This thesis argues that the FCB (Foote, Cone and Belding) grid can not only be used by advertising students to write strategy, but also to write superior strategies. To demonstrate this, the research in this study identifies two versions of the FCB grid that can serve as guidelines for students when writing advertising strategy. The argument is substantiated by the results of a statistical analysis of strategies written according to the FCB grid and the Bendinger formula. A discussion of the areas which were researched and led to the introduction of the FCB grid, as well as an explanation of the FCB grid, provide the context in which the grid should be viewed as a guideline for writing advertising strategy. Thereafter, a summative overview of what advertising strategy and the Bendinger formula encompass, identifies the complexed nature of advertising strategy, as well as the minimum areas which need to be addressed when attempting to write strategy. A detailed discussion of the method which was employed and the instrument developed to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies, precedes the experimental results. A critical discussion of the results obtained from the statistical analysis and the literature on advertising strategy provide a theoretical foundation on which a model, to be used in conjunction with the FCB grid to write strategy, is designed. The model is then explained to illustrate how students can, in conjunction with the FCB grid, apply it to write advertising strategy. This thesis recommends that, in order to improve on the suggested method of evaluating strategies, the measurement scale developed in this study could be considered as a starting point. A further recommendation is that the experiment comparing strategies written according to the FCB sextant grid to those written according to the FCB quadrant grid, could provide the need for further research. The thesis concludes that as far as could be determined, this was the first time that a study of this nature was undertaken and that the need for future research to validate this study and its results, exists. / Communication Science / D. Litt et Phil. (Communication)

Rapid industrialization, breakthroughs in science and technological development have ushered in an era regarded as a technocratic age. The advent of a technocratic age has necessitated the acquisition of technologically appropriate knowledge, skills and attitudes, and consequently it has become necessary to establish education systems that fulfil the demands set by technocratic age principles. Present-day education is typified by technocratic age imperatives which include meritocracy, specialization, vocationalism, professionalism and scientism. Technocratic age education is further characterized by mass education, free and compulsory education and greater bureaucratic control of education. In technocratic age education systems, entrance examinations are used to select learners for advanced education and training. It would appear that this takes place with little regard for the learner's personal worth or meeting the learner's distinctive needs. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (History of Education)

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous investiguons la capacité de chaque hémisphère cérébral à utiliser l’information visuelle disponible lors de la reconnaissance de mots. Il est généralement convenu que l’hémisphère gauche (HG) est mieux outillé pour la lecture que l’hémisphère droit (HD). De fait, les mécanismes visuoperceptifs utilisés en reconnaissance de mots se situent principalement dans l’HG (Cohen, Martinaud, Lemer et al., 2003). Puisque les lecteurs normaux utilisent optimalement des fréquences spatiales moyennes (environ 2,5 - 3 cycles par degré d’angle visuel) pour reconnaître les lettres, il est possible que l’HG les traite mieux que l’HD (Fiset, Gosselin, Blais et Arguin, 2006). Par ailleurs, les études portant sur la latéralisation hémisphérique utilisent habituellement un paradigme de présentation en périphérie visuelle. Il a été proposé que l’effet de l’excentricité visuelle sur la reconnaissance de mots soit inégal entre les hémichamps. Notamment, la première lettre est celle qui porte habituellement le plus d’information pour l’identification d’un mot. C’est aussi la plus excentrique lorsque le mot est présenté à l’hémichamp visuel gauche (HVG), ce qui peut nuire à son identification indépendamment des capacités de lecture de l’HD. L’objectif de la première étude est de déterminer le spectre de fréquences spatiales utilisé par l’HG et l’HD en reconnaissance de mots. Celui de la deuxième étude est d’explorer les biais créés par l’excentricité et la valeur informative des lettres lors de présentation en champs divisés. Premièrement, nous découvrons que le spectre de fréquences spatiales utilisé par les deux hémisphères en reconnaissance de mots est globalement similaire, même si l’HG requière moins d’information visuelle que l’HD pour atteindre le même niveau de performance. Étonnament toutefois, l’HD utilise de plus hautes fréquences spatiales pour identifier des mots plus longs. Deuxièmement, lors de présentation à l’HVG, nous trouvons que la 1re lettre, c’est à dire la plus excentrique, est parmi les mieux identifiées même lorsqu’elle a une plus grande valeur