The global market is very competitive due to fast changes in complex business environments and to survive or expand the business, organizations must embrace organizational change. However, adapting to change is not always easy, where organizations may experience obstacles and resistance along the way. Organizations may also experience that it is very hard to implement lean successfully, due to lack of know-how but especially resistance. The traditional way is to blame the blue-collars for the disturbing circumstances but in modern times the wind has changed its course where the managers themselves can be a contributor for implementation failures. Therefore, the aim of the research is to investigate what advantages that can be obtained by implementing a certain change initiative. Furthermore, to determine where resistance occurs and how to eliminate or reduce them. The change initiative in this research is implemented by conducting a case study in a Small Medium Enterprise (SMEs), where the main goal is to reduce the changeover time of a machine, by finding improvement suggestions using the Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) methodology. The results generated several improvement opportunities and gave an indication that there is a huge potential for improvements and elimination of waste during a typical changeover. The positive outcomes of implementing these improvement opportunities could theoretically reduce the changeover time, which directly reduces the overall cost but higher responsiveness, flexibility and efficiency can also be obtained. However, the evidence tells a story where the organization could experience obstacles during the implementation of the improvement suggestions, due to several factors. Surprisingly, the evidence points out that one root problem for resistance is difficulties of describing the underlying reason of the change initiative to the blue-collars. Moreover, there is in fact resistance and lack of awareness of the SMED methodology among the blue-collars and the managers, where fear of the unknown is another root problem for resistance.

本論文採用民國六十七年至九十一年人力資源調查五月份的資料，建構人力資源調查合併資料檔案，根據相異指數、以及Tam（2001b）的標準化女性比例，進行職業層次、產業層次、工作層次性別隔離的程度和樣貌的趨勢分析，並以三維立體圖形方法呈現結果。研究結果顯示，職業層次的性別隔離近乎整合且標準化女性比例的百分比座落在60％至70％之職業有逐漸增多的趨勢、產業層次的性別隔離也呈現整合而中性職業增加的趨勢、至於工作層次性別隔離程度則逐漸下降且也呈現出整合的趨勢變化，而工作層次性別隔離程度高過職業層次性別隔離程度。另採用民國六十九年與七十九年台閩地區戶口及住宅普查資料完整母體資料所建構的工作層次資料，以檢驗使用人力運用調查的樣本資料得出之工作層次資料的結果，證明後者的分析具有效度。而採用普查資料進行探究也發現，無論是在更細緻的職業層次（三分位職業代碼）和工作層次（三分位職業代碼與二分位行業代碼的工作代碼組合）、或者是在與人力資源調查相同的職業層次（二分位職業代碼）和工作層次（二分位職業代碼與二分位行業代碼的工作代碼組合）的分析層次下，採用相異指數和標準化女性比例的結果皆是性別隔離程度下降、也呈現出整合的趨勢變化，工作層次性別隔離程度也高過職業層次性別隔離程度，然其僅提供十年間的資訊，實為可惜之處。 / This study uses data from 1978-2002 Manpower Utilization Survey (MUS) for analyzing, ultimately, job-level sex segregation in Taiwanese workplace. Taking into account the limitation of large amount of small-N job cells due to the relatively smaller sample sizes, the method of mid-point of interval estimation and 5-year aggregation is applied with its strength of consecutive data series: pooling data across 1978 to 1982 as estimation for year 1980, and so on, to construct 5-year aggregated MUS data. To view the job-level sex segregation pattern, job-level datasets are established by the “combination of occupation and industry codes”, from which there are units of analysis, job cells. And discarding small-N reliable sampled jobs in MUS is essential to avoid biased results for they contain extreme sex composition after comparing with those from population data of 1980 and 1990 Taiwanese Censuses. Findings indicate that the degree of occupational, industrial, and job-level sex segregation is somewhat increasing by Duncan and Duncan’s Dissimilarity Index, by which it is unable to measure the exact segregation degree because of its margin-dependent trait. However, by using Tam’s margin-free index: Standardized Percent Women, findings indicate that: (1) for occupational-level sex segregation, there is a trend of integration, and those occupations with 60%- 70% SPWOM shows a slight increase; (2) for industrial sex segregation, the trend almost remain the same, just that gender-neutral industries increase a bit, especially in recent years; (3) as for the degree of job-level sex segregation, it is declining, and there is a long-term trend of integration in Taiwanese workplace over the past 25 years. Therefore, job-level analysis does show what the past occupational and industrial analysis cannot present. And the findings from MUS are robust, based on the contrast analysis from population data of 1980 and 1990 Taiwanese Censuses; in addition, research outcomes from Census data also show integrated pattern in occupational and job-level sex segregation in that decade.

