Background: The PHQ-4 is a widely used open access screening instrument for depression and anxiety in different health care and community settings; however, empirical evidence of its psychometric quality in Colombia is lacking. The objectives of the current study were to generate normative data and to further investigate the construct validity and factorial structure of the PHQ-4 in the general population. Methods: A nationally representative face-to-face household survey was conducted in Colombia in 2012 (n = 1,500). The item characteristics of the PHQ-4 items, including the inter-item correlations and inter-subscale correlations, were investigated. To measure the scale’s reliability, the internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) was assessed. For factorial validity, the factor structure of the PHQ-4 was examined with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Results: The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the PHQ-4 was 0.84. The confirmatory factor analysis supported a two-factor model, which was structurally invariant between different age and gender groups. Normative data for the PHQ-4 were generated for both genders and different age levels. Women had significantly higher mean scores compared with men [1.4 (SD: 2.1) vs. 1.1 (SD: 1.9), respectively]. The results supported the discriminant validity of the PHQ-4. Conclusions: The normative data provide a framework for the interpretation and comparisons of the PHQ-4 with other populations in Colombia. The evidence supports the reliability and validity of the two-factor PHQ-4 as a measure of anxiety and depression in the general Colombian population.

OF DIPLOMA THESIS Author: Bc. Veronika Husovská Supervisor: Mgr. Petra Dvořáková Title: Standardized assessment of sensory disorders in school aged children Summary: The thesis deals with problems of sensory processing disorders in school aged children. The aim of this diploma thesis is to create a working version of the standardized questionnaire Sensory Profile 2 School companion. Another aim is to verify the clinical applicability of this standardized questionnaire by using it to do a screening on school aged children to identify those with a sensory processing disorder within the classroom. The theoretical part of the thesis is focused on the diagnosis of sensory processing disorders (SPD), their diagnostics and the roles of an occupational therapist in SPD. Diagnostic tools for detecting SPD are presented and described in the thesis. The standardized questionnaire Sensory Profile 2, mainly the category School companion, is presented in this thesis. Methods: The practical part of the diploma thesis is elaborated in the form of quantitative pre-research. 39 respondents were evaluated by a standardized questionnaire Sensory Profile 2 School companion for the purpose of pre-research. The respondents were chosen in accordance to the tests purpose. Respondents were third-grade students studying...

Las herramientas Lean Manufacturing son empleadas en diferentes rubros de negocio para eliminar, combinar, replantear y/o simplificar actividades que no agregan valor a la empresa, esto debido a los resultados positivos obtenidos tras su implementación. En el presente trabajo de investigación se desarrollan diversas herramientas Lean que son implementadas en una MYPE del sector metalmecánico dedicada a la elaboración de equipos de cocina en el Perú. Como punto inicial se realiza un análisis macro de la empresa para conocer a detalle todos los procesos involucrados y los desperdicios generados en cada una de ellas. Para ello, es necesario conocer la materia prima, maquinaria, mano de obra y los costos involucrados para una óptima toma de decisiones. Tras la visión del panorama general de la empresa se definen las herramientas a usar para alcanzar los objetivos principales que son estandarizar el trabajo, reducir el porcentaje de mudas en el proceso productivo, reducir las fallas por maquinaria y organizar las áreas de trabajo para agilizar el flujo en la línea de producción. Para lograr ello, se implementa como base la herramienta 5S para así continuar con el trabajo estandarizado, el cual permitirá homogeneizar los procedimientos de cada proceso, reducir el tiempo de producción y variabilidad en los métodos de trabajo; y el mantenimiento preventivo, el cual reducirá las fallas por maquinaria con un plan de mantenimiento estructurado. Tras la implementación de las herramientas Lean se logran obtener ahorros del 13% en costos operativos de la empresa. / Lean Manufacturing tools are used at any type of company to eliminate non-added activities, this because them give positive results after its implementation. In the present research work, different Lean tools that are implemented in a metalworking SME dedicated to the manufacture of kitchen equipment are developed. As a starting point, a macro analysis of the company is carried out to find out in detail all the processes involved and the waste generated in each of them. For this, it is necessary to know raw material, machinery, labor and all the costs involved for an optimal decision making. Following the vision of the general panorama of the company, the tools to be used to achieve the main objectives are defined, which are to standardize work, reduce the percentage of wastes in the production process, reduce machinery failures and organize work areas to speed up the flow on the production line. To achieve this, the 5S tool is implemented as a basis to continue with the standard work, which will make it possible to standardize the procedures of each process, reduce production time and variability in work methods; and preventive maintenance, which will reduce machinery failures with a structured maintenance plan. After the implementation of Lean tools, results have shown savings of 13% in the company's operating costs is achieved. