participe également en reconnaissant cette spécificité. Cette spécificité s'exprime tant au niveau de la formation du contrat, que de son exécution ou de sa rupture. Les pratiques des transferts, des prêts, de l'homologation des contrats ou des réglementations contre le dopage attestent de celle-ci. / Occupying an essential place in the society, the sport could escape no longer the law, in particular the sportsman become professional. The social status of the sportsman, the central actor of the sports show, is the object of a more and more elaborated construction, because necessary. The regime of the sports wage-earner, who limits himself to the contract between the professional sportsmen and the sports clubs, without that we can assimilate them to artists, obeys at once the state and community rights, but also the sports powers, whether it is the regulations and the sports justice. The specificity of the sports wage-earner bases on this legal pluralism, in sources and in organs of justice, with the integration in the social diet of the sportsman of the sports standard. The labor law is particularly convenient to such an integration, in particular the place which it makes for the collective bargaining and for the principle of favour. The judge also participates in it by recognizing this specificity. This specificity expresses himself both at the level of the formation of the contract, and of its execution or of its break. The practices of transfers, loans, ratification of contracts or regulations against the doping give evidence of this one.

The present study focused on changes over time in university-level Japanese students' sociocultural perceptions of social status during their year abroad in Canada, and the impact of such altered perceptions on their perceptions at subsequent time points. The sociocultural perception to be examined was perceived "social status" which Brown and Levinson (1987) discussed as a contributory factor in the perception of social asymmetry, power and authority. The study attempted to examine (1) whether (and to what extent) Japanese students, before they came to study in Canada, had recognized English native speakers' understanding of social status and had learned how to offer advice appropriately in English to individuals of various social statuses, (2) what proportion of differential pragmatic development among Japanese students in Canada was accounted for by their English proficiency and amount of exposure to English, and (3) whether (and to what extent) living and studying in Canada facilitated Japanese students' pragmatic development, which was assessed by the degree of approximation to native speech act behavior in various advice-giving situations repeated during the course of an academic year. To this end, the study compared the development of Japanese exchange students' pragmatic competence during their year abroad in Canada with peers in Japan who did not undertake a year abroad. / Education, Faculty of / Language and Literacy Education (LLED), Department of / Graduate

This master thesis aims to find out the socio-economic factors, which most affect the level of income inequality in society. The aim is to quantify the contribution of each social groups to the overall income defferentiation by decomposition of some income inequality indicators. The thesis is focused on a group of people based on their social status in society and their level of education, and so it is determined in relation the social background and income level. Income distribution strongly affects the value of risk-of poverty, and therefore this thesis put emphasis on the relationship between income inequality and poverty rate of each group. Development of various indicators measuring income inequality provides a comprehensive overview of the situation of income differentiation in the Czech Republic and also indicates the trend for income distribution in the last period.

Le statut social humain dépend beaucoup du prestige, une forme de respect accordée de façon consentie aux individus jugés les plus compétents (les experts). Mais comment expliquer ce phénomène, inédit chez les primates ? J’aborde cette question en explorant les fondements émotionnels du lien entre la compétence et le statut social par le biais d’une approche évolutionnaire. Plus particulièrement, je teste l’hypothèse que l’envie et l’admiration sont deux émotions qui sous-tendent l’octroi de prestige et que leur expression est régulée par des programmes neurobiologiques mis en place par la sélection naturelle pour répondre à des enjeux compétitifs et coopératifs inhérents aux experts. Cette hypothèse est issue d’un modèle développé par Henrich et Gil-White (2001), selon lequel l’avènement de la culture humaine aurait créé un environnement où les experts représentent à la fois des rivaux pour le statut et des partenaires de coopération. Bien que ce modèle soit cohérent avec bon nombre de caractéristiques propres à l’envie et à l’admiration, il demeure limité quand il s’agit de prédire leurs patrons d’expression. À l’aide des données issues de la psychologie classique, j’en propose une version ajustée qui en conserve les principes de base, mais dans laquelle l’expression des deux émotions dépend de ce que j’appelle la valeur sociale de l’expert, à savoir ses qualités globales en tant que partenaire social (valeur coopérative) ou en tant que rival (valeur compétitive). Après avoir identifié une douzaine de facteurs affectant la valeur sociale, je mets à l’épreuve le modèle ajusté en testant l’hypothèse que les experts sont soit enviés ou admirés lorsque leurs valeurs compétitives ou coopératives sont respectivement élevées. Pour cela, j’utilise des données récoltées par l’entremise d’un questionnaire en ligne, dans lequel les participants étaient invités à décrire une situation impliquant un expert et ayant suscité chez eux de l’envie ou de l’admiration. D’une façon générale, les résultats de la présente étude ne permettent pas de tirer des conclusions fermes quant à la validité du modèle ajusté. Ils permettent néanmoins d’affirmer que ce modèle est approprié pour rendre compte des patrons d’expression de l’envie et de l’admiration et qu’il mérite d’être davantage exploré pour expliquer le lien entre la compétence et le prestige. Par exemple, les participants admiratifs figuraient parmi ceux qui attribuaient le plus de confiance en la disposition de coopérer des experts. Les participants envieux figuraient quant à eux parmi ceux ayant le plus décrit d’experts dont l’âge et le sexe les rendent plus à même d’être en compétition pour le statut. En étant en adéquation avec des prédictions issues d’un modèle construit à partir de la théorie de l’évolution, les résultats de cette étude appuient l’idée que les comportements humains répondent à des contraintes biologiques, et illustrent l’importance pour l’anthropologie d’intégrer l’approche évolutionnaire pour étudier les phénomènes sociaux complexes. / Human social status depends largely on prestige, a form of deference freely conferred to individuals that are deemed to be highly competent (i.e. experts). I attempt to explain this peculiar phenomenon, absent in other primates, by exploring the emotional and evolutionary underpinnings of the relationship between competence and status. More specifically, I test the hypothesis that prestige relies on envy and admiration and that these emotions are regulated by neurobiological adaptations selected to solve competitive and cooperative problems regarding experts. This hypothesis is based on a model developed by Henrich and Gil-White (2001), according to which, the evolution of human culture created an environment where experts represent both rivals for status and cooperation partners. Although consistent with many characteristics of envy and admiration, Henrich and Gil-White’s model does not provide the necessary framework to predict their manifestation. I propose an adjusted version to address the issue by using data from psychology research. This adjusted model follows the same fundamental principles as its original version, but adds the idea that the expression of envy and admiration depends on an expert’s social value. This value reflects the expert’s overall qualities as an ally (i.e. cooperative value) or as a threat to one’s status (i.e. competitive value). After identifying a dozen factors affecting an individual’s social value, I examine the adjusted model’s validity by challenging the idea that experts are either envied or admired when their competitive or cooperative values are respectively high. To that end, I use original data collected via an online questionnaire, in which participants were asked to describe a past event involving an expert who triggered envy or admiration. Overall, firm conclusions on the model’s validity cannot be drawn from this study alone. The provided results are nevertheless reliable enough to confirm its relevance as an explanation of the expression patterns of envy and admiration, and that the model deserves to be investigated further. For instance, admiring participants trusted significantly more the experts’ willingness to cooperate. Conversely, envious participants were more inclined to report experts whose age and sex made them more likely to be status threatening. By being congruent with evolutionary-based predictions, the results of this study demonstrate that human behaviour responds to biological constraints, and then, underscores the importance for anthropology of incorporating the evolutionary framework to study complex social phenomena.