This paper evaluates whether students’ perceptions of Appalachian English improve through a method of instruction that uses dialect literature in the classroom. Most existing methods of instruction tend to portray dialects as wrong, incorrect, or in some way less rule-governed than Standardized English, despite the numerous studies that have demonstrated otherwise (e.g., Labov 1969, Wolfram 1986). The data from this study derives from two groups of students enrolled in introductory composition and communication at the University of Kentucky. Each group is given a pre-test to determine attitudes toward Appalachian English and Standardized English. An experimental group is then exposed to a method that incorporates texts that use Appalachian English features, while no specific dialect literature is included in the control group. After the conclusion of the lessons, students in both groups complete a post-test used to analyze whether their perceptions of Appalachian English changed throughout the study. The experimental method results in significant increases in several of the attitude measures for Appalachian English, while the students that did not receive this method of instruction experienced no increase for the linguistic variety. These results demonstrate that this method has potential for reducing negative perceptions towards speakers of non-standard dialects.

Cette thèse présente une approche d'analyse des textes non-standardisé qui consiste à modéliser une chaine de traitement permettant l’annotation automatique de textes à savoir l’annotation grammaticale en utilisant une méthode d’étiquetage morphosyntaxique et l’annotation sémantique en mettant en œuvre un système de reconnaissance des entités nommées. Dans ce contexte, nous présentons un système d'analyse du Moyen Français qui est une langue en pleine évolution dont l’orthographe, le système flexionnel et la syntaxe ne sont pas stables. Les textes en Moyen Français se singularisent principalement par l’absence d’orthographe normalisée et par la variabilité tant géographique que chronologique des lexiques médiévaux.L’objectif est de mettre en évidence un système dédié à la construction de ressources linguistiques, notamment la construction des dictionnaires électroniques, se basant sur des règles de morphologie. Ensuite, nous présenterons les instructions que nous avons établies pour construire un étiqueteur morphosyntaxique qui vise à produire automatiquement des analyses contextuelles à l’aide de grammaires de désambiguïsation. Finalement, nous retracerons le chemin qui nous a conduits à mettre en place des grammaires locales permettant de retrouver les entités nommées. De ce fait, nous avons été amenés à constituer un corpus MEDITEXT regroupant des textes en Moyen Français apparus entre le fin du XIIIème et XVème siècle. / This thesis presents a non-standardized text analysis approach which consists a chain process modeling allowing the automatic annotation of texts: grammar annotation using a morphosyntactic tagging method and semantic annotation by putting in operates a system of named-entity recognition. In this context, we present a system analysis of the Middle French which is a language in the course of evolution including: spelling, the flexional system and the syntax are not stable. The texts in Middle French are mainly distinguished by the absence of normalized orthography and the geographical and chronological variability of medieval lexicons.The main objective is to highlight a system dedicated to the construction of linguistic resources, in particular the construction of electronic dictionaries, based on rules of morphology. Then, we will present the instructions that we have carried out to construct a morphosyntactic tagging which aims at automatically producing contextual analyzes using the disambiguation grammars. Finally, we will retrace the path that led us to set up local grammars to find the named entities. Hence, we were asked to create a MEDITEXT corpus of texts in Middle French between the end of the thirteenth and fifteenth centuries.

