Dans le contexte économique, social, politique et mass-médiatique des années 1960, les reportages photographiques et télévisuels ont pris le relais d'une représentation de la nature et du paysage jusque-là réservée aux artistes. Ces images rompent avec la représentation idyllique d'une nature naturelle et pittoresque pour révéler la nature telle qu'elle est, vivante et fragile, dont l'homme fait partie, mais dont il menace l’intégrité. Paysages blanchis autour des cimenteries, forêts décimées, nuages de dioxine s'échappant du réacteur d'une usine chimique, déversement de pétrole en mer : les images des premières catastrophes écologiques frappent l'imagination. La représentation du paysage devient problématique, les concepts liés à l'idée de nature - tels que l'échelle planétaire, le long temps, le climat, la pollution - y introduisent une part d'immatérialité. Des stratégies plastiques et visuelles se mettent en place à un niveau international : les artistes renouvellent leur approche de la nature. Ils l’envisagent dans ses processus physiques et biologiques, comme site à réhabiliter et comme écosystème. Outre la production de tableaux, environnements, objets, performances et photographies, certains rédigent des communiqués, déclarations, manifestes, lettres ouvertes, s’engagent dans des associations, des partis politiques ou mènent des actions concrètes dans la sphère publique, parfois avec quelques résultats. La présentation du corpus de formulations plastiques et/ou militantes forme l’occasion de questionner l’impact de ces travaux : sont-ils l’occasion d’un renouvellement de la fonction sociale de l’artiste ou relèvent-ils du domaine de l’utopie? Comment leurs auteurs les envisagent-ils ? Leurs effets sont-ils mesurables ? Peuvent-ils faire l’objet d’études d’impact ? Selon quelle méthodologie et avec quelles précautions ? / In the economic, social and political environments of the 1960s, themass media evolution led photography and television reports to take over the representation of nature and landscape. Until then, the illustration of nature and landscape had been the preserve of artists. The new trend was to move away from the idyllic representation of the natural world in order to reveal nature as it really is, alive and fragile, a nature in which man plays an integral role while also posing a threat to its integrity.Landscapes started to feature ecological disasters such as: decimated forests, clouds of dioxin billowing from chemical reactors, oil spills in the sea or also cement work, – in essence, familiar images that strike the imagination. Such representation of landscape was in itself a challenge. Concepts connected to the idea of nature, such as a global climate, pollution, scale effect, and long term impact, introduced an element of immateriality.Various strategies to create visual and plastic representations were initiated across the world; a number of artists renewed their approach to nature. They envisaged it in its physical and biological processes, and addressed it as a series of ecosystems and locations that need to be rehabilitated. Concrete actions in the public sphere have sometimes produced significant results: photos, objects, performances, environments, as well as draft communiqués, declarations, manifestos, open letters and the participation in associations or political parties.The presentation of the body of plastic formulation and/or militant acts raises the issue of their impact. Do they represent the renewal of the social role of the artist, or are they just an utopian vision? How do their authors envisage them? Are their effects measurable? Can it be the subject of environmental studies? What methodology to use? And what are its limitations ?