informative. Ceci est à l’encontre de l’hypothèse voulant que l’excentricité des lettres exerce un biais négatif pour les mots présentés à l’HVG. De façon intéressante, nos résultats suggèrent la présence d’une stratégie de traitement spécifique au lexique. / In this thesis, we investigate the cerebral hemispheres’ ability to use the available visual information for word recognition in lateral periphery. It is generally acknowledged that the left hemisphere (LH) is more able at reading than the right (RH). Accordingly, the visuoperceptual mechanisms of the brain for word recognition are primarily localized in the LH (Cohen, Martinaud, Lemer et al., 2003). As normal readers use medium spatial frequencies (about 2,5 – 3 cycles per degree of visual angle) to recognize words, it is possible that the LH is better tuned for processing these spatial frequencies than the RH (Fiset, Gosselin, Blais et Arguin, 2006). Furthermore, studies concerned with reading abilities in the cerebral hemispheres commonly present words in visual periphery. However, the effect of visual eccentricity on word recognition is thought to be unequal between hemifields, notably because the first letter in a word usually carries the most information for its accurate identification. It is also the most eccentric letter when a word is presented in the LVF, which may cause a negative bias for the identification of words presented to the LVF regardless of the actual reading capacities of the RH. The main objective of the first study is to determine the spatial frequency tuning functions of the LH and RH for word recognition. The goal of our second study is to explore letter identification biases for words presented to the left and right visual fields as a function of eccentricity by varying the information value of letter positions. Firstly, we discover that the spatial frequency tuning of both hemispheres is globally similar, even though the LH requires less visual information than the RH to reach the same level of performance. Surprisingly however, the RH requires higher spatial frequencies to identify longer words. Secondly, we find that for LVF displays, the first letter, i.e. the most eccentric, is among the most accurately identified, even when it has a greater information value. This argues against the hypothesis that letter eccentricity exerts a negative bias for words presented to the LVF. Interestingly, our findings also suggest a lexical-specific processing strategy.

Regional specialisation and economic volatility of Czech regions ABSTRACT This thesis deals with the assessment of the impact of regional specialization and regional diversity on economic performance of Czech regions by indicators of economic development: the growth of the average wage, employment growth, rising unemployment, increase in the number of patents and the GDP per person. The second aim is to assess the effect of types of diversity on regional performance. Finally, this thesis aims to assess the impact of diversity on regional resilience by analyzing the development of employment and GDP per person. Key words: Czech regions, diversity of industry, specialization, regional performance, regional resilience, related and unrelated variety, Jacobs' effects, Marshall's effects

Depuis les XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, le mineur est considéré comme un « adulte en devenir ayant des besoins propres ». Ainsi apparaît la notion de minorité. Cette notion influence la construction de la justice pénale des mineurs délinquants en appelant, à l'instar de droit commun, un ensemble de principes directeurs qui correspondent à la minorité et ont pour but la protection des mineurs. Cette justice se forme et fonctionne sur la base des principes directeurs. Ceux-ci constituent ainsi un bloc rationnel et font émerger une autonomie indépendante de la justice pénale des majeurs délinquants. Ces principes directeurs peuvent être classés en deux catégories, l’une relative à l’émergence de principes directeurs spécifiques et l’autre, aux aménagements des principes directeurs de droit commun. Nous pouvons classer les sources de ces principes directeurs en deux catégories. L’une concerne le droit international, l’autre, le droit interne. Pour la source internationale, nous pouvons évoquer la Déclaration universelle des droits de l'homme et le Pacte international relatif aux droits civils et politiques du 16 décembre 1966 (PIDCP) sans pour autant oublier la Convention internationale des droits de l'enfant du 26 janvier 1990 (CIDE). S’agissant de la source nationale, l’ordonnance du 2 février 1945 relative à l’enfance délinquante en constitue une, puisque la justice pénale des mineurs délinquants repose actuellement sur cette ordonnance. La jurisprudence du Conseil constitutionnel en constitue une autre source nationale / Since the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the minor is considered as an "adult-to-be with special needs". Thus appears the concept of minority. This concept influences the construction of criminal justice for juvenile delinquents by calling, like common law, a set of guiding principles that correspond to the minority and aim at the protection of minors. This justice is formed and functions on the basis of guiding principles. These thus constitute a rational block and bring out an