Le festival n'est pas une activité a-juridique. Cette activité événementielle attractive est encadrée par les pouvoirs publics tant par des mesures de police administrative que dans son occupation du domaine public. Cet événement présentant incontestablement des atouts pour la politique touristique et culturelle d'un territoire est devenu une véritable institution cofinancée par les pouvoirs publics. Oscillant entre mission de service public et simple activité de prestation de services, la question de l'intérêt public local de cette activité est au cœur d'un contentieux émergent devant le juge administratif. Dans le même temps, la valeur du festival tend à se privatiser. L'introduction du mécénat, le recours à certains droits de propriété intellectuelle pour protéger cette valeur (droit des marques pour l'appellation et le droit d'auteur pour la programmation) et le travail des groupes de pression pour obtenir un nouveau droit voisin en faveur des organisateurs de spectacles sont autant d'indices qui illustrent ce mouvement de privatisation. De plus, la tentation d'appropriation des concepts festivaliers incite à proposer une qualification juridique globale pour laquelle la notion de fonds de commerce s'avère adaptée. Enfin, l'application de contrats de franchise ou de partenariat aux festivals constitue des instruments juridiques utiles pour permettre leurs duplications. / A festival is a legal activity. This attractive entertaining event is regulated by the government as well through administrative policies measures as by its occupation of the public domain. This event, undoubtedly providing with potential assets for tourism and cultural policies of a given territory, has become an institution cofinanced by public authorities. Oscillating between public service mission and plain private service provision, the issue of local public interest of this activity is at the heart of an emerging dispute before the administrative law judge. At the same time, the value of the festival tends to become privatized. The introduction of corporate philanthropy and sponsoring, the use of specific intellectual property rights to protect that value (name branding laws for the designation and copyright laws for the programming) and groups lobbying for new laws to protect event organizers are all indicators that illustrate the privatization trend. Moreover, the temptation of appropriation of festival concepts fosters the proposal of a comprehensive legal qualification for which the concept of business is appropriate. Finally, the application of franchise or partnership to the festivals provides legal instruments useful to enable their duplication.

Project finance has become a vital financing vehicle for undertaking capital-intensive and infrastructure investments. In 2017 alone, the value of deals signed using project finance was estimated at approximately $229 billion. Despite its increasing importance, little is known regarding the impact of project-level, and country characteristics on the loan terms. This thesis proceeds in examining these determinants along three empirical essays. The first essay (Chapter 3) focuses on how domestic lead arrangers certification (in emerging markets) impact the pricing of project finance loans. Using a sample 1270 project finance loan tranches signed between 1998 and 2011, and worth over $300 billion, the chapter posits that domestic lead arrangers certification reduce search and information cost, which in turn, reduces the financing cost. The results, after controlling for endogeneity of certification decision, indicate a reduction of 47 basis points in the spread offered on PF loans. The magnitude of this reduction differs across industries, geographic region, and income classification of the project countries. The second essay (Chapter 4) examines the relationship between PF contractual structures and loan outcomes, using a sample of 5872 project finance loan tranches signed between 1998 and 2013, and worth approximately $1.2 trillion. The chapter hypothesises that (i) non financial contracts (NFCs) (that is, contracts used to manage the various project functions), reduces overall project risk, (ii) the involvement of project sponsors as key counterparties to the non-financial contracts is an additional signal of project s potential worth, and (iii) the effects observed in (i and ii) are stronger, if sponsor counterparties have verifiable credit ratings. After matching loan tranches with NFCs to those without, the results indicate that the use of NFCs reduce both the loan spreads and leverage ratios. This impact is higher if the sponsor counterparties are credit-rated. The results are also stronger for developing countries. The third essay examines the impact of country-level institutions on project finance loan spread and leverage ratio, using a sample of 3,362 loan tranches signed between the year 1998 - 2012. The chapter investigates whether political and legal institutions are substitutes (or complements), that is, if improvement in one absorbs the weakness of the other, and vice versa. Further, the essay examines if project finance network of contracts substitutes for these institutions. The results indicate that political and legal institutions are substitutes. Specifically, improvements in political institutions lead to a reduction in both the loan spread and leverage ratio for countries with weak legal and governance institutions. The chapter also finds that where NFCs are included in PF, the impact of political institutions on loan spread reduces. On the other hand, the impact of political institutions on leverage ratio is higher when NFCs are used. The findings from the three research chapters provide interesting insights on how lenders and sponsors create value through contract design.

The aim of this thesis is to analyze the current state of marketing communications in a football club Bohemians Praha 1905. Another aim is to suggest possible improvements in marketing communications, which would have helped the club to better work with interested groups.

No description available.

