abstract: Participation in competitive sports by athletes who are physically disabled has increased dramatically in recent decades. Given this growth in participation, sports for disabled athletes represents a worthy area of exploration. The purpose of this research is to further understand what motivates people and athletes with physical impairments to partake in adaptive recreation and sport. This study will explore motivations for participation in adaptive sport within theoretical lenses of Achievement Goal Theory (AGT), Self-Determination Theory (SDT) and the Five-Factor Model by Omar-Fauzee and colleagues (2010). In addition, this study examined the relationship between motives with sense of community and life satisfaction. Seventy-one participants completed the online survey regarding the questions of interest. In order to determine if different motivations or achievement goals predicted sense of community, life satisfaction and psychological well-being, five regression models were tested. Descriptive statistics were utilized to assess the strongest motivators. Within the five-factor model, interest represented the strongest motivator followed by competency. Within the SDT framework, relatedness emerged as the strongest motivation factor. When AGT was tested, individuals with disabilities were found to be more task-oriented then ego-oriented. This indicates that people that participate in adaptive athletics value social connections, sense of freedom and developing their knowledge for sport-specific activity. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Community Resources and Development 2019

Recent research has found that self-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism have distinct consequences for athletes. The purpose of the thesis was to extend this research by further examining their motivational consequences for athletes and identifying the psychological mechanisms that explain their divergent consequences. The first two studies suggested that the positive relationship between socially prescribed perfectionism and athlete burnout was mediated by the tendency to engage in validation-seeking and utilise avoidant coping, whereas the inverse relationship between self-oriented perfectionism and athlete burnout was mediated by the tendency to utilise problem-focused coping and eschew avoidant coping. Because these initial studies provided little evidence to suggest that self-oriented perfectionism has negative psychological consequences for athletes, the nature of self-oriented perfectionism and its consequences were examined more closely in two subsequent studies. A comparative study examining similarities and differences in the correlates of selforiented perfectionism and conscientious achievement striving found that while both include a commitment to high standards, self-oriented perfectionism also includes a concern over mistakes, fear of failure and negative reactions to imperfection. An experimental study examining the response of student-athletes II higher in this dimension of perfectionism to successive failures further suggested that, in comparison to those with lower levels of self-oriented perfectionism, those with higher levels of self-oriented perfectionism experienced a more pronounced increase in threat following an initial failure and reported withdrawing effort from the subsequent performance. The final two studies suggest that the divergent consequences of these two dimensions of perfectionism may also be explained by differences in the controllability of sources of self-worth and evaluative standards. In addition, in some instances, perceptions of the achievement climate may influence the self-criticism experienced by perfectionists. Collectively, this series of studies suggest that socially prescribed perfectionism will invariably lead to motivational and psychological difficulties for athletes. In contrast, such difficulties may not be inevitable for those with higher levels of self-oriented perfectionism; however, it may render athletes vulnerable to psychological difficulties when personal standards are not meet.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Too few studies relating to motivation and wellness have targeted the NCAA Division II student-athlete (SA) population. PURPOSES: To examine differences in SAs’ sport motivation (SM) types over three time points as well as multi-dimensional wellness (MDW) levels in SAs during one time point. METHODS: Overall, 530 Division II SAs (nmales = 355, nfemales = 175) with an overall age range of 18 to 23 (M = 19.40, SD = 1.33) from 21 teams voluntarily completed the 18-item Self-Determination Theory-based SM Scale II used to measure six motivation types, the 45-item MDW Inventory used to measure nine wellness dimensions, and a demographics questionnaire. Repeated measures Analyses of Variance (ANOVA) and 2x2x3 Mixed ANOVAs were used to analyze SM types while a multivariate ANOVA was used to analyze MDW with an alpha level of 0.05 set for statistical significance. RESULTS: Analyses demonstrated statistically significant differences in SM types over time (p = .05), interactions and differences in SM types between interactive/coactive and male/female SAs (p = .05), and interactions and differences in MDW levels between male/female SAs and SAs who completed/did not complete a college wellness course (p = .05). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggested that autonomous-based SM types decreased over time whereas amotivation increased over time indicating possible athlete burnout. Interactive and female SAs showed similarities also representative of athlete burnout. SAs who completed the MDW course demonstrated higher physical wellness exercise scores than SAs who did not. Female SAs had higher means in five wellness dimensions when compared to male SAs. SAs who completed the course showed higher means for seven wellness dimensions versus SAs who did not. Further research should ensue to better understand motivation and wellness on a national scale examining Division I, II and III and NAIA athletes in order to provide more generalizable results.