autonomy independent of the criminal justice of the major delinquents. These guiding principles can be divided into two categories, one relating to the emergence of specific guiding principles and the other to the development of the common law guiding principles. We can classify the sources of these guiding principles into two categories. One concerns international law, the other domestic law. For the International source, we can evoke the Universal declaration of human rights and the International covenant on civil and political rights of December 16, 1966 without forgetting the International convention on the rights of the child of January 26 1990. With regard to the domestic source, the order of 2 February 1945 relating to juvenile delinquency is one, since the criminal justice of juvenile delinquents is currently based on this order. The case law of the Constitutional council is another domestic source

Le travail développé dans cette thèse porte sur l'analyse de séquences vidéo. Cette dernière est basée sur 3 taches principales : la détection, la catégorisation et le suivi des objets. Le développement de solutions fiables pour l'analyse de séquences vidéo ouvre de nouveaux horizons pour plusieurs applications telles que les systèmes de transport intelligents, la vidéosurveillance et la robotique. Dans cette thèse, nous avons mis en avant plusieurs contributions pour traiter les problèmes de détection et de suivi d'objets multiples sur des séquences vidéo. Les techniques proposées sont basées sur l’apprentissage profonds et des approches de transfert d'apprentissage. Dans une première contribution, nous abordons le problème de la détection multi-objets en proposant une nouvelle technique de transfert d’apprentissage basé sur le formalisme et la théorie du filtre SMC (Sequential Monte Carlo) afin de spécialiser automatiquement un détecteur de réseau de neurones convolutionnel profond (DCNN) vers une scène cible. Dans une deuxième contribution, nous proposons une nouvelle approche de suivi multi-objets original basé sur des stratégies spatio-temporelles (entrelacement / entrelacement inverse) et un détecteur profond entrelacé, qui améliore les performances des algorithmes de suivi par détection et permet de suivre des objets dans des environnements complexes (occlusion, intersection, fort mouvement). Dans une troisième contribution, nous fournissons un système de surveillance du trafic, qui intègre une extension du technique SMC afin d’améliorer la précision de la détection de jour et de nuit et de spécialiser tout détecteur DCNN pour les caméras fixes et mobiles. Tout au long de ce rapport, nous fournissons des résultats quantitatifs et qualitatifs. Sur plusieurs aspects liés à l’analyse de séquences vidéo, ces travaux surpassent les cadres de détection et de suivi de pointe. En outre, nous avons implémenté avec succès nos infrastructures dans une plate-forme matérielle intégrée pour la surveillance et la sécurité du trafic routier. / The work developed in this PhD thesis is focused on video sequence analysis. Thelatter consists of object detection, categorization and tracking. The development ofreliable solutions for the analysis of video sequences opens new horizons for severalapplications such as intelligent transport systems, video surveillance and robotics.In this thesis, we put forward several contributions to deal with the problems ofdetecting and tracking multi-objects on video sequences. The proposed frameworksare based on deep learning networks and transfer learning approaches.In a first contribution, we tackle the problem of multi-object detection by puttingforward a new transfer learning framework based on the formalism and the theoryof a Sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) filter to automatically specialize a Deep ConvolutionalNeural Network (DCNN) detector towards a target scene. The suggestedspecialization framework is used in order to transfer the knowledge from the sourceand the target domain to the target scene and to estimate the unknown target distributionas a specialized dataset composed of samples from the target domain. Thesesamples are selected according to the importance of their weights which reflectsthe likelihood that they belong to the target distribution. The obtained specializeddataset allows training a specialized DCNN detector to a target scene withouthuman intervention.In a second contribution, we propose an original multi-object tracking frameworkbased on spatio-temporal strategies (interlacing/inverse interlacing) and aninterlaced deep detector, which improves the performances of tracking-by-detectionalgorithms and helps to track objects in complex videos (occlusion, intersection,strong motion).In a third contribution, we provide an embedded system for traffic surveillance,which integrates an extension of the SMC framework so as to improve the detectionaccuracy in both day and night conditions and to specialize any DCNN detector forboth mobile and stationary cameras.Throughout this report, we provide both quantitative and qualitative results.On several aspects related to video sequence analysis, this work outperformsthe state-of-the-art detection and tracking frameworks. In addition, we havesuccessfully implemented our frameworks in an embedded hardware platform forroad traffic safety and monitoring.