This dissertation concerns the development of the MicroWave Radiometer (MWR) brightness temperature (Tb) algorithm and the associated algorithm validation using on-orbit MWR Tb measurements. This research is sponsored by the NASA Earth Sciences Aquarius Mission, a joint international science mission, between NASA and the Argentine Space Agency (Comision Nacional de Actividades Espaciales, CONAE). The MWR is a CONAE developed passive microwave instrument operating at 23.8 GHz (K-band) H-pol and 36.5 GHz (Ka-band) H- and V-pol designed to complement the Aquarius L-band radiometer/scatterometer, which is the prime sensor for measuring sea surface salinity (SSS). MWR measures the Earth's brightness temperature and retrieves simultaneous, spatially collocated, environmental measurements (surface wind speed, rain rate, water vapor, and sea ice concentration) to assist in the measurement of SSS. This dissertation research addressed several areas including development of: 1) a signal processing procedure for determining and correcting radiometer system non-linearity; 2) an empirical method to retrieve switch matrix loss coefficients during thermal-vacuum (T/V) radiometric calibration test; and 3) an antenna pattern correction (APC) algorithm using Inter-satellite radiometric cross-calibration of MWR with the WindSat satellite radiometer. The validation of the MWR counts-to-Tb algorithm was performed using two years of on-orbit data, which included special deep space calibration measurements and routine clear sky ocean/land measurements.

Federal guidelines required prime sponsors under the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act, or CETA, to serve the "significant segments" of the eligible population. This study analyzes whether prime sponsors in Texas and Louisiana correctly identified and served those segments. This study finds that eligible ethnic groups were properly identified and were served equitably; age and gender distinctions, however, were inadequately observed in the providing of services.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação analisou as Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS), seguradoras de saúde introduzidas no sistema de saúde colombiano através da reforma sanitária instaurada com a Lei n 100/1993, desde uma perspectiva de economia política crítica, através do método de análise documental. A maioria delas são empresas privadas com finalidade lucrativa que conformaram rapidamente um oligopólio que reproduziu problemas dos modelos de Managed Care e Managed Competition já conhecidos internacionalmente. Esta dissertação analisou as relações entre os processos de financeirização do sistema capitalista e o processo de ajuste estrutural na Colômbia, com a reforma sanitária e a dinâmica financeira das EPS. Também foi analisada a introdução de mecanismos próprios do processo de financeirização na gestão financeira das EPS, como: a alavancagem; a reprodução ampliada de capital através da dívida pública; e os investimentos em ativos securitizados. Dado que o sistema de saúde atual se caracteriza por altos níveis de inequidade e injustiça, as consequências da finalidade lucrativa neste, com suas expressões concretas de sofrimento e morte na população, foram preocupações transversais deste trabalho. Os resultados desta dissertação demonstraram a concentração oligopólica do mercado de seguros privados de saúde, cujas empresas se organizaram como um cartel, dificultando o acesso aos serviços de saúde para seus segurados, o que contribuiu para a piora de indicadores de saúde da população. Quando a mobilização social obrigou a aumentar o controle sobre as EPS, estas começaram a sair do mercado declarando-se em falência, ou entrando subitamente em balanços financeiros negativos. / This thesis analyzes the Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS meaning health promoting entity), which are health insurance companies that act in the Colombian health system since the health reform law of 1993 (Law 100). Based on a document analysis and within a critical political economy framework, we firstly address the relations between the financialization process in the capitalist system, the structural reforms and the health care reform, with the EPSs financial dynamics, and secondly address the reproduction of financialization mechanism inside the EPS including financial leverage; expanded reproduction of capital through the public debt; and investments in securitized assets. Most EPS are private for profit companies, which quickly formed an oligopolistic market and exemplify internationally recognized contradictions of the Managed Care and Managed Competition models, also as its forprofit orientation and functioning has been related to the exacerbation of health inequities and has further been recognized as a driver of suffering and death in the population. This has primarily been related to the oligopolistic concentration of the private health insurance market, whose companies are organized as a cartel, hindering access to health services for the population. When social mobilization forced to increase control over the EPS, they began to leave the market declaring themselves bankrupt, or suddenly entered negative financial statements.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação analisou as Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS), seguradoras de saúde introduzidas no sistema de saúde colombiano através da reforma sanitária instaurada com a Lei n 100/1993, desde uma perspectiva de economia política crítica, através do método de análise documental. A maioria delas são empresas privadas com finalidade lucrativa que conformaram rapidamente um oligopólio que reproduziu problemas dos modelos de Managed Care e Managed Competition já conhecidos internacionalmente. Esta dissertação analisou as relações entre os processos de financeirização do sistema capitalista e o processo de ajuste estrutural na Colômbia, com a reforma sanitária e a dinâmica financeira das EPS. Também foi analisada a introdução de mecanismos próprios do processo de financeirização na gestão financeira das EPS, como: a alavancagem; a reprodução ampliada de capital através da dívida pública; e os investimentos em ativos securitizados. Dado que o sistema de saúde atual se caracteriza por altos níveis de inequidade e injustiça, as consequências da finalidade lucrativa neste, com suas expressões concretas de sofrimento e morte na população, foram preocupações transversais deste trabalho. Os resultados desta dissertação demonstraram a concentração oligopólica do mercado de seguros privados de saúde, cujas empresas se organizaram como um cartel, dificultando o acesso aos serviços de saúde para seus segurados, o que contribuiu para a piora de indicadores de saúde da população. Quando a mobilização social obrigou a aumentar o controle sobre as EPS, estas começaram a sair do mercado declarando-se em falência, ou entrando subitamente em balanços financeiros negativos. / This thesis analyzes the Empresas Promotoras de Salud (EPS meaning health promoting entity), which are health insurance companies that act in the Colombian health system since the health reform law of 1993 (Law 100). Based on a document analysis and within a critical political economy framework, we firstly address the relations between the financialization process in the capitalist system, the structural reforms and the health care reform, with the EPSs financial dynamics, and secondly address the reproduction of financialization mechanism inside the EPS including financial leverage; expanded reproduction of capital through the public debt; and investments in securitized assets. Most EPS are private for profit companies, which quickly formed an oligopolistic market and exemplify internationally recognized contradictions of the Managed Care and Managed Competition models, also as its forprofit orientation and functioning has been related to the exacerbation of health inequities and has further been recognized as a driver of suffering and death in the population. This has primarily been related to the oligopolistic concentration of the private health insurance market, whose companies are organized as a cartel, hindering access to health services for the population. When social mobilization forced to increase control over the EPS, they began to leave the market declaring themselves bankrupt, or suddenly entered negative financial statements.