Studies in Sweden have shown that about 80% of all youth in Sweden have participated in organized sport during their upbringing but at the age of 20 only 50% of these continue. There have been several attempts to understand why youth stop participating in sports but few aimed to understand why they continue. The objective of this study was to examine if there is a difference in motivation between youth (in the ages of 16-20 years) who participate in recreational and elite sports. The study was carried out as a quantitative survey where both recreational (n=35) and elite athletes (n=33) particpated. The study used a Sport Motivation Scale questionnaire translated into Swedish. The results showed three significant differences between the two grouops; amotivation, intrinsic motivation to learn and intrinsic motivation to experience. The study could conclude that intrinsic motivation and a feeling joy is the most important motivational factor for both groups to participate in sports.

In the last decade outdoor and recreational activities hence white-water rafting gained more attention in the sport market. According to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of Turkey, every year around 600.000 local and foreigner people are purchasing and participating in the white-water rafting activity as outdoor and recreational consumers. However, there has been little research done on outdoor and recreational sports participants. In particular, the reason why consumers participate in outdoor and recreational activities has not been investigated in the local market although the number of participants is rapidly extending. Since motivation and decision making behavior is a significant determinant of sport. participation, it is essential for the sport marketers to understand and evaluate psychological needs and motivations of outdoor sport participants. The purpose of this study is to analyze motivational factors of individuals as consumers who become involved in a daily rafting trip as an outdoor and recreational sport. The current research has been modified and applied from the survey of motivations of the sport consumer which was developed by McDonald and Milne (1999). The original instrument includes 43 items which represent 13 motivation factors. The survey questionnaire attempts to define and portray the Turkish white-water rafting consumers by analyzing the thirteen constructs on 517 white-water rafting trip participants and adapt the Milne &amp / McDonald&rsquo / s (1999) Motivation of the Sport Consumer Scale to Turkish culture by examining Turkish outdoor and recreational sport consumers in the case of a daily white water rafting rafting trip. To determine the dimensional structure of the items chosen and to assess the adequacy of motivational factors of the rafting consumers, data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis. Maximum Likelihood factor method was used to extract possible factors, followed by an oblique rotation to identify stable factor loadings for each item. Results of the exploratory factor analysis indicated the existence of a nine dimensions, (Self actualization &amp / self esteem, aggression, physical fitness, social facilitation, achievement &amp / competition, stress release, affiliation &amp / aesthetics, risk taking, value development) in 43-item, scale that accounted for 56.654% of the common variance. According to the results of the second factor analysis generated to define the 4 sub factors , the first factor that labeled as &lsquo / Mental well being needs&rsquo / was defining the 26.131 % of the common variance. The second factor &lsquo / Sport based needs&rsquo / was defining the 6.569 % of the common variance. The third factor which was including only the &lsquo / physical fitness&rsquo / construct / defined the 6.523 % of the common variance and labeled as Fitness needs. Finally the fourth factor which was labeled as social well being needs defined the 5.116 % of the common variance and contained the social facilitation and affiliation constructs. .

abstract: Two models of motivation are prevalent in the literature on sport and exercise participation (Deci & Ryan, 1991; Vallerand, 1997, 2000). Both models are grounded in self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985; Ryan & Deci, 2000) and consider the relationship between intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation in explaining behavior choice and outcomes. Both models articulate the relationship between need satisfaction (i.e., autonomy, competence, relatedness; Deci & Ryan, 1985, 2000; Ryan & Deci, 2000) and various cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes as a function of self-determined motivation. Despite these comprehensive models, inconsistencies remain between the theories and their practical applications. The purpose of my study was to examine alternative theoretical models of intrinsic, extrinsic, and amotivation using the Sport Motivation Scale-6 (SMS-6; Mallett et al., 2007) to more thoroughly study the structure of motivation and the practical utility of using such a scale to measure motivation among runners. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to evaluate eight alternative models. After finding unsatisfactory fit of these models, exploratory factor analysis was conducted post hoc to further examine the measurement structure of motivation. A three-factor structure of general motivation, external accolades, and isolation/solitude explained motivation best, although high cross-loadings of items suggest the structure of this construct still lacks clarity. Future directions to modify item content and re-examine structure as well as limitations of this study are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.A. Educational Psychology 2012

Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur elever på den nationellt godkända idrottsutbildningen (NIU) motiveras till sin idrott i enlighet med Self-determination Theory och Organismic Integration Theory, med hjälp av en modifierad Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-6). Vidare syftar studien till att undersöka om elever på den nationellt godkända idrottsutbildningen (NIU) upplever utbrändhet, med hjälp av Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Till sist ämnar studien att undersöka om det föreligger något samband mellan elevernas motivation och utbrändhet. Tidigare studier beskriver att elitidrottare har visat sig vara en särskild utsatt population gentemot utbrändhet. Detta på grund av en långvarig press och stress i samband med elitidrott.  Metod: Datainsamlingen erhölls med mejlkonversationer mellan författare och NIU gymnasieskolor i Stockholm. 15 NIU gymnasieskolor kontaktades på mejl och 7 av dessa gymnasieskolor deltog i studien. 131 elever som betraktas som elitidrottare deltog i studien genom att besvara ett frågeformulär bestående av 39 påståenden med hjälp av en 7 gradig Likertskala. 24 påståenden utgjordes av SMS-6 och 15 påståenden utgjordes av ABQ. Resultat: De tre högsta noterade medelvärdena utifrån SMS-6 var integrated motivation (M = 5,7), identified motivation (M = 4,9) och introjected motivation (M = 4,7). ABQ medelvärde noterades till (M = 3). De två främsta fynden i studien var en negativ signifikant korrelation mellan integrated motivation (-0,18) och utbrändhet och en positiv signifikant korrelation mellan amotivation och utbrändhet (0,37). Slutsats: Utifrån studiens resultat så verkar det som att höga nivåer av självbestämd motivation motarbetar symptom av utbrändhet. Det verkar också som att låga nivåer av självbestämd motivation framhäver symptom av utbrändhet. / Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate how elite athlete students in Swedish high schools are motivated towards their sports by Self-determination Theory and Organismic Integration Theory, regarding the Modified Sport Motivation Scale (SMS-6). The study further aims to investigate if elite athlete students had developed symptoms of burnout, regarding the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Finally, this study aims to investigate if there exist any correlations between student’s motivation and symptoms of burnout. Studies have reported findings of elite athletes as a special vulnerable group towards symptoms of burnout. Elite athletes train close to their limits, strain themselves to highest achievements. They are also part of that special vulnerable population who may experience symptoms of burnout due to a prolonged stress and pressure associated with elite sports.  Methods: Data collection was obtained by emails between the investigators and high schools in Stockholm. 15 sport high schools were contacted by email and 7 of these high schools participated in the study. 131 elite athlete students participated in the study by answering a questionnaire which contained 39 items, specifically 24 items by SMS-6 and 15 items by ABQ. The questionnaire were answered by a 7 point Likert scale.  Results: The three highest scored means by SMS-6 was the integrated motivation (M = 5,7), identified motivation (M = 4,9) and introjected motivation (M = 4,7). ABQ measure of burnout was (M = 3). The two major findings in the present study was a negative significant correlation reported for integrated motivation and burnout (-0,18) and a positive significant correlation reported for amotivation and burnout (0,37).  Conclusion: By the results in the present study it seems as high levels of self-determinated motivation counteract symptoms of burnout. Thus it also seems as low levels of self-determinated motivation may contribute to symptoms of burnout.

Title: Management of Physical Education and Sport Field of Study - Students' Motivation and Studying Satisfaction. Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to identify current students and graduates ' main motives for initiating the study of Management of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague. The work maps whether the students are satisfied with their choice of study and detect whether the expectations they had before studying were met. Another aim of the thesis is to develop recommendations for increasing students' satisfaction with the field of study and to propose recommendations which may lead to the improvement of the current situation on the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport. Methods: The thesis uses the method of questioning and group discussion method. The questioning method was applied on a sample of respondents comprising of all the current students of Management of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague and the graduates in this field. Group discussion method was applied to a selected sample of eight students from the researched field of study. Results: Using the research methods motives that prompted students, respectively graduates to study a field Management of Physical Education and Sport on Charles University in Prague were identified....

