Le 25 juin 2011, Kofi Annan, déclare « avec le problème du changement climatique, la sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle mondiale est l’enjeu de notre époque ». En effet, les prévisions estiment que la population mondiale atteindra neuf milliards en 2050. Ces propos alarmants placent sur la sellette le phénomène en émergence de transactions internationales agricoles à grande échelle. Alors que la Banque mondiale encourage l’agrobusiness dans les pays en voie de développement, les mouvements sociaux crient à « l’accaparement des terres », avec une superficie totale de terres ayant changé de main, estimée entre 48,9 et 63,1 millions d’hectares. Le monde agricole est en crise, et le sujet de l’accaparement des terres est devenu incontournable dans les médias. Cette recherche interdisciplinaire se veut exploratoire. Elle a pour ambition de dégager comment pourrait s’amorcer la construction de l’acceptabilité sociale de l’industrie agricole à l’échelle internationale, en se basant sur les représentations des acteurs de « l’inacceptabilité de la situation ». Après avoir dégagé les grands enjeux du monde agricole, la question centrale de la légitimité des décisions publiques, c’est-à-dire des décisions ayant une portée publique, qu’elles soient prises par des acteurs privés ou publics, sera abordée. Par la suite, un parallèle sera établi avec le secteur minier, qui est confronté depuis plusieurs années à la notion de « risque social », en se concentrant plus particulièrement sur les instruments de régulation hybride, qui ont émergé en réponse à la crise de légitimité du secteur. La recherche se concentrera donc sur le processus d’homogénéisation du jugement d’acceptabilité sociale, au sein de l’industrie agricole, en analysant la couverture médiatique du phénomène, et en renforçant l’analyse par des entretiens semi-structurés avec différents acteurs oeuvrant dans des ONG internationales, des organisations internationales (comme la Banque mondiale ou la Société financière internationale), une multinationale d’envergure impliquée dans l’exploitation minière, ou des groupes d’investissement responsable. / June 25, 2011, Kofi Annan, said « the problem of climate change, global food and nutrition security is the challenge of our time. » As forecasts estimate the world population will achieve nine billion in 2050, the question of how the world is to be fed is thrust into startling focus. In this context, the emerging phenomenon of international agricultural transactions is on the spot. While the World Bank encourages agribusiness in developing countries, social movements denounce "land grabbing", with a total area of land that changed hands, estimated between 48.9 and 63.1 million hectares. The agricultural world is in crisis, and the subject of land grabbing has become a must in the media. This interdisciplinary research is intended to be exploratory and aims at identifying how the construction of the social acceptability of the agricultural industry at international level could be started, based on the representations of the actors of what is “unacceptable”. Having identified the main issues of the agricultural world, the central question of the legitimacy of public decisions, that is to say decisions having a public scope, whether taken by private or public actors, will be addressed. Subsequently, a parallel will be drawn with the mining sector, which has been confronted for several years with the notion of "social risk", focusing in particular on hybrid regulatory instruments, which emerged in response to the crisis of legitimacy of the sector. The research will therefore concentrate on the process of homogenization of the judgment of social acceptability within the agricultural industry, analyzing the media coverage of the phenomenon, and reinforcing the analysis by semistructured interviews with different actors working in international NGOs, international organizations (such as the World Bank or the International Finance Corporation), a large multinational involved in mining, or responsible investment groups.