Idrottssponsring ses idag som ett legitimt marknadsföringsverktyg, och är någonting som företag spenderar allt mer pengar på. För idrottsföreningar är sponsorintäkter en viktig del i att bedriva sin verksamhet. Tidigare forskning inom området hanterar frågan främst ur ett företagsperspektiv, hur företag kan nå strategiska mål genom sponsring. Det finns däremot inte lika mycket forskning som hanterar frågan ur idrottsföreningarnas perspektiv, hur de bör arbeta för attattrahera sponsorer. Därför är syftet med studien att öka förståelsen kring hur idrottsföreningar kan arbeta för att bli så attraktiva som möjligt för sponsorer. Genom en kvalitativ studie där semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts med två företag och två idrottsföreningar ger studien svar på forskningsfrågan om vad företag vill uppnå genom sin sponsring och vad idrottsföreningars värdeerbjudande består av. Empirin analyserades genom en tematisk analys baserad på teman formulerade ur studiens teoretiska referensram. Studien visar att företag lägger stor vikt vid samhällsnytta som kan kombineras med exponering, att sponsorinvesteringar ger ett affärsvärde tillbaka till företaget samt att det finns en professionell organisation att samarbeta med. Dessa resultat, i kombination med empirin från idrottsföreningarna, utmynnade i följande praktiska rekommendationer. Idrottsföreningar bör fokusera på att optimera exponeringsytor som direkt kan kopplas till samhällsnyttiga projekt, prioritera affärsmässig kompentens inom organisationen för att skapa och bibehålla professionella relationer med företagspartners samt identifiera en tydlig profil att kommunicera utåt. Dessa slutsatser och rekommendationer kan vara till hjälp för idrottsföreningar som vill utveckla sin förmåga att attrahera sponsorer. / Sports sponsorship is seen today as a legitimate marketing tool and is something that companies spend more and more money on. For sports associations, sponsorship income is an important part of running their business. Previous research in the area deals with the issue primarily from a company perspective, how companies can achieve strategic goals through sponsorship. However, there is not as much research that deals with the issue from the sports associations' perspective, how they should work to attract sponsors. Therefore, the aim of this study is to increase the understanding of how sports associations can work to become as attractive as possible to sponsors. By conducting a qualitative study with semi-structured interviews with two companies and two sports associations, the study answers the research question about what companies want to achieve with their sponsorship and what the sports associations' value offer consists of. The empirical material was analyzed with the help of a thematic analysis based on themes formulated from the studies' theoretical frame of reference. The study shows that companies attach great importance to social benefit that can be combined with exposure, that sponsorship investments should provide business value back to the company and that there is a professional organization to collaborate with. These results, combined with the empirical evidence from the sports associations, resulted in the following practical recommendations. Sports associations should concentrate on optimizing areas of exposure which can be directly linked to socially beneficial projects, prioritize business competences within the organization in order to create and maintain professional relationships with partners and finally, they should identify a clear profile to communicate externally. These conclusions and recommendations can be helpful for sports associations that want to develop their ability to attract sponsors.

No description available.