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

I denna uppsats studeras användandet av traditionella och icke-traditionella expatriatuppdrag. Uppsatsens frågeställning är: I vilken utsträckning kan syften med traditionella expatriater uppfyllas av icke-traditionella uppdrag? Detta undersöks genom en kvalitativ studie på ett multinationellt företag som länge arbetat med expatriater. Resultatet visar tydliga exempel på hur externa faktorer samt organisatoriska- och individuella drivkrafter påverkar expatriatuppdrag när det kommer till dess syfte och/eller uppdragstyp. Resultatet visar också att flera av de syften som forskare presenterat för traditionella expatriater identifierats inom vissa icke-traditionella expatriatuppdrag. Utöver detta påträffas syftet att minska risken för konflikter som kan uppstå till följd av kulturella skillnader. Detta visade sig endast kunna uppfyllas av traditionella expatriatuppdrag, vilket motiverar att icke-traditionella uppdrag i liten utsträckning kan uppfylla traditionella uppdrag. Däremot visar studien en pågående trend mot ett minskande av traditionella expatriatuppdrag och en större acceptans gentemot alternativa uppdrag. / This paper aims to examine the employment of traditional long-term and non-standardized expatriate assignments. The question posed is: To what extent can the aims of traditional long-term assignments be reached with non-standardized assignments? To do this, the authors have performed a case study of a multinational company with a long history of employing expatriates. The theoretical framework for the study was devised by focusing on factors considered to affect the purposes and design of expatriate assignments. The results clearly demonstrate, through the examples presented, how external factors, together with organizational and individual motivations, influence the design of expatriate assignments, in terms both of the purpose and the type of assignment chosen. Similar goals with expatriates have been identified within some non-standardized expatriate assignments. Further to discussing these goals, the paper also discusses the aim of reducing the risk of conflict arising through cultural differences. As this only turned out to be relevant in the case of traditional long-term assignments, one may assert that non- standardized assignments can fulfil the goals of traditional long-term assignments to a limited extent only. Furthermore, the study demonstrates an ongoing trend towards a reduction in the use of traditional long-term assignments, and a growing tendency to accept alternative non- standardized assignments.

Although early mathematics instruction is predictive of future mathematics achievement, the effects of STEM-based mathematics instruction on mathematics gains in elementary school have been largely unexplored. The purpose of this quantitative study was to determine whether mathematics scores from third grade student state-mandated standardized mathematics test differ between students who were enrolled in STEM schools and students who were enrolled in non-STEM schools in the largest school district located in a Southwestern state in the United States. Polya's problem-solving heuristics formed the theoretical framework because of their relevance to concepts on the third grade mathematics test. Two research questions focused on intraindividual changes and interindividual changes over time in standardized mathematics test scores of third grade students who were enrolled in 18 STEM and 18 non-STEM schools. Analyses included growth curve modeling and a one-way random effect ANOVA to determine individual growth trajectories of mathematics test scores from individual schools over time from 2012 through 2017. The results indicated that there were no intraindividual differences in growth over time within schools, and there were interindividual changes in growth over time between schools, but the changes could not be explained by the independent variables, STEM and non-STEM schools. Findings were not consistent with the literature, which indicated early STEM-based mathematics instruction is more beneficial than traditional instruction. This study offers implications for positive social change by demonstrating equivalent results of STEM to non-STEM instruction, which may encourage more hands-on, inquiry-based learning for all children.