A teoria sobre Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação (SNI) evoluiu significativamente e tem auxiliado no diagnóstico de inovação em diferentes países. Ela tem sido criticada, porém, pela ausência de conceitos, instrumentos e ações práticas que permitam atuar no aprimoramento contínuo desses sistemas. No Brasil, por exemplo, análises do SNI indicam entraves como dispersão de recursos, fraquezas no sistema educacional e baixo investimento em P&D, mas não indicam caminhos concretos para se estimular mudanças nos atores do sistema. Este trabalho descreve uma experiência de indução da melhoria no SNI brasileiro, combinando a teoria de SNI com conceitos clássicos de Sistemas de Gestão Normalizados. Propõe-se um modelo de gestão que serve de orientação para Instituições de Pesquisa Científica e Tecnológica, pertencentes a um SNI, e que atuam como parte importante do processo de transferência dos produtos para os consumidores da tecnologia. A hipótese é que o padrão possa induzir a melhoria nessas instituições e gerar melhorias no sistema como um todo. A proposição do modelo foi realizada a partir de uma pesquisa-ação e um método etnográfico, utilizado para captar a percepção de especialistas da área. A partir dessa experiência, discutem-se entraves e especificidades para um Sistema de Gestão Normalizado voltado para a melhoria de Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação. Os resultados indicam a viabilidade da proposta, demonstrando que um padrão de sistema de gestão para inovação tem potencial para: a) sensibilizar e orientar atores do SNI para objetivos comuns em prol da cooperação no desenvolvimento de tecnologias; b) indicar mecanismos e ações que podem ser tomadas por estes atores; c) estimular o desenvolvimento de capacidades e habilidades que facilitem a cooperação entre empresas nas instituições que compõem o SNI. / The theory of National Innovation Systems (NIS) has evolved significantly and has aided the diagnosis for innovation in different countries. The NIS theory has, however, been criticized by lack of concepts, tools and practices that allow actions in ongoing improvement of these systems. In Brazil, for example, analysis indicate barriers related to dispersion of resources, weaknesses in the educational system and low investment in R&D, but dont indicate concrete ways to stimulate changes on the players of the system. This paper presents an experience for the improvement in the Brazilian NIS, combining NIS theory with classical concepts of Standardized Management Systems. It is proposed a management framework that provides a guidance for institutions of Scientific and Technological Research belonging to a NIS, playing an important role on the technology transfer process. The hypothesis is that the standard induces improvements to the R&D institutions and therefore to the whole system. The proposed framework has been developed from an action research and ethnographic methods in order to capture the perceptions of specialists. From this experience, it is discussed the main barriers and specificities of the development of a Standardized Management System oriented to the improvement of National Innovation Systems. The results indicate the feasibility of the proposal, showing that a management system standard for innovation can: a) sensitize and guide NIS actors to promote common goals to cooperate in developing technologies; b) indicate mechanisms and actions that can be applied by these actors; c) encourage the development of skills and abilities that facilitate cooperation between companies in the institutions comprising the NIS.

A obrigatoriedade e responsabilidade pelo gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde atribuídas a todo gerador é legitimada pelo impacto advindo da periculosidade dos mesmos à saúde humana e ao ambiente. Esse fato impõe que o gerador elabore seu plano de gerenciamento de resíduos e crie instrumentos de prevenção de acidentes e de gestão desses resíduos. Escolheu-se como objeto deste estudo a Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo, para análise do gerenciamento dos resíduos com foco, principalmente, na segurança ocupacional. O objetivo foi desenvolver modelo de Procedimento Operacional Padrão (POP), da geração ao descarte de cada grupo de resíduos gerados pelos laboratórios de ensino e pesquisa em saúde, na instituição estudada, como instrumento de gestão auxiliar e complementar ao respectivo plano de gerenciamento de resíduos de serviços de saúde, contemplando a normativa vigente relativa a resíduos, saúde, ambiente e segurança dos trabalhadores. O método envolveu a seleção de dois laboratórios para o estudo de caso, considerando os resíduos gerados. Para ambos foram realizados: a) identificação dos resíduos gerados e práticas utilizadas nas diferentes etapas do gerenciamento; e b) identificação dos riscos ocupacionais, por meio de revisão documental e entrevista com funcionários, com registro de campo e fotográfico. Os dados obtidos foram confrontados com a legislação e normas vigentes. Houve ainda participação em reuniões da Comissão de Gerenciamento de Resíduos e busca de informações junto a funcionários da instituição e do serviço de limpeza