Cette thèse pose la question de la place du livre dans l’expérience de la lecture dans le musée quand dans la seconde moitié des années 1960 tout l’art, tel qu’il est redéfini par les artistes conceptuels, est à lire. Dans les années 1960 et 1970, puis de nouveau au tournant des années 1990-2000, les espaces de lecture se multiplientAlors que l’emploi du livre par les artistes conceptuels s’inscrit dans une quête de démocratisation de l’art, qui serait désormais diffusé hors du musée, le livre dans le musée semble poser le problème d’une relation apparemment contradictoire entre la nature reproductible d’un médium et son ancrage in situ. Force est de se demander si cela ne produirait pas une réification du livre et une interdiction de la lecture pour reprendre les mots de Marcel Broodthaers. A moins qu’il ne s’agisse d’interroger les usages du livre et la place de la lecture dans la constitution de communautés éphémères. La première partie est consacrée principalement à la spatialisation de la lecture à l’ère de l’information aux Etats-Unis entre le milieu des années 1960 et le début des années 1980. Les espaces de lecture sont alors aussi des espaces à lire. Dans une seconde partie, nous verrons que l’institutionnalisation de l’installation est contemporaine de celle de la lecture dans le musée. Enfin nous étudierons l’émergence de modèles originaux d’exposition du livre d’artiste et du livre, créés par des artistes et commissaires qui ont participé à la rédéfinition de l’exposition comme médium et/ou en réinterprétant Le Club des Travailleurs de Rodchenko (1925). / This dissertion investigates the position of book in reading experiences which take place in the museum context when in the mid-nineteen sixties, all art, as redifined by conceptual artists, is to be read. In the 1960s and in the 1970s, then again in 1990s and 2000s, reading space have been increasing. Those could be apparatuses produced for exhibition as well as art environments and installations. In contrast with artists books which deal with democratizing art by circulating outside the control of museums, books in museums leds to questions about an apparent opposition between a reproducible medium and its in situ anchorage. It begs the essential question of whether it might end up in the reification of the book as well as in the prohibition of reading, the Marcel Broodthaers’s Interdiction de lire as stated for Pense-Bête (1964). Unless it provides the opportunity to focuse on the uses of books . The installations we are analyzing contribute to the building up of temporary communities. That is to say that we have also to consider the reader position in social sphere. There are three crucial trends, for it is in exploring them that we can begin to explore as the book as a reference for the environment which is itself to be read at the time of Information Turn which influenced theory on architecture. In the mid-1990s, artists produced what we call in situ books that are produced for reading in the museum. This dissertation dealss also with the wide range of interpretations of the same historic source, The Working Club by Alexandre Rodchenko (1925), by curators and artists from the New York art Scene as well as other American and European Artists.

A presente dissertação, Clube de Gravura de Porto Alegre e revista Horizonte (1949-1956): arte e projeto político, estuda a ação de um grupo de artistas vinculados ao projeto cultural do Partido Comunista do Brasil que dedicou sua produção para a popularização da arte como meio de conscientização política. Esses artistas, entre os quais se destacam Vasco Prado, Glênio Bianchetti, Carlos Scliar, Danúbio Gonçalves e Glauco Rodrigues, tinham na gravura um meio privilegiado para essa difusão, procurando explorar temas da cultura popular e vinculá-los a uma pauta de luta contra a exploração capitalista e o imperialismo norteamericano. Enquanto o Clube de Gravura de Porto Alegre era o principal espaço de articulação para esses agentes, a revista Horizonte colocava-se como veículo para circulação de imagens e de promoção de debates vinculados a este projeto. O primeiro capítulo deste trabalho trata do contexto em que se formou o Clube de Gravura de Porto Alegre e sua inserção no campo artístico do Rio Grande do Sul. No segundo capítulo, é realizado um levantamento da atuação desses artistas no ambiente cultural da capital sulina, principalmente na Associação Francisco Lisboa, assim como são enfatizadas as ações voltadas ao grande público, como a colaboração na campanha pela paz e as exposições de gravura, que tinham como finalidade despertar a consciência crítica da classe trabalhadora por meio da arte. No terceiro e último capítulo, são abordadas as influências recebidas, como o realismo socialista, o zhdanovismo e a gravura chinesa, como também possíveis diálogos com outros movimentos, tal qual o tradicionalismo gaúcho. Essa parte se encerra com o balanço da produção do grupo ocorrida vinte anos depois, em um momento de críticas e análises contraditórias em relação à sua proposta original. / The present work entitled Clube de Gravura de Porto Alegre e revista Horizonte (1949- 1956): arte e projeto político, studies the actions of a group of artists related to a cultural project of the Partido Comunista do Brasil which dedicated its artistic production to popularize art as a mean to political conscientization. Among the artists involved in this movement Vasco Prado, Glênio Bianchetti, Carlos Scliar, Danúbio Gonçalves e Glauco Rodrigues outstanded by using engraving as a privileged mean to difuse the ideas of the movement exploring themes such as popular culture linking them as a way to draw attention to the capitalist exploration and the North-American imperialism. The Clube de Gravura de Porto Alegre was the main space for artistic production of the project and the Horizonte magazine was its most important vehicle of image circulation and promotion of debates. The first chapter of this work is about the context in which the Clube de Gravura de Porto Alegre was created and its insertion in the Rio Grande do Sul artistic field. In the second chapter, the insertion of these artists in the cultural environment of Porto Alegre is described, mainly in the Associação Francisco Lisboa, as well as their actions for the great public as the collaboration in a peace campaign and the engraving exhibitions whose purpose was to awake the critical awareness of the working class through art. In the third and last chapter, the influences which acted in these artists are addressed such as the socialist realism, zhdanovism and the Chinese engraving, as well as a possible relation with other movements such as regional culture. This part ends with an evaluation of the group production occurred twenty years later at a time of criticism and contradictory analyzes regarding to its original proposal.

