As ciências sociais e humanas historicamente desconsideraram as perspectivas das crianças na produção de conhecimento. Estas, quando ouvidas, tiveram suas vozes interpretadas à luz de uma suposta incompetência para fazerem julgamentos ou para informarem adequadamente pesquisadores. Os estudos sociais da infância, no entanto, vêm se constituindo com força em contexto internacional tendo como importante eixo temático o abafamento da voz de crianças na produção acadêmica e nas demais práticas sociais, bem como a tentativa contrária de dar-lhe realce. Temse assistido, assim, a ampliação do espaço outorgado à voz e à participação das crianças nas pesquisas. Este trabalho se propôs investigar como tal participação vem sendo incorporada em contexto brasileiro. Para dar conta de seus objetivos, a pesquisa se apoiou nos aportes dos estudos sociais da infância. No plano metodológico, buscou articular o referencial da hermenêutica de profundidade, tal como proposto por John B. Thompson, às técnicas de análise de conteúdo. Foram analisados 179 artigos das áreas de antropologia, educação, psicologia e sociologia, que relatam pesquisas com o envolvimento de crianças e que foram publicados entre os anos de 2000 e 2012 em periódicos classificados como A1 ou A2 pela CAPES. Diferentemente do que tem sido visto em contexto internacional, observouse que a escuta de crianças na produção acadêmica brasileira em ciências sociais e humanas restringe-se ainda à psicologia e, em menor grau, à educação. Há predominância da perspectiva da criança como sujeito entre os trabalhos analisados, ainda que também tenham sido identificados trabalhos que abordam as crianças como objetos e outros que as reconhecem como atores sociais. Ressaltam-se ainda, entre os resultados, lacunas referentes à caracterização das crianças que participam das pesquisas nessas áreas: crianças pequenas, crianças que vivem em áreas não urbanas e as que se localizam nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste do país permanecem silenciadas nas pesquisas / Social and human sciences have historically disregarded childrens perspective in the production of knowledge. When children were heard they had their voices interpreted in the light of a supposedly inability to make judgments or properly inform researchers. However, social studies of childhood in the international context have constructed a critique of the silencing of childrens voices in the academic literature and in other social practices as one of the fields strand, as well as the opposing attempt to give their voices emphasis. Therefore, we have witnessed an expansion of the space granted to the voice and participation of children in research. This study aimed to investigate how such participation has been incorporated into the Brazilian context. In order to achieve that goal the research used contributions from social studies of childhood. Methodologically, it articulates John Thompsons depth hermeneutics with content analysis techniques. We have analyzed 179 research reports articles in the fields of anthropology, education, psychology and sociology with the involvement of children that was published between the years 2000 and 2012 in journals classified as A1 or A2 by CAPES. Differently from the international context it was observed that the hearing of children in Brazilian academic production in social and human sciences is still restricted to psychology and to a lesser degree, to education. Among the articles analyzed children as subjects is the predominant perspective, although papers that address children as objects or recognize them as social actors have also been identified. It is worth to mention that we also identified gaps among the results regarding the characterization of children who participate in research in the following areas: small children, children living in non-urban areas and those located in the North, Northeast and Midwest regions of the country. Those still remain silenced in the studies

As ciências sociais e humanas historicamente desconsideraram as perspectivas das crianças na produção de conhecimento. Estas, quando ouvidas, tiveram suas vozes interpretadas à luz de uma suposta incompetência para fazerem julgamentos ou para informarem adequadamente pesquisadores. Os estudos sociais da infância, no entanto, vêm se constituindo com força em contexto internacional tendo como importante eixo temático o abafamento da voz de crianças na produção acadêmica e nas demais práticas sociais, bem como a tentativa contrária de dar-lhe realce. Temse assistido, assim, a ampliação do espaço outorgado à voz e à participação das crianças nas pesquisas. Este trabalho se propôs investigar como tal participação vem sendo incorporada em contexto brasileiro. Para dar conta de seus objetivos, a pesquisa se apoiou nos aportes dos estudos sociais da infância. No plano metodológico, buscou