terceirizados. A análise possibilitou a proposição de um caderno contendo 11 POPs para 9 distintos tipos de RSS, para os resíduos gerados nos laboratórios estudados, que contempla todos os tipos de resíduos gerados nos diversos laboratórios da instituição, além de dois POPs adicionais que tratam um da segurança e saúde do trabalhador e outro das disposições gerais relativas ao gerenciamento dos RSS. O conjunto de POPs proposto agregou as exigências normativas de interface vigentes e padronizou as práticas, rotinas e procedimentos nas diversas etapas do gerenciamento interno. O resultado do estudo nos dois laboratórios mais complexos possibilitou a elaboração de um caderno contendo POPs a serem aplicados a todos os 18 laboratórios da instituição. Os procedimentos organizados em um POP institucional para o setor contribuirá para a qualidade no processo de gerenciamento para reduzir a descontinuidade de práticas advindas da rotatividade de funcionários e a minimização dos riscos ocupacionais, melhorando a saúde e segurança do trabalhador do setor / The obligation and responsibility for the waste management from health services by every generating entity are validated by the impact proceeding from their hazardous effects on human health as well as the environment. Consequently, there is a demand for the generating entity to create tools for both accident prevention and management of such residues. The object being chosen for such case study is Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (Public Health Faculty, USP) for the analysis of the management of such residues with main focus on occupational safety. The objective was to develop a model of Standardized Operational Procedure, SOP, from the phases of generation to discard of each of the groups of residues generated by educational and health research laboratories, in the institution studied, as a management tool aiming to aid, and complement the respective management plan of residues from health services, enforced by the law, which contemplates not only the obligations determined by the effective norm relative to the residues but also those relative to health, environment and safety of workers involved in the various phases of such management. The Method consisted on the selection of two laboratories in the institution studied, taking into account the residues they generated. For both laboratories it was carried out: a) identification of the residues generated and the practices used in the various phases of the management; and b) identification of the occupational risks, by means of documentation revision and queries with the personnel, with field and photographic records. The findings were compared with the legislation and effective norms. In addition, there were meetings with the participation of The Waste Management Committee and collection of information from the institution personnel and outsourced cleaning service workers. The analysis enabled the elaboration of a notebook which contains 11 SOPs for 9 distinctive types of RSS for the residues generated in the studied laboratories - which contemplate all the types of residues generated in several laboratories of the institution; as well as two additional SOPs, whereby one focuses on safety and workers health, and the other on the general dispositions relative to the management of RSSs. The set of proposed SOPs added the effective norm interface requirements and standardized the practices, routines and procedures in the various phases of the internal management. The result of the study in the two most complex laboratories enabled the elaboration of a notebook which contains SOPs to be applied in all 18 laboratories of the institution. The procedures organized in an institutional SOP for the sector will contribute to the quality in the management process in order to reduce the discontinuity of practices originated in the turnover of worker, as well as to the diminishing of occupational risks, improving the health and safety of the workers of the sector

Ein bezüglich Datenakquisition und Nachverarbeitung optimiertes Visualisie-rungsprotokoll zur dreidimensionalen Darstellung der Hirnnerven V-VIII im Be-reich der basalen Zisternen wird vorgestellt. Auf der Basis von hochauflösen-den MRT Daten und unter Verwendung der Volume-Rendering-Technik entstanden insgesamt 10 Standardansichten der genannten Hirnnerven, die deren vollständige und zeiteffektive intrazisternale Abbildung mit besonderer Beachtung pathophysiologisch relevanter Zonen ermöglichen. Das Protokoll zeigte in der Evaluation an Patienten mit neurovaskulären Konflikten und an-deren neuralen Kompressionssyndromen im Bereich des Kleinhirnbrücken-winkels seine Eignung bezüglich Bildqualität und diagnostischer Wertigkeit. Probleme traten vor allem aufgrund von Pulsations- und Bewegungsartefakten im akquirierten MRT-Datensatz, sowie zu enger Zisternen auf der Höhe der virtuellen Kameraposition auf. Diese ließen sich in den meisten Fällen jedoch durch leichte Parametervariationen beheben. Zur genauen Identifikation der Gefäße und zur Vermeidung der Weitergabe von Fehlzuordnungen war zu-sätzlich zu den Rekonstruktionen die Betrachtung des Originaldatensatzes er-forderlich. Die Nachverfolgung