A presente dissertação, Clube de Gravura de Porto Alegre e revista Horizonte (1949-1956): arte e projeto político, estuda a ação de um grupo de artistas vinculados ao projeto cultural do Partido Comunista do Brasil que dedicou sua produção para a popularização da arte como meio de conscientização política. Esses artistas, entre os quais se destacam Vasco Prado, Glênio Bianchetti, Carlos Scliar, Danúbio Gonçalves e Glauco Rodrigues, tinham na gravura um meio privilegiado para essa difusão, procurando explorar temas da cultura popular e vinculá-los a uma pauta de luta contra a exploração capitalista e o imperialismo norteamericano. Enquanto o Clube de Gravura de Porto Alegre era o principal espaço de articulação para esses agentes, a revista Horizonte colocava-se como veículo para circulação de imagens e de promoção de debates vinculados a este projeto. O primeiro capítulo deste trabalho trata do contexto em que se formou o Clube de Gravura de Porto Alegre e sua inserção no campo artístico do Rio Grande do Sul. No segundo capítulo, é realizado um levantamento da atuação desses artistas no ambiente cultural da capital sulina, principalmente na Associação Francisco Lisboa, assim como são enfatizadas as ações voltadas ao grande público, como a colaboração na campanha pela paz e as exposições de gravura, que tinham como finalidade despertar a consciência crítica da classe trabalhadora por meio da arte. No terceiro e último capítulo, são abordadas as influências recebidas, como o realismo socialista, o zhdanovismo e a gravura chinesa, como também possíveis diálogos com outros movimentos, tal qual o tradicionalismo gaúcho. Essa parte se encerra com o balanço da produção do grupo ocorrida vinte anos depois, em um momento de críticas e análises contraditórias em relação à sua proposta original. / The present work entitled Clube de Gravura de Porto Alegre e revista Horizonte (1949- 1956): arte e projeto político, studies the actions of a group of artists related to a cultural project of the Partido Comunista do Brasil which dedicated its artistic production to popularize art as a mean to political conscientization. Among the artists involved in this movement Vasco Prado, Glênio Bianchetti, Carlos Scliar, Danúbio Gonçalves e Glauco Rodrigues outstanded by using engraving as a privileged mean to difuse the ideas of the movement exploring themes such as popular culture linking them as a way to draw attention to the capitalist exploration and the North-American imperialism. The Clube de Gravura de Porto Alegre was the main space for artistic production of the project and the Horizonte magazine was its most important vehicle of image circulation and promotion of debates. The first chapter of this work is about the context in which the Clube de Gravura de Porto Alegre was created and its insertion in the Rio Grande do Sul artistic field. In the second chapter, the insertion of these artists in the cultural environment of Porto Alegre is described, mainly in the Associação Francisco Lisboa, as well as their actions for the great public as the collaboration in a peace campaign and the engraving exhibitions whose purpose was to awake the critical awareness of the working class through art. In the third and last chapter, the influences which acted in these artists are addressed such as the socialist realism, zhdanovism and the Chinese engraving, as well as a possible relation with other movements such as regional culture. This part ends with an evaluation of the group production occurred twenty years later at a time of criticism and contradictory analyzes regarding to its original proposal.