articular o referencial da hermenêutica de profundidade, tal como proposto por John B. Thompson, às técnicas de análise de conteúdo. Foram analisados 179 artigos das áreas de antropologia, educação, psicologia e sociologia, que relatam pesquisas com o envolvimento de crianças e que foram publicados entre os anos de 2000 e 2012 em periódicos classificados como A1 ou A2 pela CAPES. Diferentemente do que tem sido visto em contexto internacional, observouse que a escuta de crianças na produção acadêmica brasileira em ciências sociais e humanas restringe-se ainda à psicologia e, em menor grau, à educação. Há predominância da perspectiva da criança como sujeito entre os trabalhos analisados, ainda que também tenham sido identificados trabalhos que abordam as crianças como objetos e outros que as reconhecem como atores sociais. Ressaltam-se ainda, entre os resultados, lacunas referentes à caracterização das crianças que participam das pesquisas nessas áreas: crianças pequenas, crianças que vivem em áreas não urbanas e as que se localizam nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste do país permanecem silenciadas nas pesquisas / Social and human sciences have historically disregarded childrens perspective in the production of knowledge. When children were heard they had their voices interpreted in the light of a supposedly inability to make judgments or properly inform researchers. However, social studies of childhood in the international context have constructed a critique of the silencing of childrens voices in the academic literature and in other social practices as one of the fields strand, as well as the opposing attempt to give their voices emphasis. Therefore, we have witnessed an expansion of the space granted to the voice and participation of children in research. This study aimed to investigate how such participation has been incorporated into the Brazilian context. In order to achieve that goal the research used contributions from social studies of childhood. Methodologically, it articulates John Thompsons depth hermeneutics with content analysis techniques. We have analyzed 179 research reports articles in the fields of anthropology, education, psychology and sociology with the involvement of children that was published between the years 2000 and 2012 in journals classified as A1 or A2 by CAPES. Differently from the international context it was observed that the hearing of children in Brazilian academic production in social and human sciences is still restricted to psychology and to a lesser degree, to education. Among the articles analyzed children as subjects is the predominant perspective, although papers that address children as objects or recognize them as social actors have also been identified. It is worth to mention that we also identified gaps among the results regarding the characterization of children who participate in research in the following areas: small children, children living in non-urban areas and those located in the North, Northeast and Midwest regions of the country. Those still remain silenced in the studies

This thesis is a quantitative study of distributive justice between generations or age groups. It is theoretically informed by a synchronic generation approach and John Rawls’s theory of justice-as-fairness. The empirical part compares the economic positions of, and public spending on, children, adults and the elderly in 16 European countries. The theoretical part is used as a platform for the empirical analysis. In addition to Rawls, a discussion of distributive justice includes the classical theories of Plato and Aristotle and more recent utilitarian, egalitarian and desert-based theories. The synchronic generation approach is presented and compared to diachronic approaches to studies of generational relations. The synchronic approach is theorized by scholars working in the tradition of the social studies of childhood. The chapter on methods identifies children, adults and the old by way of age brackets, it presents indicators of public spending and income, and it points out empirical applications of equality, equal opportunity and the difference principle. The techniques of analyses are presented; descriptive analysis and OLS regression. The explanatory variables vary, but in all cases include economic performance, age structure and a modified version of Esping-Andersen`s classification of welfare states (Social Democratic, Conservative, Liberal and Southern European). Six research questions are answered in the empirical part, using official statistics from Eurostat, OECD and Statistics Norway. Over the past few decades there is an extensive growth on spending on the elderly, but spending on family and children does not decline. Multivariate analyses indicate that the size of old age and family and child benefits vary across welfare regimes. The Social Democratic and Conservative welfare states are more egalitarian and have lower poverty rates compared to the Liberal and Southern European welfare states. These regime variances are also seen in multivariate analyses of child poverty and old age poverty. Risk factors for child poverty are parental unemployment, children living with single parents, young parents, ethnic parents, and low educated parents. A multivariate analysis points to a link between the size of family and child benefits and fertility rates. / Children`s welfare: money, time and space