der mit dem beschriebenen Protokoll virtuell zisternoskopisch untersuchten Patienten ergab bei der weit überwiegenden Zahl der verfolgbaren Patienten Konsequenzen hinsichtlich Diagnose und/oder Therapie. Die Korrelation mit intraoperativen Befunden konnte nur bei zwei Patienten mit Akustikusneurinomen erfolgen, wobei hier eine Über-einstimmung festgestellt werden konnte. Ursache für die nur geringe Zahl der zur Verfügung stehenden intraoperativen Befunde ist die lange Latenz zwi-schen Bildgebung und neurochirurgischer Intervention bei neurovaskulären Konflikten. Zusammenfassend lässt sich feststellen dass die virtuelle Zister-noskopie nach dem vorgestellten Protokoll eine komplementäre Bildgebungs-technik ist, die wichtige räumliche Informationen zu neurovaskulären Interakti-onen in den basalen Zisternen liefert. Weitere Untersuchungen, insbesondere die intraoperative Befundkorrelation, sind jedoch erforderlich. / The following thesis presents a protocol for the three-dimensional visualization of the cranial nerves V-VIII within the basal cisterns, being optimized with regard to data acquisition and postprocessing. Based on high resolution MRI datasets and using the volume rendering technique, 10 standardized views of the aforementioned cranial nerves were developed. Thus, the complete and time effective intracisternal depiction was intended to be made possible, focussing on pathophysiological important areas of the nerves. The protocol showed its suitability concerning image quality and diagnostic value in evaluation of patients with neurovascular conflicts or other neural compression syndromes in the cerebello-pontine angle. Problems mainly occurred as a result of pulsation and motion artefacts in the MR dataset and narrow cisterns in the level of the virtual camera position. In most cases they could be solved by slight variations of the postprocessing parameters. To guaranty the correct identification of the vessels and to avoid the risk of giving incorrectly assigned anatomic information to subsequent readers, the additional inspection of original dataset is necessary. In the follow up of the examined patients consequences in diagnosis and/or therapy were found in the most cases. The correlation of the virtual cisternoscopic images with the intraoperative results could only be performed in two patients with acoustic neuromas and was successful. The reason for the small amount of available intraoperative results is the latency between imaging and neurosurgical intervention in neurovascular conflicts. Concluding the virtual cisternoscopy following the introduced protocol is a complementary imaging technique that provides important spatial information about neurovascular interactions within the basal cisterns. Yet further investigations, especially the intraoperative correlation of the results, are necessary.

A teoria sobre Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação (SNI) evoluiu significativamente e tem auxiliado no diagnóstico de inovação em diferentes países. Ela tem sido criticada, porém, pela ausência de conceitos, instrumentos e ações práticas que permitam atuar no aprimoramento contínuo desses sistemas. No Brasil, por exemplo, análises do SNI indicam entraves como dispersão de recursos, fraquezas no sistema educacional e baixo investimento em P&D, mas não indicam caminhos concretos para se estimular mudanças nos atores do sistema. Este trabalho descreve uma experiência de indução da melhoria no SNI brasileiro, combinando a teoria de SNI com conceitos clássicos de Sistemas de Gestão Normalizados. Propõe-se um modelo de gestão que serve de orientação para Instituições de Pesquisa Científica e Tecnológica, pertencentes a um SNI, e que atuam como parte importante do processo de transferência dos produtos para os consumidores da tecnologia. A hipótese é que o padrão possa induzir a melhoria nessas instituições e gerar melhorias no sistema como um todo. A proposição do modelo foi realizada a partir de uma pesquisa-ação e um método etnográfico, utilizado para captar a percepção de especialistas da área. A partir dessa experiência, discutem-se entraves e especificidades para um Sistema de Gestão Normalizado voltado para a melhoria de Sistemas Nacionais de Inovação. Os resultados indicam a viabilidade da proposta, demonstrando que um padrão de sistema de gestão para inovação tem potencial para: a) sensibilizar e orientar atores do SNI para objetivos comuns em prol da cooperação no desenvolvimento de tecnologias; b) indicar mecanismos e ações que podem ser tomadas por estes atores; c) estimular o desenvolvimento de capacidades e habilidades que facilitem a cooperação entre empresas nas instituições que compõem o SNI. / The theory of National Innovation Systems (NIS) has evolved significantly and has aided the diagnosis for innovation in different countries. The NIS theory has, however, been criticized by lack of concepts, tools and practices that allow actions in ongoing improvement of these systems. In Brazil, for example, analysis indicate barriers related to dispersion of resources, weaknesses in the educational system and low investment in R&D, but dont indicate concrete ways to stimulate changes on the players of the system. This