L’analyse de la controverse sur le gaz de schiste en France et au Québec à un niveauintermédiaire (méso) permet de souligner les processus de construction et contestation sociale etpolitique des différents cadrages soutenus par les réseaux d’acteurs en concurrence. Lesdynamiques d’intéressement à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur de l’action publique illustrent lesmultiples scènes et forums dans lesquels se déploie la controverse. L’analyse de la construction dece problème public et ses diverses redéfinitions démontre le rôle central du cadrage politique descontroverses. Les solutions retenues définissent tout autant qu’elles tentent de réduire le risquerelatif à cette nouvelle industrie gazière (face à un risque cadré comme technologique en France,on observe un cadrage sur l’acceptabilité sociale au Québec). Il s’agit alors d’insisterparticulièrement sur la dimension procédurale de problématisation des enjeux au regard du recoursà la participation publique et à l’expertise scientifique. Les multiples acteurs de cette controversesont interrogés : les participants à la mobilisation sociale mais aussi les acteurs de l’industrie et desstructures politiques et administratives, afin de dresser la cartographie de leur position mais ausside leurs discours depuis les prémices de cette nouvelle activité industrielle d’exploration du gaz deschiste (2008) jusqu’aux derniers rebondissements politiques (2015). Cette recherche s’appuie surun corpus d’entretiens qualitatifs (40) mais aussi d’articles de presse écrite (2 400) ainsi que surl’analyse qualitative et quantitative des divers rapports et commissions de travail sur le gaz deschiste. / The analysis of the shale gas controversy in France and Quebec at an intermediate (meso)level stresses the social and political construction and dispute processes of the various framingssupported by contesting actors’ networks. “Interestment” dynamics both inside and outside publicpolicies show the multiple scenes and forums in which the controversy unfold. The analysis ofhow this public problem is built and its various redefinitions shows the core role of politicalframing of controversies. The solutions define as well as they reduce the risk related to this newindustry (a technological risk in France and a frame on social acceptability in Quebec). It is thenimportant to stress the procedural dimension of problematizing the stakes regarding publicparticipation and scientific expertise. This study questions the various actors of the controversy,those of social mobilization, the industry and the political and administrative structures, to mapboth their position and their discourses since the beginnings of the new industrial activity ofexploring for shale gas (2008) to the latest political developments (2015). This study is based on acorpus of qualitative interviews (40), press articles (2 400) and a qualitative and quantitativeanalysis of the various reports and committees on shale gas.

Text in English / This study aimed at exploring Barriers to compliance with exclusive breastfeeding and timely introduction of complementary feeding practices in Ofla District, Tigray Region in Ethiopia. A quantitative exploratory descriptive study was conducted to explore and describe the barriers that restrict mothers /caregivers to comply with exclusive breast feeding practice until six months and with introduction of solid, semi-solid and soft foods at six months in Ofla District. Data were collected using structured questionnaire, from a total of 112 samples of which 75 mothers and care givers with children aged 0-5 months and 38 children aged 6-8 months participated. The data were entered into a computer and analysed though the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The findings revealed that there are barriers related Doer mothers and Non-Doer mothers perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, cues for actions, perceived social acceptability and positive and negative attitudes towards exclusive breastfeeding and initiation of complementary feeding. On the other hand, the participant’s perception of both groups with regard to perception of Divine (God’s) Will on two child feeding practices was insignificantly the same. Both groups perceived that children could get sometimes malnourished because of spiritual or supernatural causes. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

No description available.

O presente trabalho analisa a teoria da assunção do risco, que se originou no Direito francês com influência do commow Law, aplicável na atividade desportiva à luz dos princípios e valores do Direito Civil-Constitucional. O risco é estudado a partir dos conceitos de liberdade e dignidade, demonstrando que a liberdade não é absoluta, limitada pela dignidade. Nesta acepção, surge o risco, inerente à natureza humana, que é fruto da liberdade, portanto, também, pela dignidade. Na atividade desportiva, o risco é inseparável, o atleta na busca pela superação o assume naturalmente. Assim, a teoria da assunção do risco só se legitima, se presentes o respeito aos valores e princípios constitucionais, principalmente, a dignidade e aceitabilidade social, fatores vitais no estudo dos danos causados na prática desportiva. Por fim, se legítima a aceitação do risco, haverá exclusão do nexo causal. / This study analyzes the theory assumption of risk, which originated in French law with influence of commow law, applicable in the sporting activity base of the principles and values of the civil law-Constitutional. The risk is studied based on the concepts of freedom and dignity, showing that freedom is not absolute, limited dignity. In sports, as the risk is inseparable from the athlete in the pursuit of overcoming the naturally assume.

O presente trabalho analisa a teoria da assunção do risco, que se originou no Direito francês com influência do commow Law, aplicável na atividade desportiva à luz dos princípios e valores do Direito Civil-Constitucional. O risco é estudado a partir dos conceitos de liberdade e dignidade, demonstrando que a liberdade não é absoluta, limitada pela dignidade. Nesta acepção, surge o risco, inerente à natureza humana, que é fruto da liberdade, portanto, também, pela dignidade. Na atividade desportiva, o risco é inseparável, o atleta na busca pela superação o assume naturalmente. Assim, a teoria da assunção do risco só se legitima, se presentes o respeito aos valores e princípios constitucionais, principalmente, a dignidade e aceitabilidade social, fatores vitais no estudo dos danos causados na prática desportiva. Por fim, se legítima a aceitação do risco, haverá exclusão do nexo causal. / This study analyzes the theory assumption of risk, which originated in French law with influence of commow law, applicable in the sporting activity base of the principles and values of the civil law-Constitutional. The risk is studied based on the concepts of freedom and dignity, showing that freedom is not absolute, limited dignity. In sports, as the risk is inseparable from the athlete in the pursuit of overcoming the naturally assume.