Background: The increased attention to the subject of sustainable development within the fashion industry is frequently explained by how the fashion industry has become global, connecting brands, producers, manufacturers, businesses, and consumers across the entire globe. This has further led to the need for new constellations of global multi stakeholder collaborations. In 2009, a rather remarkable collaboration was announced; Patagonia and Walmart are pairing up to fight for a sustainable apparel, footwear, and textile industry. The collaboration is called The Sustainable Apparel Coalition (SAC) and is today representing nearly half of the entire volume of global production for apparel and footwear. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to identify key decision points and actions in the development of SAC and the Higg Index. The aim is to understand how to create a foundation for sustainable development within the fashion, apparel and textile industry on a global scale. Methodology: The research has been conducted through an exploratory case study of qualitative character, focusing on the development process of SAC and the Higg Index. The data has been collected through in-depth interviews with participants having prior knowledge, insight, participation, and experience of the development process of SAC and the Higg Index. Further the data has been analyzed through an inductive thematic analysis. Result & Analysis: Several interesting themes arrived in the result. However, these were narrowed down to four key factors for the development process of SAC and the Higg Index; Industry collaboration through democratic organizational culture, Getting the right people on the bus, then teaching them how to drive it, Trustworthy standards, communication and transparency throughout the supply chain, and Striving for global sustainable development = good for business. Research Limitations & Suggestions for Future Research: Due to the exploratory character of the study, conclusions have been drawn with caution and has rather aimed to focus on the contribution of new insights, a deeper understanding and increased knowledge of the development of SAC and the Higg Index. The main suggestion for future research is to conduct a study which includes the perspective of the manufacturers and workers within the supply chain. This type of study could assist with gaining further insights of obstacles and potential solutions for how to globally adopt the Higg Index within all levels of the supply chain in the most successful way.

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Bostad är för de flesta den största investeringen en person gör och finansieras med hjälp av bolån. Bolån medför makroekonomiska risker, till följd av höga skuldkvoter och minskad konsumtion. För att minska dessa infördes år 2016 samt år 2018 amorteringskrav. Amorteringskraven kan ses som mindre reglering hos bankerna men är av många ansedd som ett komplext införande. Rådgivare på svenska banker är de som ansvarar för utlåning till privatpersoner och de har behövt anpassa sig efter de nya regelverken. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur amorteringskraven påverkat bolånerådgivare i form av stress, standardiserad arbetsprocess och inlärning. Detta för att undersöka om det upplevdes som stressande att behöva anpassa sig till amorteringskraven. Vidare undersöktes vilka konsekvenser amorteringskravens införande fått för bolånerådgivares arbete, huruvida det i takt med ett ökande antal regleringar blivit mer standardiserat. Slutligen studerades om amorteringskraven upplevdes som svåra att lära sig eller implementera i det dagliga arbetet. Genom en kvantitativ forskningsmetod, har rådgivare svarat på en enkät baserad på studiens syfte. Tidigare studier har i större utsträckning fokuserat på amorteringskravens ekonomiska konsekvenser samt hur de påverkat bostadsmarknaden. Syftet med studien är därmed intressant att undersöka utifrån ett yrkesprofessionellt perspektiv.  Resultatet av studien visade ett samband mellan amorteringskravens införande och en ökad stressnivå hos rådgivarna. Resultatet stödjer även tidigare forskning vad gäller att rådgivarna upplevt att amorteringskraven bidragit till en mer standardiserad arbetsprocess. Däremot fanns det inget stöd för att amorteringskraven varit svåra att lära sig eller att implementera i arbetet med bolånerådgivning. / For most people, housing is the biggest investment in life, and it is financed by mortgages. However, this entails macroeconomic risks as a result of high debt ratios and reduced consumption. To reduce these risks, amortization requirements were introduced in 2016 and 2018. The amortization requirements can be seen as a minor regulation for the banks, but it is considered by many to be a complex regulation. Advisors in Swedish banks are the ones responsible for lending to private individuals and have therefore had to adapt to the new rules. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the amortization requirements has affected mortgage advisors in terms of stress, standardized work process and learning. This is with the reason to examine investigate whether it was considered stressful to have to adapt to the amortization requirements. Furthermore, the consequences of the introduction of the amortization requirements for the work of mortgage counselors were examined, whether, as a growing number of regulations became more standardized. Finally, it was studied whether the amortization requirements were perceived as difficult to learn or implement in the mortgage advisors daily work. Through a quantitative research, advisors have responded to a survey based on the purpose of the study. Previous studies have focused to a greater extent on the financial consequences of the amortization requirements and how they have affected the housing market. The purpose of the study is thus interesting to investigate from a professional perspective.   The results of the study showed a link between the introduction of the amortization requirements and an increased stress level of the advisers. The result also supports previous research in that the advisers considered that the amortization requirements contributed to a more standardized work process. However, there was no support for the fact that the repayment requirements were difficult to learn or implement in the work of mortgage counseling.