Alterações antrópicas nos ecossistemas, em especial a perda e a fragmentação de habitat, são consideradas as principais causas do grande aumento nas extinções de espécies nas últimas décadas. Uma vez que o risco de extinção varia grandemente entre as espécies, os determinantes ecológicos associados à chance de extinção têm sido um tema central e muito debatido na literatura ecológica. Atributos ecológicos relacionados à raridade, como amplitude de nicho e abundância local, e a capacidade de dispersão são recorrentemente citados na literatura como determinantes do risco de extinção local. A partir de dados de ocorrência em fragmentos, matas contínuas e áreas de agricultura, e de captura-recaptura em três grades de 2 ha em mata continua, no Planalto Atlântico Paulista, investigamos o efeito desses três atributos ecológicos sobre o risco de extinção local em espécies de pequenos mamíferos. Utilizamos a abordagem de seleções de modelos e o critério de Akaike (AICc) para avaliar qual das hipóteses existentes na literatura sobre a relação destes atributos com o risco de extinção é mais plausível. Foram realizadas duas seleções de modelos: uma considerando os três atributos para sete espécies; e outra considerando apenas a amplitude de nicho e abundância local para 18 espécies. Os resultados de ambas as seleções indicam a amplitude de nicho como determinante principal do risco de extinção local, que aumenta à medida que a amplitude de nicho diminui. Abundância local apresentou uma importância secundária, com um efeito positivo sobre o risco de extinção, mas que é mais forte para espécies com menor amplitude de nicho. Este resultado é consistente com a idéia de que a abundância local é influenciada pelo grau de especialização e pela capacidade competitiva das espécies, a qual está negativamente relacionada à capacidade de colonização através de uma demanda conflitante. Como a capacidade de dispersão variou pouco entre as espécies estudadas e a capacidade de colonização é determinada também pela taxa de crescimento populacional, é possível que o risco de extinção das espécies de pequenos mamíferos especialistas de habitat seja secundariamente definido pela taxa de crescimento populacional / Anthropogenic disturbances, particularly habitat loss and fragmentation, are considered the main causes of the increased extinction rates observed in the last decades. Since the risk of extinction is extremely variable among species, the ecological determinants of the chance of extinction have been in the center of the debates in the ecological literature. Ecological traits associated with rarity, as niche breadth and local abundance, and dispersal ability are recurrently mentioned in the literature as the main determinants of the risk of local extinction. Using data on occurrence in fragments, continuous forest and areas of agriculture, and on capture-recapture in three 2-ha grids in continuous forest, in the Atlantic Plateau of São Paulo, we investigate the effects of these three ecological traits on the risk of local extinction in small mammals. We used a model selection approach and the Akaike criterion (AICc) to evaluate which of the existing hypotheses on the relationship of these traits with the extinction risk is most plausible. Two model selections were run: one considering the three traits and seven species, and another considering only niche breadth and local abundance and 18 species. The results from both selections point to niche breadth as the main determinant of the risk of local extinction. Local abundance was secondarily important, with a positive effect on extinction risk, which is stronger among the species with smaller niche breadth. This result is consistent with the idea that local abundance is influenced by species degree of ecological specialization and competitive ability, which is negatively related to colonization ability through a trade-off. As dispersal ability varied little among studied species, and colonization ability is also determined by population growth rate, it is possible that the risk of extinction among habitat specialist small mammals is secondarily defined by population growth rate