Nos últimos anos, pode-se visualizar o aumento das produções e das publicações sobre o tema da infância pela ótica dos cientistas sociais, que a têm investigado sob nova perspectiva, assim como discutido e verificado outras possibilidades metodológicas de se realizar pesquisas com e sobre crianças, num movimento de busca de compreensão do seu papel e do da infância no mundo contemporâneo. Ao considerar que o campo da sociologia da infância tem produção internacional e que pesquisadores de diferentes países têm apresentado suas pesquisas em congressos da área e publicado seus trabalhos em livros ou periódicos, verificou-se que há pouca informação sobre estudos da infância na América do Sul. Esta pesquisa propôs-se a investigar o desenvolvimento do campo em ao menos dois países deste continente, a fim de compreender o que se tem pesquisado e produzido na perspectiva da sociologia da infância. A investigação mapeou, considerando o período de 2010 a 2013, as produções de autores sul-americanos hispano-falantes, por meio da consulta a diferentes bases de dados, da realização de visitas aos países escolhidos para melhor conhecimento da produção, e de entrevistas com os pesquisadores. Para a compreensão da configuração do campo na América do Sul, recorreu-se ao conceito de campo científico em Bourdieu, sendo que, com as contribuições da obra desse autor, juntamente com a realização da análise de conteúdo, foram identificados os temas consagrados nas publicações, as abordagens teóricas, os caminhos metodológicos, as áreas predominantes nos estudos, e os elementos que estruturam o campo na Argentina e no Chile, países investigados. Considera-se que o campo da sociologia da infância e o campo interdisciplinar dos estudos sociais da infância convivem nesses países, como resultado das diferentes formações dos pesquisadores do campo e dos variados contextos de vida das crianças. Constata-se que, num primeiro momento, as produções europeia e norte-americana tiveram grande influência na realização de investigações científicas nos países investigados, mas conclui-se que os movimentos próprios do campo podem estruturar outros caminhos para as produções e teorizações da infância no hemisfério sul. / In recent years, we have seen an increase in the productions and publications on the theme of childhood from the perspective of the social scientists who have investigated childhood by discussing it applying other methodologies when conducting research with and about children. It has led to a new movement which aims at understanding the role of children and childhood in the contemporary world. Considering the worldwide width of sociology of childhood, little has been shown in conferences and literature about childhood studies in South America. Having noticed this lacking, the present research headed to investigate the development of the field in at least two South American countries in order to understand what has been researched and produced from the sociology of childhood perspective. The study mapped the production of South American and Spanish-speaking authors from 2010 to 2013, by consulting different databases, visiting the selected countries and interviewing researchers so to have a better understanding of the productions. In order to comprehend the field in South America configuration, we adopted the concept of the scientific field of Bourdieu, and with his theoretical background and the content analysis, we were able to identify the themes consecrated, the theoretical approaches, the methodological procedures, the predominant areas, and also the elements that structure the field in Argentina and Chile, the investigated countries. We noticed that the field of the sociology of childhood and the interdisciplinary field of social studies of childhood coexist in these countries, which is due to the different academic background the researchers of the field have and the varied contexts of children\'s life. Initially, European and North American productions had a great influence on the conduct of scientific research in the countries investigated, but the movements of the field can structure other pathways for the productions and theorizations of children in the Southern Hemisphere.