Bakgrund: International Standards on Auditing (ISA) är en uppsättning med 36 standarder som svenska revisorer har att förhålla sig till vid revision av företag. En av dessa, ISA 540, genomgick nyligen en omarbetning, och den nya versionen är tillämplig för räkenskapsperioder som startade 15 december 2019 och senare. Standarden hanterar revision av uppskattningar i redovisningen, ett område som innebär en växande utmaning för revisorer. Standardsättaren menar att den nya standarden innebär utökade krav och mer detaljerad vägledning kring revision av uppskattningar med syfte att höja revisionskvaliteten. Det finns dock tidigare forskning som visar på att utökad reglering inte självklart leder till förbättrad revisionskvalitet. Det har också funnits en oro från berörda att standardändringen skulle generera i en ökad arbetsbörda som inte vägs upp av de positiva effekterna. Syfte: Syftet med undersökningen är att förklara om ISA 540 (omarbetad) har påverkat revisorers arbetssätt och arbetsbörda. Undersökningen ämnar också att utifrån revisorers upplevelse av den nya standardens konsekvenser dra slutsatser kring påverkan på revisionskvaliteten. Metod: En kvantitativ undersökningsmetod har använts för att kunna dra generella slutsatser kring resultatet. Insamling av data gjordes med hjälp av enkäter för att fånga revisorers upplevelse av den nya standardens påverkan på deras arbete. Hypotesprövning har sedan genomförts med hjälp av teckentest. Slutsats: Slutsatsen är att revision av uppskattningar är ett arbete som blivit mer standardiserat och innebär en högre arbetsbörda för revisorer på grund av ISA 540 (omarbetad). Samtidigt har standarden lett till en förbättring av revisionskvaliteten. Utifrån diskussionen i tidigare studier var detta resultat inte att förvänta, då mer standardiserade processer har kritiserats för att hämma professionellt omdöme vilket i själva verket sägs vara det som förbättrar revisionskvaliteten. / Background: International standards on auditing (ISA) is a set of 36 standards that Swedish auditors have to adhere to when auditing companies. One of these, ISA 540, was recently revised, and the new version is applicable for accounting periods starting December 15, 2019 and later. The standard deals with the audit of estimates, an area that poses a growing challenge for auditors. The standard setter claims that the new standard entails increased requirements and more detailed guidance on auditing estimates with the aim of raising the quality of audits. However, there is previous research that shows that increased regulation does not obviously lead to improved audit quality. There has also been a concern from relevant bodies that the revised standard would generate an increased workload that is not offset by the positive effects. Purpose: The purpose of the report is to explain whether ISA 540 (revised) has affected auditors' working methods and workload. The survey also intends to draw conclusions about the impact on the quality of audits based on auditors' experience of the consequences of the revised standard. Methods: A quantitative method has been used to be able to draw general conclusions about the results. Data was collected using surveys to capture auditors' experience of the revised standard's impact on their work. Sign tests were then performed in order to test the hypothesis of the report. Conclusion: The conclusion is that auditing estimates is a work that has become more standardized and entails a higher workload for auditors due to ISA 540 (revised). At the same time, the standard has led to an improvement in audit quality. Based on the discussion in previous studies, this result was not to be expected, as more standardized processes have been criticized for inhibiting professional judgment, which in fact is said to be what improves the audit quality.