Trois agglomérations majeures caractérisent le système territorial bolivien en concentrant près de la moitié de la population et des emplois nationaux. Ce constat amène à s’interroger sur le rôle économique de cette tripolarisation territoriale face au succès économique de Potosi et Tarija, territoires riches en ressources naturelles. Dans ce travail, nous examinons l’actuelle tripolarisation par l’étude de l’histoire économique de l’émergence de ces trois pôles, puis en examinant les données économiques les plus récentes, de manière à expliquer les forces et les faiblesses de ce tripôle. Chacun des pôles se localise dans un contexte géographique original. La Paz où siège le gouvernement se situe dans la région montagneuse des hauts plateaux à l’Ouest. Santa Cruz, à environ 900 km de La Paz, se localise à l’Est, au centre des plaines amazoniennes. Cochabamba se situe entre les deux, dans les vallées intermédiaires du centre. Cette tripolarisation est relativement récente : la hiérarchie urbaine, longtemps dominée par une ville primatiale n’a donné une configuration tripolaire qu’au cours du dernier demi-siècle. La situation actuelle résulte en partie du cadre particulier de l’émergence du tripôle, liée aux territoires disposant des ressources naturelles ; l’analyse est conduite à partir d’indicateurs d’activité économique et du rôle international de ces territoires. L’approche économique, combinée avec des éléments géographiques, démographiques, historiques, politiques et de développement humain, permet de mettre à jour deux logiques distinctes, mais qui se complètent d’une manière originale : une forme de domination territoriale du tripôle La Paz – Cochabamba – Santa Cruz, à la fois permise et fragilisée par le rôle clé de l’exploitation des richesses naturelles de Potosi et Tarija / The Bolivian urban system is outstanding : three major cities concentrate about half of the nation’s population and employment. Their territories’ trajectories lead us to question their economic role in the face of the successful economic achievement of Potosi and Tarija, territories well endowed in natural resources. We wanted to highlight the Bolivian current territorial tripolarization, firstly by studying its emergence, through the study of their economical history; secondly, by investigating the most recent economical data in order to display the strengths and weaknesses of this tripolarized system. Each component of the tripole is situated in a different geographical setting. In the West, La Paz, where the government is based, belongs to a mountainous region of high plateaus; in the East, Santa Cruz, 900 km distant, belongs to the central area of Amazonian plains, whereas Cochabamba rests between those two, in the region of intermediate valleys. This tripolarization is recent ; Urban hierarchy previously dominated by a major city is now characterized by three of them ranking first in this hierarchy. The specific emergence of such a system in Bolivia, together with the abundance of natural resources in certain territories, contributes to explaining the current situation, which has been analyzed using indicators of economical activity and of the international role of the territories. This economical approach combined with geographical, demographical, historical, political and human development elements, helps us to disclose two different but complementary logics: a kind of territorial domination of La Paz - Cochabamba - Santa Cruz, permitted though made vulnerable by the exploitation of natural resources in Potosi and Tarija / El sistema territorial boliviano se caracteriza por la presencia de tres grandes conglomerados urbanos que concentran cerca de la mitad de la población y del empleo nacional. A partir de este hecho se plantea la interrogante sobre el rol económico que tiene este trípolo territorial en un contexto favorable para Potosí y Tarija, ricos en recursos naturales. Se estudia el surgimiento de estos tres conglomerados urbanos, a través la historia económica y de los indicadores económicos más recientes. El objetivo es evaluar tanto las fortalezas como las debilidades del trípolo. La Paz, Santa Cruz y Cochabamba se ubican cada uno en un contexto geográfico diferente. La Paz, sede de gobierno, esta rodeado de montañas, en el Altiplano, al oeste. Santa Cruz, aproximadamente a 900 Km. de La Paz, se encuentra en la Amazonía, al este. Cochabamba se sitúa entre ambos, en los Valles, en el corazón del país. Esta tripolarización es relativamente reciente. En el transcurso del último medio siglo, el ranking urbano pasó de una ciudad que predominaba a una configuración tripolar. Este cuadro de análisis