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alciene Alves Ferreira.pdf: 1489094 bytes, checksum: 6a8307122bf0d5544be3b7111ebca0ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research integrates the Núcleo de Estudos de Gênero, Raça e Idade (NEGRI), Program of Postgraduate Studies in Social Psychology at the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. In the search for grasp the concepts of child/chidhood in Brazil, we have developed research that analyze discourses by adults on children and adolescents, whose theme relates to childhood in various media. In the light of social studies of childhood, this study analyzed conceptions of adolescence and work captured in four contemporary masters dissertations in social psychology about that topic. The study proposed a glimpse paths (and detours) in the interaction between the social studies of childhood deepened by NEGRI, and the perspective of Brazilian social-historical psychology reasoned in Russian authors. Although dissertations analyzed address the topic adolescence and work, we see reduced presence of official document, references to research institutions and collection and systematization of data about adolescent/youth work, education, subjects that received great prominence in the texts analyzed here. Found in the analysis of the references, notable absences, about the literature on adolescence - classical or current references on youth or about the recent social studies of childhood. Unless the claim that adolescence is a socio-historical construction, the explicit concepts and vocabulary indicate a field of very fluid studies in the aspects mentioned. Work seems to be the main focus of dissertations even surpassing the theme adolescence. A converged particularity as to work conceptions captured in that dissertations, refers to the analytical perspective that this stage of life, adolescence as time of life to preparation for entering the job market. Unlike what occurs when combining work with child, childhood or when using the expression infanto-juvenil - (prohibition or abolition association) the focus here is, primarily, the future and the expectations analysis, although the trabalho precoce be treated in abolitionist perspective. We observed the interpretations seized in the text on the voices of the respondents. In this focus of analysis, we note, in all dissertations, one systematic interpretation of the adolescents speech were either defined as mistakes, or like ideological expressions, or like illusions, among other qualifying adjectives, when they clashed with the view expressed in the text. The movement seems more confrontation between the "voice" of the adolescents about work, school, and expectation of the future and great theory as the standard, the norm / Esta pesquisa se integra ao Núcleo de Estudos de Gênero, Raça e Idade (NEGRI) do Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Psicologia Social da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo. Na busca pela apreensão das concepções de criança/infância no Brasil, temos desenvolvido pesquisas que analisam discursos proferidos por adultos sobre crianças e adolescentes, cujo tema se refere à infância em diversos veículos de comunicação. Neste estudo analisamos, à luz dos estudos sociais da infância, concepções de adolescência e trabalho captadas em quatro dissertações de mestrado contemporâneas em psicologia social que tratam do tema. O estudo propôs entrever caminhos (e descaminhos) na articulação entre os estudos sociais da infância, aquela que é aprofundada pelo NEGRI, e a perspectiva da psicologia sócio-histórica brasileira de inspiração em autores russos. Embora as dissertações analisadas tratem do tema adolescência e trabalho, notamos reduzida presença de documentos oficiais, de referências às instituições de pesquisa e de coleta e sistematização de dados sobre adolescência/juventude, trabalho, educação, temas que receberam grande destaque nos textos aqui analisados. Constatamos, na análise das referências bibliográficas, ausências notáveis, tanto da literatura sobre adolescência seja da clássica ou atual seja bibliografia sobre juventude ou dos recentes estudos sociais da infância. A não ser a afirmação de que a adolescência é uma construção sócio-histórica, as concepções explicitadas e o vocabulário usado indicam um campo de estudos bastante fluido nos aspectos assinalados. O trabalho parece constituir o foco principal das dissertações sobrepujando mesmo o tema adolescência. Uma particularidade convergente quanto às concepções de trabalho apreendidas nas dissertações, se refere à perspectiva analítica de que essa etapa da vida, a adolescência, constitui momento de preparação para a inserção no mercado de trabalho. Diferente do que ocorre quando se associa trabalho à criança, infância ou de quando se usa a expressão infanto-juvenil uma associação à proibição ou abolição, aqui o foco é, sobretudo, o futuro, a análise de expectativas, apesar de o trabalho precoce ser tratado em perspectiva abolicionista. Observamos as interpretações apreendidas no texto, sobre as vozes dos (as) entrevistados (as). Neste foco da análise, notamos em todas as dissertações uma interpretação sistemática de que as falas dos adolescentes ou eram definidas como equivocadas, ou como expressões ideológicas, ou como ilusões, dentre outros adjetivos qualificativos, quando destoavam da posição defendida no texto. O movimento pareceu-nos mais do confronto entre a voz dos (as) adolescentes sobre trabalho, escola, expectativas para o futuro e a grande teoria como estalão, como norma