Syftet med studien är attundersöka vad som påverkar socialsekreterarens riskbedömningsarbete inom socialtjänsten med målgruppen våld i nära relation. Jag kommer även redovisa socialarbetarens handlingsutrymme i förhållande till standardiserat bedömningsarbete, redogöraför verktyget FREDA-bedömningsmetodersamt deövriga faktorer som påverkar bedömning. Syftet är även att kunna använda mig av enkäten för att undersökaom det finns ett samband mellan olika faktorer såsom tillförlitligheten av den egna bedömningenkopplad till erfarenhet och utbildning. För att kunna uppnå syftet besvaradestvå frågeställningar;hur ser socialtjänstens bedömningsarbete ut med våldsutsatta, särskilt vid användning av verktyget FREDA-bedömningsmetoder?Vilka faktorer utöver standardiseratarbete påverkar socialarbetarenshandlingsutrymme vid bedömning?Till uppsatsen har jag använt mig av en kvantitativ enkätstudie utifrån en deduktiv ansats.Enkäten bestod av 14innehållande frågor. Enkäten distribuerats ut via mejloch Facebook.se för yrkesverksamma socialsekreterare som arbetar med riskbedömning av fortsatt våld i nära relation. Sammantaget skickades enkäten till samtliga 26 kommuner inom Stockholms ländär tiomedverkade. Dessavar fördeladepå 29 socialsekreterare. Enkäten besvaradesi sin helhet av 32socialsekreteraredär tre kom från okänd/okända kommuner i Sverige. Med hjälp av statistisk analysoch diagramhar resultatet sammanställtsochtvå olika korstabeller harutformats för att undersöka sambandsanalys. Enkäten uppnådde 86 %besvarade frågor i sin helhet.Resultatet har analyserats utifrånkunskapsläge, tidigare forskning samtLipskys teori omgräsrotsbyråkrati. Resultatetvisaratt majoriteten av socialsekreterareär överens om att det finns flera faktorer utöver bedömningsinstrument som påverkar riskbedömningen.Studiensslutsats landar i att majoriteten av socialsekreterare väljer att användasig av individuell bedömning med stöd av verktyget FREDA-bedömningsmetodersamt att det förs en diskussion om att faktorer, erfarenhet och utbildning/vidareutbildningarligger till grund för den individuella bedömningen. / The purpose of the study is to investigate what affects the social workers risk assessment work in the social service with the target group violence in close relation. I will also report on the social worker's extent of action in relation to standardized assessment work. I will be describing the tool FREDA assessment methods and the other factors that influence the social worker's assessment. The purpose is also to be able to use the survey to investigate whether there is a connection between various factors such as the reliability of one's own assessment and one's own assessment linked to experience and education. To achieve the purpose, two questions were answered; whatdoes the social services assessment work look like with violence, especially when usingthe tool FREDA assessment methods? What factors besides standardized work affect the social worker's scope for assessment?For the thesis I have used a quantitative survey study based on a deductive approach. The survey consisted of 14 containing questions and was distributed via e-mail and Facebook.se for professional social workers who work with risk assessment of continued violence in close relation. In total, the questionnaire was sent to all 26 municipalities in Stockholm County, of which ten participate. They were distributed to 29 social secretaries. The survey was answered in itsentirety by the 32 social workers, where three came from unknown / unknown municipalities in Sweden. Using statistical analysis and graphs, the results have been compiled and two different cross tables have been designed to investigate relationship analysis. The survey achieved 86% answered questions in its entirety. The results have been analyzed on the base of knowledge, previous research and Lipsky's theory of grassroots bureaucracy. The result shows that most of the social workers agree that there are several factors besides assessment instruments that affect risk assessment. The study concludes that the majority of social secretaries choose to use individual assessment with the aid of the tool FREDA assessment methods, and that there is a discussion that the factors of experience and education / further education are the basis for the individual assessment.