Peintre bruxellois aujourd’hui méconnu, Léon Frederic (1856-1940), surnommé le « gothique moderne », tint un rôle important au tournant du XXe siècle comme l’un des représentants de la modernité picturale belge, tant sur la scène artistique nationale qu’internationale. S’appuyant sur un examen rigoureux d’un fonds d’atelier de plusieurs milliers de pièces, d’archives et de correspondances inédites, ainsi que sur l’établissement du catalogue raisonné de l’œuvre, cette étude souhaite reconstituer la trajectoire d’un peintre omniprésent, oublié face à la « mythologie de rupture » des avant-gardes. Si l’histoire de l’art a retenu l’image d’un peintre mystique reclus à la campagne, l’appréhension de sa carrière a permis de reconstituer le portrait d’un faux-naïf conscient des enjeux promotionnels, appartenant à une nouvelle élite belge qui fut à l’origine de l’intense vie culturelle bruxelloise. Frederic a su élaborer une mise en image inédite du « peuple », ouvrier et paysan, aussi bien comme point de convergence de l’image utile et morale, souhaitée par les tenants de l’art social, que comme projection d’un imaginaire culturel issu de la tradition et propre à une élite en quête d’un avenir meilleur pour les classes défavorisées. Stylistiquement, son art, se rapprochant de l’« archaïsme moderne » cher à Emile Verhaeren, l’impose dans le nouveau champ moderniste des sécessions comme l’ethnotype idéal et recherché de l’artiste « flamand ». Peintre bourgeois et marginal, élitaire et social, national et cosmopolite, Frederic est apparu comme l’un des hérauts adoubés de la modernité du temps et nous invite à remettre en question la binarité de la conception de l’art à la fin du XIXe siècle. / The Belgian painter Léon Frederic (1856-1940), nicknamed the “gothique moderne”, played a key role at the turn of the 20th century as one of the main actors of Belgian modern art, both on the national and international artistic scene. Based on a rigorous examination of a studio collection of several thousand pieces, archives and unpublished correspondence, as well as on the realization of the catalogue raisonné of the work, this study aims to reconstruct the trajectory of an omnipresent painter, forgotten faced with the "mythology of rupture" of the avant-garde. If the history of art has retained the image of a mystical painter recluse in the countryside, the comprehension of his career enabled to reconstruct the portrait of a “faux-naïf” aware of the promotional stakes. Frederic belongs to a new Belgian elite who was at the origin of the intense cultural life in Brussels. Throughout his career, he has developed a new image of the "people", worker and peasant, both as a point of convergence of the necessary and moral image, wanted by the supporters of the social art, and as a projection of a cultural imagination, specific to an elite in search of a better future for the underprivileged classes. Stylistically, his art, approaching the "archaïsme moderne" theorized by Emile Verhaeren, imposes it in the new international and modernist field of the Secessions as the ideal and sought-after ethnotype of the "Flemish" artist. A bourgeois and marginal painter, elite and social, national and cosmopolitan, Frederic appeared as one of the heralds of the modernity and invites us to question the binarity of the conception of art at the end of the 19th century.

This thesis will examine the practice of relational aesthetics as it involves the viewer, as well as the way in which it plays out within and outside of the institutional setting of the museum. I will focus primarily on two unique projects: that of The Machine Project Field Guide at Los Angeles County Museum of Art on November 15, 2008, produced by Machine Project, a social project operated out of a storefront gallery in Echo Park; and David Michalek's Slow Dancing at the Lincoln Center Festival in New York City, July 12-29 2007.