paper presents an experience for the improvement in the Brazilian NIS, combining NIS theory with classical concepts of Standardized Management Systems. It is proposed a management framework that provides a guidance for institutions of Scientific and Technological Research belonging to a NIS, playing an important role on the technology transfer process. The hypothesis is that the standard induces improvements to the R&D institutions and therefore to the whole system. The proposed framework has been developed from an action research and ethnographic methods in order to capture the perceptions of specialists. From this experience, it is discussed the main barriers and specificities of the development of a Standardized Management System oriented to the improvement of National Innovation Systems. The results indicate the feasibility of the proposal, showing that a management system standard for innovation can: a) sensitize and guide NIS actors to promote common goals to cooperate in developing technologies; b) indicate mechanisms and actions that can be applied by these actors; c) encourage the development of skills and abilities that facilitate cooperation between companies in the institutions comprising the NIS.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-03-14T12:02:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Poliana Moreira Delpupo Mata.pdf: 1455325 bytes, checksum: d2b37b728ce585f03d1ebfd6ab9d08e7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-14T12:02:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Poliana Moreira Delpupo Mata.pdf: 1455325 bytes, checksum: d2b37b728ce585f03d1ebfd6ab9d08e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação São Paulo - FUNDASP / The aim of this study is to demonstrate the legal vulnerability of the consumer and collective action as an instrument of control in the face of the abusive stipulation of the compensatory fine in the adhesion contracts. For this, the present research starts from the analysis of the concept of consumer and supplier with the objective of distinguishing the relation of consumption of the other legal relations. Once the field of consumer relations has been delimited in the micro-system of Law 8.078/1990 – Code of Consumer Protection, we will discuss the principles of the Code, demonstrating the importance of the principles as limiting the abusive stipulation of the compensatory fine in the face of the consumer, giving emphasis on the principle of vulnerability, considering its legal vulnerability in the contractual relationship with the supplier of products and services. Next, we will study the consumption contracts and their historical evolution, differentiating the joint contracts from the contracts of adhesion, highlighting the use of this in the relations of consumption. With the increase of the adhesion contracts in the consumer relations, it is essential to study the unfair terms, since they are consumer protection rules in the face of the abuses committed by the suppliers in the contracts. In view of this, we will deal with the fine (penal clause), emphasizing the compensatory fine and the way in which the courts interpret the abusive stipulation of the compensatory fine in consumer contracts (reducing it to 10% based on article 413 of CC c/c Article 9 of Decree-Law 22.626/33), which we consider to be contrary to what is set forth in art. 51, which establishes nullity in the hypothesis of unfair terms, since the dialogue between the sources between the CDC and the CC (other infraconstitutional laws) will only occur when in the benefit of the consumer. Finally, we will demonstrate the importance of collective actions as an instrument to control the compensatory fines stipulated abusively in the consumer compliance contracts, in the face of consumer vulnerability / Pretende-se, com este estudo, demonstrar a vulnerabilidade jurídica do consumidor e a ação coletiva como instrumento de controle em face da estipulação abusiva da multa compensatória nos contratos de adesão. Para tanto, a presente pesquisa parte da análise do conceito de consumidor e fornecedor com o objetivo de distinguir a relação de consumo das demais relações jurídicas. Uma vez delimitado o campo de atuação das relações de consumo ao microssistema da Lei 8.078/1990 – Código de Defesa do Consumidor, abordaremos a principiologia do Código, demonstrando a importância dos princípios como limitadores na estipulação abusiva da multa compensatória em face do consumidor, dando ênfase ao princípio da vulnerabilidade, considerando a sua vulnerabilidade jurídica na relação contratual para com o fornecedor de produtos e serviços. Na sequência, passaremos ao estudo dos contratos de consumo e a sua evolução histórica, diferenciando os contratos paritários dos contratos de adesão, destacando o uso deste nas relações de consumo. Com o aumento dos contratos de adesão nas relações de consumo, torna-se imprescindível o estudo das cláusulas abusivas, por serem normas protetivas dos consumidores em face dos abusos cometidos pelos fornecedores nos contratos. Diante isso, trataremos da multa (cláusula penal), enfatizando a multa compensatória e como os tribunais têm interpretado a estipulação abusiva da multa compensatória nos contratos de consumo (reduzindo-a para 10% com base no art. 413 do CC c/c art. 9º do Decreto-Lei 22.626/33), o que entendemos ser contrário ao previsto no art. 51, caput, do CDC, que impõe a nulidade de pleno na hipótese de cláusulas abusivas, pois o diálogo das fontes entre o CDC e o CC (demais leis infraconstitucionais) somente ocorrerá quando em benefício do consumidor. Por fim, demonstraremos a importância das ações coletivas como instrumento de controle das multas compensatórias estipuladas abusivamente nos contratos de adesão de consumo, diante da vulnerabilidade do consumidor