Nos últimos anos, pode-se visualizar o aumento das produções e das publicações sobre o tema da infância pela ótica dos cientistas sociais, que a têm investigado sob nova perspectiva, assim como discutido e verificado outras possibilidades metodológicas de se realizar pesquisas com e sobre crianças, num movimento de busca de compreensão do seu papel e do da infância no mundo contemporâneo. Ao considerar que o campo da sociologia da infância tem produção internacional e que pesquisadores de diferentes países têm apresentado suas pesquisas em congressos da área e publicado seus trabalhos em livros ou periódicos, verificou-se que há pouca informação sobre estudos da infância na América do Sul. Esta pesquisa propôs-se a investigar o desenvolvimento do campo em ao menos dois países deste continente, a fim de compreender o que se tem pesquisado e produzido na perspectiva da sociologia da infância. A investigação mapeou, considerando o período de 2010 a 2013, as produções de autores sul-americanos hispano-falantes, por meio da consulta a diferentes bases de dados, da realização de visitas aos países escolhidos para melhor conhecimento da produção, e de entrevistas com os pesquisadores. Para a compreensão da configuração do campo na América do Sul, recorreu-se ao conceito de campo científico em Bourdieu, sendo que, com as contribuições da obra desse autor, juntamente com a realização da análise de conteúdo, foram identificados os temas consagrados nas publicações, as abordagens teóricas, os caminhos metodológicos, as áreas predominantes nos estudos, e os elementos que estruturam o campo na Argentina e no Chile, países investigados. Considera-se que o campo da sociologia da infância e o campo interdisciplinar dos estudos sociais da infância convivem nesses países, como resultado das diferentes formações dos pesquisadores do campo e dos variados contextos de vida das crianças. Constata-se que, num primeiro momento, as produções europeia e norte-americana tiveram grande influência na realização de investigações científicas nos países investigados, mas conclui-se que os movimentos próprios do campo podem estruturar outros caminhos para as produções e teorizações da infância no hemisfério sul. / In recent years, we have seen an increase in the productions and publications on the theme of childhood from the perspective of the social scientists who have investigated childhood by discussing it applying other methodologies when conducting research with and about children. It has led to a new movement which aims at understanding the role of children and childhood in the contemporary world. Considering the worldwide width of sociology of childhood, little has been shown in conferences and literature about childhood studies in South America. Having noticed this lacking, the present research headed to investigate the development of the field in at least two South American countries in order to understand what has been researched and produced from the sociology of childhood perspective. The study mapped the production of South American and Spanish-speaking authors from 2010 to 2013, by consulting different databases, visiting the selected countries and interviewing researchers so to have a better understanding of the productions. In order to comprehend the field in South America configuration, we adopted the concept of the scientific field of Bourdieu, and with his theoretical background and the content analysis, we were able to identify the themes consecrated, the theoretical approaches, the methodological procedures, the predominant areas, and also the elements that structure the field in Argentina and Chile, the investigated countries. We noticed that the field of the sociology of childhood and the interdisciplinary field of social studies of childhood coexist in these countries, which is due to the different academic background the researchers of the field have and the varied contexts of children\'s life. Initially, European and North American productions had a great influence on the conduct of scientific research in the countries investigated, but the movements of the field can structure other pathways for the productions and theorizations of children in the Southern Hemisphere.