Installé à Paris en 1911, Diego Rivera se rallie au cubisme pour retourner au réalisme en 1918. A cette époque, il tisse une amitié riche en échanges avec Élie Faure, socialiste comme lui. Faure voit chez l'artiste "une source inépuisable de surprises et d'enseignements»; Rivera considère l'historien de l'art comme l'un de ses« maîtres". Élie Faure a une compréhension de la société et de l'art basée sur la contribution de personnalités qui ont bouleversé la pensée et les arts depuis la Révolution française: Saint-Simon, Nietzsche, Dostoïevski, Tolstoï, Cézanne, entre autres. Déclarant l'échéance de l'esprit individualiste de la Renaissance, il annonce l'avènement d'un rythme collectif d'expression artistique sociale et monumentale, notamment architecturale, dont l'intention de «construire» en peinture est un symptôme. Le Moyen-âge français lui fournit un paradigme de l'ordre collectif et de I' «Art social», la cathédrale comme étant la plus parfaite expression, manifestation de la collaboration humaine et symbole même d'une civilisation. En 1921, décidé à militer pour l'établissement d'un nouvel ordre social, Rivera rentre dans son pays. Il est passionné par la socialisation de l'art et par l'architecture. Son discours et ses démarches révèlent ses affinités intellectuelles avec l'historien de l'art français et exprime une volonté de mener à son accomplissement l'"Art social". Cependant, les idées du peintre évoluent avec les évènements politiques, sociaux et culturels du Mexique, tenant compte du contexte mondial. Cet échange franco-mexicain illustre la complexité des transferts qui conduisent aux discours actuels de la mondialisation artistique. / Moving to Paris in 1911, Diego Riverais won over to Cubism only to return to Realism in 1918. During that period, he builds a rich friendship with Elie Faure, a socialist like him. Faure sees in the artist ''an endless source of surprises and lessons." Rivera considers the art historian Faure as one of his "masters. "Elie Faure has an understanding of society based on the contribution of individuals who have changed thinking and the art since the French Revolution : Saint-Simon, Nietzsche, Dostoïevski, Tolstoï, Cézanne, and others. Declaring the end of the individualistic spirit of the Renaissance, he announces the beginning of a collective rhythm of social and monumental artistic expressions, especially in architecture, with the intention to "construct" by painting as an indication. The French Middle Ages provides Elie Faure with a paradigm of collective order and "Social Art," of which the cathedral is the most perfect expression - a manifestation of perfect human collaboration and a symbol of a civilization. In 1921, having decided ta campaign for the establishment of a new social order, Rivera returns ta his country. He is passionate about the socialization of art and architecture. His speech and his actions reveal his intellectual affinity with the French art historian and show a willingness to carry to completion "Social Art. "However, the painter 's ideas evolve with the political, social, and cultural events of Mexico, taking into account the global context. This Franco-Mexican exchange illustrates the complexity of the transfers that lead to the current globalization of artistic discourse.

My diploma thesis is instalation, which elements are based on principales of ready-made. Documentation of living performance. Site-specific charakter, objects, and documents are common, that are one from of physical, psychical, and social injuries. Trought the installation and added text with its full range of form I am changing the discurse.

This thesis examines the relationship between the three artists' workshops Røde Mor (Red Mother), Folkets Ateljé (The People's Studio) and GRAS, who worked between 1968 and 1975 in Denmark, Sweden and Norway. Røde Mor was from the outset an articulated Communist graphic workshop loosely organised around collective exhibitions. It developed into a highly productive and professionalised group of artists that made posters by commission for political and social movements. Its artists developed a familiar and popular artistic language characterised by imaginative realism and socialist imagery. Folkets Ateljé, which has never been studied before, was a close knit underground group which created quick and immediate responses to concurrent political issues. This group was founded on the example of Atelier Populaire in France and is strongly related to its practices. Within this comparative study it is the group that comes closest to collective practises around 1968 outside Scandinavia, namely the democratic assembly. The silkscreen workshop GRAS stemmed from the idea of economic and artistic freedom, although socially motivated and politically involved, the group never implemented any doctrine for participation. The aim of this transnational study is to reveal common denominators to the three groups' poster art as it was produced in connection with a Scandinavian experience of 1968. By ‘1968' it is meant the period from the late 1960s till the end of the 1970s. It examines the socio-political conditions under which the groups flourished and shows how these groups operated in conjunction with the political environment of 1968. The thesis explores the relationship between political movements and the collective art making process as it appeared in Scandinavia. To present a comprehensible picture of the impact of 1968 on these groups, their artworks, manifestos, and activities outside of the collective space have been discussed. The argument has presented itself that even though these groups had very similar ideological stances, their posters and techniques differ. This has impacted the artists involved to different degrees, yet made it possible to express the same political goals. It is suggested to be linked with the Scandinavian social democracies and common experience of the radicalisation that took place mostly in the aftermath of 1968 proper. By comparing these three groups' it has been uncovered that even with the same socio-political circumstances and ideological stance divergent styles did develop to embrace these issue.