combina el surgimiento del trípolo y la existencia de territorios ricos en recursos naturales, y nos permite comprender los fundamentos del contexto territorial actual que analizamos a partir de indicadores de la actividad económica y del rol internacional de los polos bolivianos. La visión económica de esta situación integra elementos geográficos, demográficos, históricos, políticos y de desarrollo humano, que nos permiten pensar dos lógicas distintas pero que se combinan de manera original: una forma de dominación territorial del trípolo La Paz- Cochabamba- Santa Cruz, al mismo tiempo fortalecida pero también fragilizada por el rol que ocupa la explotación de recursos naturales de Potosí y Tarija

Während die Krankheit einen pathologischen Zustand des Körpers beschreibt, ist der Raum der Krankheit ein spatiotemporaler Zustand, welcher Krankheit ermöglicht. Historisch gesehen blühten Krankheiten in urbaner Umgebung auf – in jener städtischen Umgebung, in der große Konzentrationen von Körpern und Mengen von Materialströmen vorkamen. Das heißt, verschiedene urbane Bedingungen können für den Ausbruch von Epidemien verantwortlich gemacht werden. Ganz gleich, auf welchem Maßstab wir diese Räume der Krankheit betreten (auf der Größenordnung eines überkontinentalen Handelsweges, einer Stadt, oder eines Gebäudes), der physische Raum stellt lediglich einen potenziellen Risikofaktor dar. Erst der Fluss von physischen, chemischen und biologischen Bestandteilen konditioniert den Raum für Krankheiten. Folglich ist jede Krankheit als räumlicher Arbeitsablauf zu begreifen und somit architektonisch und operativ beschreibbar. Auf diesem Schauplatz von Krankheit und Stadt wurde der Raum in Form von räumlichen Maßnahmen notwendigerweise bis zum Äußersten ausgereizt. Raum engt ein, behandelt, erschließt und kultiviert Krankheiten – und ist selbst Gegenstand von Medikation. Im Kontext dieser Forschung dient das Krankenhaus als Hauptvertreter der städtischen Architektur. Das Krankenhaus der Charité in Berlin wird hier im Rahmen einer Fallstudie untersucht, ihre 300-jährige Geschichte definiert den Zeitrahmen dieser Forschung. Diese Arbeit ist der Versuch, die Geschichte des Krankenhauses der klinischen Medizin zu erweitern; deshalb werden erstens unterschiedliche Räume von Krankheiten und deren Einfluss auf die Stadt rekonstruiert, zweitens verschiedene räumliche Maßnahmen, welche die Stadt historisch gegen Krankheiten implementierte, im Vergleich zum Krankenhaus kontextualisiert und drittens die einhergehenden Veränderungen des Krankenhauses im Anbetracht zunehmender klinischer Spezialisierung analysiert. / While disease describes a body’s pathological state, space of disease is the spatio-temporal condition that allows disease to come into existence. Conceptually speaking, a space of disease both preconditions a disease and holds it in place for a certain time. Historically, disease has flourished in urban environments that rely on large concentrations of bodies and a vast amount of material flows; that is, various urban conditions can be held responsible for the outbreak of epidemics. No matter on what scale we enter these particular spaces of disease (on the scale of a cross-continental trade route, a city, or a building), physical space represents only a potential risk factor, requiring the flow of physical, chemical, and biological components through it to precondition that space for disease. Hence, each disease should be viewed as a spatial flow, which can be described architecturally and operatively. In this arena of disease and the city, the spatial measures that have evolved in response to disease have by necessity pushed space to its limits—space confines, treats, accesses, and cultivates disease, and is itself subject to medication. In the context of this research, the hospital serves as the primary representative of the architecture of the city. While the hospital of the Charité in Berlin is the subject of this case study (and its three-hundred-year history defines the time frame of this research), the attempt here is to expand upon the history of the hospital of clinical medicine by framing various spaces of disease and their impact upon the city; by positioning the hospital within the context of the diverse spatial measures that the city historically has implemented against disease; and by analyzing the hospital’s move toward greater clinical specialization.