The current thesis explores conditions for participation in interview interaction. Drawing on the ethnomethodological idea that knowledge is central to participation in social situations, it examines how interview participants navigate knowledge and competence claims and the institutional and moral implications of these claims. The data consists of, in total, 97 audio-recorded interviews conducted as part of a national Swedish evaluation of support interventions for children exposed to violence. In three studies, I use discursive psychology and conversation analysis to explicate how interview participants in interaction (1) contribute to and negotiate institutional constraints and (2) manage rights and responsibilities related to knowledge. The findings of study I and study II show that child interviewees actively cooperate with as well as resist the constraints of interview questions. However, the children’s opportunities for participation in this institutional context are limited by two factors: (1) recordability; that is, the focus on generating recordable responses and (2) problematic assumptions underpinning questions and the interpretation of interview answers. Apart from restricting children’s rights to formulate their experiences, these factors can lead interviewers to miss opportunities to gain important information. Also related to institutional constraints, study III shows how the ideal of model consistency is prioritized over service-user participation. Thus, the three studies show how different practices relevant to institutional agendas may hinder participation. Moreover, the findings contribute to an understanding of how issues of knowledge are managed in the interviews. Study II suggests the importance of the concept of believability to refer to people’s rights and responsibilities to draw conclusions about others’ thoughts. And the findings of study III demonstrate how, in evaluation interviews with social workers, children’s access to their own thoughts and feelings are based on a notion of predetermined participation; that is, constructed as contingent on wanting what the institutional setting offers. Thus, child service users’ low epistemic status, compared to the social workers, trumps their epistemic access to their own minds. These conclusions, about recordability, believability, and predetermined participation, are based on interaction with or about children. However, I argue that the findings relate to interviewees and service users in general. By demonstrating the structuring power of interactive practices, the thesis extends our understanding of conditions for participation in the institutional setting of social research interviews.

The licentiate thesis examines what spending time in a forest garden can offer children when this environment is used for teaching aimed at sustainability. What do the children remember from their visits to the forest garden? What do they find special or memorable? What can the children learn there? To answer such questions, walk-and-talk conversations were conducted with children who for a three-year period had regularly visited a forest garden during school hours. The overall purpose of the licentiate thesis is to deepen knowledge about what spending time in a forest garden in a school context can offer children, reflected from the children's perspectives. Furthermore, the thesis aims to deepen knowledge about walk-and-talk conversations as a data collection method when children are respondents. This leads to the research questions: 1. In what ways can walk-and-talk conversations as a data collection method reflect children's perspectives in an environment and in relation to places? What are the possibilities and limitations of the method? 2. What significance do forest garden visits in a pedagogical context aimed at learning for sustainability have from the children's perspective? The theoretical starting points of the licentiate thesis draw on social studies of childhood, ecological literacy and affordances. Another concept that emerged in the analysis process was plant blindness. Data consisted of audio-recorded walk-and-talk conversations, children's photographs and recorded informal, supplementary interviews. A total of 28 children (11 boys and 17 girls) participated in sub-studies II and III. The children were aged 7-9 years, but most were 9 years old. The licentiate thesis consists of three sub-studies: Sub-study I is a literature review that focuses on opportunities, limitations, and challenges in using walk-and-talk conversations as a data collection method with children and young people. Walk-and-talk conversations can increase opportunities to capture children's perspectives and help to reduce power imbalances between children and researchers. However, analysing data from child-led walks and conversations can be challenging, while awareness of the researcher's own position and assumptions becomes particularly important. Sub-study II deals with the forest garden from children’s perspective. The first category, ‘to appreciate the place the forest garden’, contained the following themes: physical work, relationships with animals and plants, aesthetic and edible aspects and food, and friends. Most of the children enjoyed staying in the forest garden with its natural features. They valued the care