L’installation des énergies marines renouvelables s’effectue dans le respect des législations environnementales françaises. La séquence Eviter-Réduire-Compenser (ERC) est ainsi appliquée pour aboutir à une non-perte nette de biodiversité. L’objectif de la thèse est de questionner l’efficacité de cette séquence, et plus particulièrement celle de la compensation écologique, en tant qu’instrument d’internalisation et de lutte contre l’érosion de la biodiversité marine. Une approche empirique qualitative a ainsi été mise en oeuvre pour (i) identifier les facteurs écologiques et sociétaux ainsi que leurs caractéristiques théoriques qui doivent permettre à la compensation d’atteindre l’objectif de non-perte nette de biodiversité ; et (ii) contrôler si ces conditions sont vérifiées en pratique dans le cas de l’éolien en mer en Europe et en France. L’analyse met en avant les enjeux juridiques, institutionnels, méthodologiques et sociétaux à relever pour permettre à la compensation écologique d’atteindre son objectif. Sur la base de ce constat, une évaluation multicritères est proposée afin de renforcer les étapes d’évitement et de réduction pour finalement mieux définir les besoins de compensation écologique en mer. L’analyse met par ailleurs en évidence un glissement d’une compensation basée sur une équivalence écologique stricte à une compensation fondée sur une équivalence écologique relâchée. Les actions de compensation tendent à être plus généralistes et/ou davantage dirigées vers les services écosystémiques que sur les composantes des écosystèmes. Associées aux mesures d’accompagnement, elles peuvent contribuer à faciliter l’acceptabilité sociale d’un projet d’aménagement. / The installation of marine renewable energies is carried out in compliance with French environmental legislation. The mitigation hierarchy is thus applied to achieve an objective of no net loss of biodiversity. This thesis aims at questioning the effectiveness of the mitigation hierarchy and more specifically biodiversity offsetting as an internalization instrument to halt the erosion of marine biodiversity. We use a qualitative empirical approach to (i) identify the ecological and societal factors as well as their theoretical characteristics that are supposed to enable the offsets achieving the objective of no net loss of biodiversity; and (ii) control whether these conditions are verified in practice for the case of offshore wind farms in Europe and France. The analysis highlights the legal, institutional, methodological and societal issues to be addressed in order to enable biodiversity offsetting to achieve the no net loss priority. On the basis of this observation, a multi-criteria assessment is carried out to reinforce the avoidance and reduction steps of the mitigation hierarchy in order to better define offsetting needs. Ultimately, the analysis shows a shift in biodiversity offsetting based on a strict ecological equivalence to a biodiversity offsetting based on a released ecological equivalence. Offsetting actions tend to be more generalist and / or more directed to ecosystem services than to ecosystem components. Associated with accompanying measures, offsetting actions can help to increase the social acceptability of a development project.

Text in English / This study aimed at exploring Barriers to compliance with exclusive breastfeeding and timely introduction of complementary feeding practices in Ofla District, Tigray Region in Ethiopia. A quantitative exploratory descriptive study was conducted to explore and describe the barriers that restrict mothers /caregivers to comply with exclusive breast feeding practice until six months and with introduction of solid, semi-solid and soft foods at six months in Ofla District. Data were collected using structured questionnaire, from a total of 112 samples of which 75 mothers and care givers with children aged 0-5 months and 38 children aged 6-8 months participated. The data were entered into a computer and analysed though the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software. The findings revealed that there are barriers related Doer mothers and Non-Doer mothers perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived self-efficacy, cues for actions, perceived social acceptability and positive and negative attitudes towards exclusive breastfeeding and initiation of complementary feeding. On the other hand, the participant’s perception of both groups with regard to perception of Divine (God’s) Will on two child feeding practices was insignificantly the same. Both groups perceived that children could get sometimes malnourished because of spiritual or supernatural causes. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)