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 mauricio lobo giusti.pdf: 744375 bytes, checksum: 3b95bba23b095fb11f1409e04f576b46 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-20 / Objectives: Characterize the female futsal high-level athletes em Brazil, check the characteristics of the athletes invited to the Brazilian national team in 2013, as well as identify the motivational profile and evaluate the factors associated with motivation for the Sport among athletes. Method: Transversal descriptive study, having Brazilian futsal athletes as target audience, participants of the 2013 Feminine Futsal League. It was applied a questionnaire created by the researchers and the profile of motivation was evaluated through the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Results: The majorities of athletes are adults, of socio-economic classification B, are studying with integral funding, started playing at the streets or school, with less than 9 years old. Also, they would like to dedicate more time to futsal and the majority is paid to play. Being called-up is associated with being adult, having finished high school or attending post-graduation, receiving integral funding and being invited, indicated or hired from other team by their current team. The average score of the athletes for intrinsic motivation (IM) were higher than the score of extrinsic motivation (EM). The average of demotivation dimensions presented the lowest values. The athletes that were studying present higher IM. The athletes with 10 years or more in futsal were the most demotivated. Conclusion: This research sought to describe the profile of athletes that dispute the most important futsal national championship, besides describing the characteristics of the athletes that were called up for the Brazilian national team. Starting from these findings, it was notices an important encouragement to education continued between the athletes and also a high score of intrinsic motivation that seems to be connected with studying. The demotivational scores were low, however, the increase of years of practice may lead to higher scores of demotivation in the sport / Objetivos: Caracterizar as atletas de futsal feminino de alto rendimento no Brasil, verificar as características das atletas convocadas para a seleção brasileira em 2013, bem como, identificar o perfil motivacional e avaliar os fatores associados à motivação para o esporte entre as atletas. Método: Estudo descritivo transversal, tendo como população alvo as atletas brasileiras de futsal, participantes da Liga Futsal Feminina 2013. Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado criado pelos pesquisadores e o perfil da motivação foi avaliado através da Escala de Motivação no Esporte (SMS). Resultados: A maioria das atletas é adulta, de classificação econômica B, está estudando com financiamento integral, começou a jogar na rua ou na escola, com menos de 9 anos. Também gostariam de dedicar mais tempo ao futsal e a grande maioria é remunerada para jogar. Ser convocada esteve associado a ser adulta, ter concluído o ensino superior ou estar cursando pós-graduação, receber financiamento integral dos estudos e ter sido convidada, indicada ou contratada de outra equipe para sua equipe atual. Os escores médios das atletas para motivação intrínseca (MI) foram maiores que os escores de motivação extrínseca (ME). A média da dimensão desmotivação apresentou os menores valores. As atletas que estavam estudando apresentaram maior MI. As atletas com dez anos ou mais na prática do futsal estavam mais desmotivadas. Conclusão: Este estudo buscou caracterizar e descrever o perfil motivacional das atletas que disputaram o campeonato nacional mais importante da modalidade, além de descrever as características das atletas convocadas para a Seleção Brasileira. A partir destes achados observou-se um importante incentivo a educação continuada entre as atletas e também um alto escore de motivação intrínseca que parece estar relacionada ao estudo. Os escores de desmotivação foram baixos, no entanto, o aumento dos anos de prática parece levar a maiores escores de desmotivação para o esporte

Syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka tränarbeteenden som föredras av elever på svenska elitishockeygymnasier samt att få en inblick hur motivationen är hos dessa elever.  Frågeställningar: 1. Hur uppfattar eleverna olika tränarbeteenden? 2. Hur ser motivationen ut hos eleverna? 3. Finns det några skillnader mellan könen i dessa två variabler? 4. Finns det några skillnader mellan de olika spelpositionerna inom ishockey? 5. Finns det ett samband mellan specifika tränarbeteenden och viss motivationstyp? Metod: Deltagare i denna kvantitativa studie var elever på landets elitishockeygymnasier som fyllt 18 år. Undersökningen genomfördes i form av en webb-enkät i Google Forms. Enkäten har bestått av två redan färdiga enkäter, Leadership Scale for Sports och Sport Motivation Scale-II. Enkäten har skickats till de ansvariga för respektive elitishockeygymnasium i landet som sedan förmedlat enkäten vidare till eleverna. Resultatet från enkäten har bearbetats i statistikprogrammet SPSS version 24 där T-test, korrelationer, one-way ANOVA samt Cronbach’s alfa har genomförts.  Resultat: Autokratiskt beteende var det minst uppskattade beteenden och positiv feedback det mest uppskattade.  Den motivationstyp som förekom i högst grad hos undersökningsgruppen var inre motivation och i lägst grad förekom amotivation. En statistisk signifikant skillnad mellan könen i föredragna tränarbeteenden visades, då kvinnorna i högre grad föredrog demokratiskt beteende jämfört med männen. Mellan de olika positionerna fanns det statistisk signifikant skillnad inom amotivation, där målvakterna visade mer amotivation än backarna. Samband av medel-styrka kunde ses mellan inre motivation och träning/instruktion samt positiv feedback, men även mellan extern reglering och träning/instruktion. Fler samband med låg styrka kunde påvisas. Slutsats: De mest föredragna tränarbeteendena samt motivationstyperna har påvisats. Även skillnader och samband har framkommit. En viktig slutsats är att de undersökta variablerna hänger ihop och har en stor påverkan på varandra, då idrottarnas motivation påverkar tränarens beteende, samtidigt som tränarens beteende påverkar idrottarnas motivation.