of living organisms and felt that spending time in the forest garden was fun and exciting. In the second category, ‘aspects of learning in the forest garden’, the following themes emerged; practical skills, coexistence and caring, and biological knowledge and ecological understanding. Sub-study III deals with the four most photographed phenomena in the forest garden. The first were the plants, including trees and shrubs, which provided sensual, aesthetic and emotional affordances. The second was the pond, which provided physical affordances and wishes, while the third, the barbecue area, provided social affordances. Finally, the tipi provided affordances for privacy and imagination. To conclude: children's forest garden visits, with learning and nature encounters, can contribute to sustainable development. The investigated forest garden was an outdoor environment designed for children with natural features and with a focus on organic farming, where the forest garden educators helped to create a framework for both learning and relational opportunities. Developing ecological literacy in the new generation is a crucial concern, and the results of the licentiate thesis suggest that establishing educational outdoor environments where children receive parts of their education can contribute to the development of such literacy. The creation of outdoor environments for children is thus an important sustainability issue. / Licentiatuppsatsen undersöker vad skogträdgårdsvistelser kan erbjuda barn när en sådan miljö används för undervisning riktad mot hållbarhet. Det övergripande syfte är att fördjupa kunskap om vad skogsträdgårdsvistelser i en skolkontext kan tillföra barn, speglat utifrån barnens perspektiv. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att fördjupa kunskaper om samtalspromenader som datainsamlingsmetod när barn är respondenter. Licentiatuppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkter tar avstamp i barndomssociologi (Social Studies of Childhood), ekologisk litteracitet och affordances. Ett annat begrepp som framkom efter analysprocessen var växtblindhet. Den undersökta skogsträdgården, var en natur- och utomhusmiljö med inriktning mot ekologisk odling designad för barn, där skogsträdgårdspedagogernas pedagogiska inramning bidrog till att skapa både pedagogiska och relationella möjligheter. Metodvalet har varit ljudupptagna samtalspromenader, barns fotografier samt inspelade informella, kompletterande intervjuer. Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten att barns skogsträdgårdsvistelser, lärande och naturmöten bidra till hållbar utveckling. Utvecklandet av ekologisk litteracitet hos den uppväxande generationen måste betraktas som central, och licentiatuppsatsens resultat pekar mot att anläggandet av pedagogiska utomhusmiljöer där barn får delar av sin undervisning kan bidra till utvecklandet av sådan litteracitet. Tillskapandet av utomhusmiljöer för barn är därför en viktig hållbarhetsfråga.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T13:31:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marta Lucia da Silva.pdf: 1361056 bytes, checksum: 38e25ba20eaa7ef7463fa52b548fcd96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation integrates the research group at the Center for the Study of Gender, Race and Age (NEGRI), Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo PUC - SP, coordinated by Fúlvia Rosemberg, who has been studying the process of social construction of childhood in Brazil investigating the invisibility of babies and questioning public policies relating to education and care in the context of childcare. Your goal is to describe and interpret speeches by three black women / black, mothers of babies belonging to urban, middle class residents in São Paulo, on education and care of children 0-3 years of age. Adopted the theoretical framework of social studies of childhood that assisted in the analyzes and interpretations that depart from conceptions of childhood as a social construction, the child as a social actor and subject of rights. He leaned in studies of race relations in Brazil that provide an understanding of racial and social inequalities that characterize Brazilian society. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee Platform via Brazil. The mothers signed a consent form for performing, recording, transcription and use of interviews. The transcription of the interviews was analyzed using content analysis techniques with thematic focus. The main results were that babies appear to be still developing, fragile, dependent adults who require more intense and specific care. The public daycare option appears as positive education and care as a duty of the State and baby right as a citizen. The actors involved in this research point: the judicialization this search for vacancies in nursery for babies. On topic of race relations and the nursery appeared differentiated discourses with recognition of racism and inequality between blacks and whites in society and that the claims of the black movement are more directed to the adult world of what to baby / Esta dissertação integra o grupo de pesquisas do Núcleo de Estudos de Gênero, Raça e Idade (NEGRI) da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), coordenado por Fúlvia Rosemberg, que vem estudando o processo de construção social