AB Furhoffs Rostfria is a company with its base in Skövde. They are specialists in the manufacturing of stainless-steel parts, such as plumbing products, floor wells and sinks. In addition to manufacturing their own products, the company also has a subcontract to manufacture other companies’ products. The department where this bachelor thesis will be conducted has a subcontract to manufacturing radar cones and treats only the production of the most frequent manufactured radar cones. The department consists of seven manufacturing steps and three additional steps for one of the details. The purpose of the bachelor thesis is to create a simulation model that shows how potential improvement proposals would meet the expected increase of the order intake of the radar cones by streamlining the current production flow. In order to achieve this, a simulation model has been created in which the improvement proposals have been implemented. The improvement proposals that have been tested are based on the data that has been collected through production engineering methods. The frame of references describes the theory that constitutes the foundation for the chosen methods. In addition, areas within discrete event simulation, lean production and improvement work have been studied from other works in the literature review. These areas can in some way relate to the work and conclusions of this project. The empirical study was conducted by using observations according to genchi genbutsu, conversations and interviews with operators, spaghetti diagrams of the operators and the product flow as well as time studies according to the continuous method. These methods have formed the basis for both the creation of the simulation model, where the current situation is reflected, and for the development of the future state simulation model. The future state simulation model shows the implementation of the improvement proposals that increases efficiency and production volume throughout the system. The empirical study resulted in a visual overview of the production flow, standard times, the identification of waste as well as improvement proposals. When all the improvement proposals were implemented, the hourly production was increased by 26.6% and the lead time was reduced by 21.1%. With these improvements, the company can increase their production and profit significantly. / AB Furhoffs Rostfria är ett bolag som är baserade i Skövde. De är specialister inom tillverkning av produkter i rostfritt stål, såsom rörprodukter, golvbrunnar och diskbänkar. Förutom tillverkning av egna produkter har företaget en legotillverkning för att tillverka andra företags produkter. Avdelningen där detta examensarbete har genomförts är en legoproduktion av radarkonor och examensarbetet har endast behandlat produktionen av de mest producerad radarkonorna. Processen består av sju tillverkningssteg och tre ytterligare steg för en av detaljerna. Syftet med examensarbetet är att skapa en simuleringsmodell som visar hur potentiella förbättringsförslag kan möta den förväntade orderökningen av radarkonorna genom att effektivisera det nuvarande produktionsflödet. För att uppnå detta har en simuleringsmodell skapats där förbättringsförslagen har implementerats. De förbättringsförslag som har utarbetats bygger på data som har samlats in genom produktionstekniska metoder. Den teoretiska referensramen beskriver den teori som utgör grunden för de valda metoderna. Dessutom har områden inom diskret händelsesimulering, lean produktion och förbättringsarbete studerats från andra arbeten i litteraturstudien. Dessa områden kan på något sätt relatera till arbetet och slutsatserna i detta projekt. Den empiriska studien genomfördes genom att använda observationer enligt genchi genbutsu, konversationer och intervjuer med operatörer, spagettidiagram av operatörerna och produktflödet samt tidsstudier enligt den kontinuerliga metoden. Dessa metoder har utgjort grunden för både skapandet av simuleringsmodellen, där den nuvarande situationen återspeglas, och utvecklingen av den framtida simuleringsmodellen. Den framtida simuleringsmodellen visar implementeringen av förbättringsförslagen som ökar effektiviteten och produktionsvolymen i hela systemet. Den empiriska studien resulterade i en visuell översikt över produktionsflödet, standardtider, identifiering av slöseri samt förbättringsförslag. När samtliga förbättringsförslag implementerades i simuleringsmodellen ökade genomströmningen av produkter per timma med 26,6% och ledtiden reducerades med 21,1%. Med dessa förbättringar kan företaget öka sin produktion och vinst avsevärt.