Global ETD Search

1	The Evaluation of the Effect of Anionic and Cationic Surfactants on the Hindered Settling of Light Calcium Carbonate Suspensions Chalamuri, Shanmuka Harish January 2014 (has links) No description available. Pharmaceuticals Pharmacy Sciences Hindered settling light calcium carbonate calcium carbonate sodium lauryl sulfate benzalkonium chloride
2	Understanding Surfactant Skin Irritation by Probing the Relationship between the Structure and the Function of Micelles Ade-Browne, Chandra 04 September 2018 (has links) No description available. Pharmaceuticals surfactant surfactant irritation sodium lauryl sulfate small-angle neutron scattering dynamic light scattering
3	Estudos ecotoxicológicos com ênfase na avaliação da toxicidade de surfactantes aniônicos aos cladóceros Daphnia similis, Ceriodaphnia dubia e Ceriodaphnia silvestrii Coelho, Katiuscia da Silva 25 April 2008 (has links) Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1959.pdf: 1033941 bytes, checksum: 78e3218226ae4e1376a101c0d5d8d71f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-25 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The main anionic surfactants world widely used are the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (LAS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (DSS), which are mainly used in the manufacturing of domestic and personal hygiene products. As a consequence of the great and increasing consumption of LAS and DSS there is an increasing wareness regarding the adverse effects of these compounds to the organisms and environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute and chronic toxicity of the compounds LAS and DSS to the cladocerans Daphnia similis, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. It was also evaluated the toxicity of the water and sediments of four reservoirs and one stream of São Paulo State Analyses of LAS concentrations in the water of these reservoirs were also performed by Liquid chromatography. Acute toxicity tests indicated a value of CE(I)50;48h for LAS of 14.17 mg L-1 to D. similis, 11.84 mg L-1 to C. dubia and 13.51 mg L-1 to C. silvestrii. Significant changes in the viability of the cladoceran offsprings were observed for C. dubia and C. silvestrii exposed to the LAS, with values of CENO equal to 1.0 mg L-1 to C. dubia and 2.5 mg L-1 to C. silvestrii. It was concluded that the maximum permissible concentration of 0.5 mg L-1 surfactants as established by the resolution CONAMA nº. 357/2005 (Brazilian Ministry of Environment) in order to protect aquatic communities is adequate, considering the sensitivity of the native species C. silvestrii. The results of the acute toxicity tests with DSS indicated a CE(I)50;48h value of 12.82; 4.37 and 5.42 mg L-1, for D. similis, C. dubia and C. silvestrii, respectively. A CENO value of 2.0 mg L-1 was obtained in the chronic toxicity tests for C. silvestrii. The surfactant LAS was detected in all the water samples collected in the Lobo (Broa), Lagoa Dourada and Fazzari reservoirs, but at concentrations lower than 5 mg L-1 (the method limit of detection). The toxicity tests with environmental samples revealed that there is no toxicity in the water of the Lobo and Lagoa Dourada sampled, however the water of Monjolinho Reservoir was toxic to D. similis and Fazzari stream was toxic to D. similis and C. dubia. Only the sediment of Monjolinho Reservoir was not toxic to cladocerans. / Os principais surfactantes aniônicos disponíveis no mercado mundial são o dodecil benzeno sulfonato de sódio (LAS) e o dodecil sulfato de sódio (DSS), utilizados principalmente em produtos de limpeza doméstica e de higiene pessoal. Devido ao grande consumo mundial de LAS e de DSS há uma crescente preocupação sobre os efeitos adversos destes compostos no ambiente e aos organismos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a toxicidade aguda e crônica do LAS e do DSS aos organismos-teste Daphnia similis, Ceriodaphnia dubia e Ceriodaphnia silvestrii. Foi também avaliada a toxicidade da água e dos sedimentos em quatro reservatórios e um riacho do estado de São Paulo por meio de testes de toxicidade aguda e da análise quantitativa do surfactante LAS. Os testes de toxicidade aguda indicaram uma CE(I)50;48h do LAS de 14,17 mg L-1 para D. similis, 11,84 mg L-1 para C. dubia e 13,51 mg L-1 para C. silvestrii. Nos testes crônicos realizados foi observada significativa alteração viabilidade da progênie de C. dubia e C. silvestrii exposta ao LAS, com valores de CENO igual a 1,0 mg L-1 para C. dubia e 2,5 mg L-1 para C. silvestrii. Pode-se concluir que o valor máximo permissível de surfactantes de 0,5 mg L-1, estabelecido pela Resolução CONAMA nº. 357/2005 em águas destinadas à proteção das comunidades aquáticas, é adequado para a espécie nativa C. silvestrii. Nos testes de toxicidade aguda de DSS foram obtidos valores de CE(I)50;48h de 12,82; 4,37 e 5,42 mg L-1, para D. similis, C. dubia e C. silvestrii, respectivamente. No ensaio de toxicidade crônica obteve-se valor de CENO igual a 2,0 mg L-1 para C. silvestrii. O surfactante LAS foi detectado nas amostras de água dos Reservatórios do Lobo (Broa), Lagoa Dourada e Represa do Monjolinho em concentração inferior a 5 mg L-1. Os testes revelaram que não há toxicidade aguda aos cladóceros da água da Lagoa Dourada e do Reservatório do Lobo, havendo, contudo, toxicidade da água da Represa do Monjolinho para D. similis e da água do Córrego do Fazzari para os cladóceros D. similis e C. dubia. Somente a amostra de sedimento da Represa do Monjolinho não causou toxicidade aos cladóceros. Toxicidade - testes Água - poluição Zooplâncton Ecologia Anionic surfactants Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate Sodium lauryl sulfate Toxicity Freshwater Cladocerans CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS::ECOLOGIA