da infância no Brasil, investigando a invisibilidade do bebê e problematizando as políticas públicas referentes à educação e cuidado no contexto da creche. Seu objetivo consiste em descrever e interpretar discursos proferidos por três mulheres negras/preta, mães de bebês, pertencentes às camadas médias urbanas, residentes no município de São Paulo, sobre educação e cuidado de crianças de até 3 anos de idade. Adotou os aportes teóricos dos estudos sociais da infância que auxiliou nas análises e interpretações que partem de concepções de infância como construção social, de criança como ator social e sujeito de direitos. Apoiou-se nos estudos sobre relações raciais no Brasil que propiciam a compreensão das desigualdades raciais e sociais que caracterizam a sociedade brasileira. O projeto foi submetido e aprovado pela Comissão de Ética via Plataforma Brasil. As mães assinaram um termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido para a realização, registro, transcrição e uso das entrevistas. A transcrição das entrevistas foi analisada mediante técnicas de análise de conteúdo com foco temático. Os principais resultados apresentados foram que os bebês aparecem como sendo um ser em desenvolvimento, frágil, dependente de adultos, que necessitam de cuidados mais intensos e específicos. A creche pública aparece como opção positiva de educação e cuidado, como um dever do Estado e direito do bebê como cidadão. Os atores sociais envolvidos nesta pesquisa apontam: a judicialização dessa busca por vagas em creche para bebês. Sobre tema das relações raciais e a creche apareceram discursos diferenciados com reconhecimento do racismo e desigualdades entre negros e brancos na sociedade e que as reivindicações do movimento negro são mais direcionadas ao mundo do adulto do que ao bebê

Föreliggande arbete är en etnografisk studie av barn, barndom och arbete i Sverige. Studien var förlagd till två samhällen, ett på landsbygden och ett nära en stor svensk stad. I studien undersöks hur barndom konstrueras i dagens Sverige. I studien används ett barnperspektiv och fokus är på barnens definitioner av arbete. I studien undersöks hur barnen förstår de olika aktiviteter i vilka de deltar i sitt vardagsliv, vilka aktiviteter barnen menar är arbete och varför. I studien undersöks vilka motiv barnen har för att delta i de olika formerna av arbete. Sammanlagt deltog 100 barn i klass 4-9 i studien. Materialet till studien samlades in mellan 2004-2006. Materialet samlades i under ett fältarbete där metoder som gruppintervjuer, enkäter och tidsdagböcker användes. Material samlades också in med hjälp av deltagande observation, genom att barnen tog bilder med engångskameror samt skrev essäer och ritade teckningar. Dessa metoder användes för att öka barnens möjligheter att delta och påverka forskningsprocessen samt för att lyfta fram barnens perspektiv vad gäller arbete. Studien visar att arbete är ett mångtydigt begrepp. Barnen vidgar den traditionella betydelsen av arbete och använder två olika definitioner av arbete. Den ena är en definition där arbete jämställs med formellt, betalt förvärvsarbete, ett jobb. Den andra definitionen är mer inkluderande. I denna ryms både betalt, obetalt, formellt och informellt arbete. I denna definition inkluderar barnen dessutom utbildande aktiviteter såsom skola och fritidsaktiviteter vilka innehåller element av lärande. Detta arbetsbegrepp inkluderar således även olika former av identitetsarbete. Studien illustrerar att barnen genom sina aktiviteter bidrar till konstruktionen av barndomen samt understryker den roll arbete spelar i denna konstruktion. / This is an ethnographic study of children, childhood and work in Sweden. The study was conducted in two communities, one rural and one urban, and it explores how childhood is constructed in contemporary Sweden. The study uses a child perspective and focuses on the children’s definitions of work. It investigates how children understand the different activities in which they take part in everyday life and which activities they understand as work and why. Furthermore, it investigates children’s incentives for engaging in various forms of work. In total, 100 schoolchildren in grades 4-9 participated in the study. The material used was collected during 2004-2006. During the fieldwork, material was collected through group interviews, questionnaires and time diaries, through participant observation and the use of disposable cameras and children’s essays and drawings. The methods were chosen to increase the children’s possibilities to participate and influence the research process and to highlight the children’s perspective on work. The study shows that work is a multifaceted concept. The children broaden our traditional definition of work, using two concurrent definitions. One definition equates work with formal, paid, gainful employment – a job. The other definition is more inclusive, accommodating paid, unpaid, formal and informal work. Moreover, in the latter definition, children also include educational activities such as school and spare time activities that involve an element of learning. Thus, various forms of identity work are also included in the concept of work. The study illustrates children’s contribution to the social construction of childhood and underlines the role work plays in this construction.