4	Pyrolytic Esterification Derivatization Chemistry for the Qualitative Determination of Sulfonate Surfactants and Indirect Detection of Sulfate Surfactants through On-Line Degradation Products for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Igwebuike, Alexander 11 July 2023 (has links) No description available. Chemistry gas chromatography GC-MS surfactants pyrolysis on-line derivatization alkyl sulfates sulfonates alkylation degradation products sodium lauryl sulfate lauramine oxide pyrolytic methylation
5	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology
6	Development of Sensitive In Vitro Assays to Assess the Ocular Toxicity Potential of Chemicals and Ophthalmic Products McCanna, David January 2009 (has links) The utilization of in vitro tests with a tiered testing strategy for detection of mild ocular irritants can reduce the use of animals for testing, provide mechanistic data on toxic effects, and reduce the uncertainty associated with dose selection for clinical trials. The first section of this thesis describes how in vitro methods can be used to improve the prediction of the toxicity of chemicals and ophthalmic products. The proper utilization of in vitro methods can accurately predict toxic threshold levels and reduce animal use in product development. Sections two, three and four describe the development of new sensitive in vitro methods for predicting ocular toxicity. Maintaining the barrier function of the cornea is critical for the prevention of the penetration of infections microorganisms and irritating chemicals into the eye. Chapter 2 describes the development of a method for assessing the effects of chemicals on tight junctions using a human corneal epithelial and canine kidney epithelial cell line. In Chapter 3 a method that uses a primary organ culture for assessing single instillation and multiple instillation toxic effects is described. The ScanTox system was shown to be an ideal system to monitor the toxic effects over time as multiple readings can be taken of treated bovine lenses using the nondestructive method of assessing for the lens optical quality. Confirmations of toxic effects were made with the utilization of the viability dye alamarBlue. Chapter 4 describes the development of sensitive in vitro assays for detecting ocular toxicity by measuring the effects of chemicals on the mitochondrial integrity of bovine cornea, bovine lens epithelium and corneal epithelial cells, using fluorescent dyes. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro test battery that can be used to accurately predict the ocular toxicity of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. By comparing the toxicity seen in vivo animals and humans with the toxicity response in these new in vitro methods, it was demonstrated that these in vitro methods can be utilized in a tiered testing strategy in the development of new chemicals and ophthalmic formulations. in vitro Alternative Methods alamarBlue rhodamine tight junctions bovine lens viability toxicity mitochondria mitochondria integrity benzalkonium chloride sodium dodecyl sulphate sodium lauryl sulfate scanning electron microscopy Draize Draize maximal average scores zonula occludens cosmetic directive PETA humane society animal league ICCVAM ECVAM JaCVAM BCOP bovine cornea ocular irritants ocular irritation ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cells vitro confocal confocal microscopy metabolic activity optical quality reactive oxygen species contact lens contact lens care solutions barrier function microbial keratitis mulitipurpose solutions tight junction cell damage claudin ZO-1 occludin MDCK Madin Madin-Darby canine kidney cells cornea human cornea human corneal epithelium epithelial cell line human corneal epithelial cell line sodium fluorescein sodium fluorescein permeability fluorescein permeability ocular surface cell monolayer Araki-Sasaki cell physiology risk assessment safety assessment ScanTox scanning laser lens epithelium corneal cells in vitro model ophthalmic formulations multiple instillation back vertex animal testing rabbit testing alternatives to animal testing cultured bovine lens toxicity of chemicals irritation irritants laser scanner organ culture delayed toxicity toxins hydrogen peroxide cornea toxicity cornea toxicity models prediction of human toxicity no observable adverse effect level lowest observable adverse effect level NOAEL LOAEL toxicity thresholds safety factors cornea uncertainty factors preservatives disinfectants ophthalmic products preclinical preclinical testing epithelial barrier drug penetration clinical confocal microscopy animal rights rabbit cornea human cornea human clinical effects toxic animal rights activist sensitive measures toxic effect toxicity threshold agar overlay agar diffusion agar overlay method agar diffusion method cytochrome cytochrome c apoptosis necrotic apoptotic necrosis caspase rhodamine 123 resazuran resorufin cell death cell viability metabolic dye microsomal microsomal enzymes cytotoxicity cytotoxic cytotoxic effect MTT XTT WST-1 plasma membrane mitochondrial mitochondrial morphology ocular toxicity potential ocular toxicity human corneal epithelial cell line confocal analysis corneal epithelium cell fluorescence alamarBlue assay rhodamine dye animal welfare toxic injury degraded mitochondria epithelial monolayer disinfectants membrane integrity eye toxicity eye viability dye toxicity in humans human toxicity effects on the mitochondria mitochondrial toxicity in vitro battery in vitro test battery ophthalmic eye drop direct contact product safety cytotoxicity potential molecular molecular biology refine reduce replace sensitivity and relevance sensitivity relevance rabbit ocular irritation test product development cytotoxicity models cytotoxicity alternative methods replacements for animal testing three r's beagle tiered testing tiered testing strategy replacements animal testing mechanistic toxicity cornea mitochondria dose response threshold Vision Science and Biology

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